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МАШИНОСТРОЕНИЕ И МАШИНОВЕДЕНИЕ MACHINE BUILDING AND MACHINE SCIENCE
УДК 621.793 DOI 10.12737/22158
On positive experience in application of ferroalloys under microarc thermochemical treatment *
Yu. M. Dombrovsky1, M. S. Stepanov2, L.V. Davidyan3 **
1,2,3 Don State Technical University, Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation
О положительном опыте применения ферросплавов при микродуговой химико-термической обработке Ю. М. Домбровский1, М. С. Степанов2, Л. В. Давидян3
1,2,3 Донской государственный технический университет, г. Ростов-на-Дону, Российская Федерация
The aim of the research is to study the possibility of the accelerated formation of a highly-rigid carbide coating on the surface of steel products. The use of the microarc thermochemical treatment technology is proposed. A steel article is placed into the black coal powder and is heated by transmission of the electric current. The formation of the microarc discharges in the powder environment leads to the carbon saturation of a surface, and the simultaneous diffusion in metal allows forming a highly rigid carbide layer. The possibility of ferroalloys usage as a source of the carbide forming metal under the formation of a highly rigid coating with the help of the microarc chemical heat treatment is established. The electrical conductivity of ferroalloys is higher than chemical combinations, and it allows obtaining acceleration of diffusion saturation due to the intensive formation of the fissile atoms of metals under the influence of microarcs. The application of ferroalloys is more favorable in terms of power, as restitution of metal oxides to an atomic state requires additional energy cost. When using ferrochrome, ferromolybdenum and ferrotungsten, a surface carbide layer up to 160 microns thick and with microhardness to 18 hPa is formed.
Целью исследований являлось изучение возможности ускоренного формирования высокотвердого карбидного покрытия на поверхности стальных изделий. Предложено использование технологии микродуговой химико-термической обработки. Стальное изделие погружается в порошок каменного угля и нагревается пропусканием электрического тока. Образование микродуговых разрядов в порошковой среде приводит к насыщению поверхности углеродом, а одновременная диффузия металла позволяет формировать высокотвердый карбидный слой. Установлена возможность применения ферросплавов в качестве источника карбидообразующего металла при образовании высокотвердого покрытия с помощью микродуговой химико-термической обработке. Электропроводность ферросплавов выше, чем химических соединений, и это позволяет достичь ускорения диффузионного насыщения за счет интенсивного образования активных атомов металлов под действием микродуг. Применение ферросплавов более выгодно с энергетической точки зрения, так как восстановление оксидов металлов до атомарного состояния требует дополнительных энергетических затрат. При использовании феррохрома, ферромолибдена и ферровольфрама образуется поверхностный карбидный слой толщиной до 160 мкм и микротвердостью до 18 ГПа.
Keywords: surface hardening, microarc thermochemical treatment, formation of highly-rigid coating on the surface of steel products.
Ключевые слова: поверхностное упрочнение, микродуговая химико-термическая обработка, формирование
высокотвердого карбидного слоя на поверхности стальных изделий
Introduction. The modern mechanical engineering imposes increased requirements to reliability and durability of the used materials. In many cases these requirements can be provided with increase of details of machines and the tool blanket properties. Chemical heat treatment changes a chemical composition and structure of a material surface and allows to increase the hardness, wear resistance, corrosion resistance, heat resistance and other mechanical and physic- chemical properties of responsible details [1]..
The methods of chemical heat treatment applied in the industry are based on diffusion saturation of metals and alloys blankets by one element or a complex of elements that allows obtaining the required properties on a surface of the processed product [1-3]. Usually it is necessary to form very hard surface coatings. For example, to apply a saturation of the surface with
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* The research is done within the frame of the independent R&D.
** E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Работа выполнена в рамках инициативной НИР
chromium, molybdenum and tungsten in powder mixtures. Treatment is performed within several hours in the pressurized containers in the protective atmosphere or in vacuum [1].
However, these methods have a number of shortcomings including: the long duration of saturation process, surface decarburization, a possibility of a layer without carbide phase formation, dependence of layer hardness on duration and temperature of diffusion. Insufficient sealing of containers accelerates depletion of the saturating mixture, and it worsens stability of results and can cause powder agglomeration. Besides, it is difficult to automate such methods of treatment and therefore they require application of a manual work.
The purpose of the work. The aim of this work is to study the possibility of accelerated formation of a very hard carbide layer on the surface of steel products.
Research results and discussion. To accelerate the formation of the surface carbide coating is proposed to use the method of microarc chemical heat treatment. The product is plunges into the container with coal powder and is exposed to high-speed heating by a transmission of electric current through the powder environment and a product. As a result the surface layer is saturated with carbon. To saturate the other elements, a coating consisting of a conductive gel and powder containing saturating element is applied on the surface. This method allows intensifying process of chemical heat treatment: saturation of a material surface continues 3-4 minutes [4].
Application of this method has allowed receiving positive results in case of superficial saturation of steel products both carbon [4], and the carbide forming metals [5-7]. As sources of these metals chemical compounds were used: oxides of these metals. In processing course formation of active atoms of metals which defuse in a surface of a saturable product is resulted by chemical reactions. Simultaneous diffusion of carbon leads to formation of carbides of these metals. The possibility of formation of carbide coverings is confirmed with the thermodynamic analysis [6-8].
Further research have shown a possibility of obtaining of highly rigid carbide coverings on a surface of steel products when using as sources of saturating elements of metals alloys with iron (ferroalloys). A possibility of ferrochrome, ferrotungsten and ferromolybdenum usage was studied.
Higher conductivity in comparison with chemical compounds of elements is positive property of the ferroalloys applied to saturation of a surface. Therefore the use of ferroalloys allows reaching acceleration of diffusive saturation due to intensive formation of active atoms of metals under the influence of microarcs which temperature reaches 4000-7000°C. This process is more expedient from the energy point of view in comparison with the use of oxides of metals which reconstruction to an atomic condition requires additional energy costs.
The results of microarc saturation of cylindrical samples of steel 20 are studied. The studies were carried out using purposely designed experimental equipment [4]. The powder coal with a particle size of 0.4-0.6 mm was applied. The current density was 0.53 A/cm2 [9]. Before the diffusion saturation of the surface of the samples was applied a conductive coating containing powders of the following ferroalloys: ferrochromium FeCr800, ferromolybdenum FeMo60, ferrotungsten FeW70. Results saturation was evaluated by means of microstructural, microhardness and x-ray phase analysis.
The study of the samples surface showed the formation of a very hard carbide layer with the carburized underlayer [5 -
8,10].
After chromium saturated the surface layer contains carbides of the type (Cr7C3), has a thickness up to 90 microns and microhardness about 15 GPA (fig. 1).
Figure 1 - Carbide layer after steel 20 saturation by chrome, x350
After molybdenum saturated the surface layer contains carbides of the type Mo2C, has a thickness up to 150 microns and microhardness about 15 GPA (fig. 2).
Figure 2 - Carbide layer after steel 20 saturation by molybdenum, x200
After tungsten saturated the surface layer contains carbides of the type WC, has a thickness up to 60 microns and microhardness about 18 GPA (fig. 3).
Figure 3 - Carbide layer after steel 20 saturation by tungsten, x350.
Conclusion. The results of the research show the possibility of using technology microarc chemical heat treatment using ferroalloys as a source diffusant for forming very hard surface coating of steel products.
References
1. Voroshnin, L.G., Mendeleyeva, O. L., Smetkin, V. A. Teoriya i tekhnologiya khimiko-termicheskoy obrabotki. [Theory and technology of thermochemical treatment.] Moscow: Novoe znanie; Minsk: Novoe znanie, 2010, 304 p. (in Russian).
2. Mehrer, H. Diffusion in Solids. Fundamentals, Methods, Materials, Diffusion-Controlled Processes. Springer- g Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2007, 645 p. g
3. Antczak, G., Ehrlich, G. Surface diffusion . Cambridge University Press, 2010, 779 p. <5
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4. Dombrovsky, Yu.M., Stepanov, M.S. Mikrodugovaya tsementatsiya stal'nykh izdeliy v poroshkovykh sredakh. o [Microarc carburizing of the steel parts in powder environments.] Strengthening Technologies and Coatings, 2013, no. 12, pp. K 25-29 (in Russian). §
5. Dombrovsky, Yu.M., Stepanov, M.S. Novye vozmozhnosti poverkhnostnogo legirovaniya stali v poroshkovykh sredakh. [New facilities of surface alloyage of steels in powder environments.] Vestnik Mashinostroeniya, 2015, no. 8, pp. 79- g 81(in Russian). E
6. Stepanov, M. S., Dombrovsky, Yu.M. Formirovanie karbidnogo pokrytiya pri mikrodugovom khromirovanii stali. ^ [The formation of carbide coating at the microarc chromizing of steel.] Strengthening Technologies and Coatings, 2015, no. 1, o pp. 35-38 (in Russian). E
7. Stepanov, M.S., Dombrovsky, Yu.M. Formirovanie karbidnogo pokrytiya pri mikrodugovom molibdenirovanii g stali. [The formation of carbide coating at the microarc molybdenizing of steel.] Strengthening Technologies and Coatings, 2015, no. 10, pp. 34-38 (in Russian).
8. Stepanov, M.S., Dombrovsky, Yu.M. Thermodynamic Analysis of Carbide Layer Formation in Steel with Microarc Saturation by Molybdenum. Steel in Translation, 2016, vol. 46, no. 2, pp. 79-82. 61
9. Dombrovsky, Yu.M., Stepanov, M.S., Davidyan, L.V. K voprosu o tekhnologicheskikh parametrakh mikrodugovoy khimiko-termicheskoy obrabotki (MDKhTO). [Revisiting technological parameters of microarc thermochemical treatment (MTCT).] Izvestia VSTU, 2015, no. 5(160), pp. 130-131 (Series "Problems of materials science, welding and strength in machine building") (in Russian).
10. Dombrovsky, Yu.M., Stepanov, M.S. Osobennosti molibdenirovaniya stali v rezhime mikrodugovogo nagreva. [Features of molybdenizing of steel under conditions of microarc heating.] Izvestiya VSTU, no. 5(160), pp. 135-138 (Series "Problems of materials science, welding and strength in machine building") (in Russian).
Библиографический список
1. Ворошнин, Л. Г. Теория и технология химико-термической обработки / Л. Г. Ворошнин, О. Л. Менделеева, В. А. Сметкин. — Москва : Новое знание; Минск: Новое знание, 2010. — 304 с.
2. Mehrer Helmut. Diffusion in Solids. Fundamentals, Methods, Materials, Diffusion-Controlled Processes. SpringerVerlag Berlin Heidelberg. 2007. — 645 p.
3. Antczak, G. Surface diffusion / G. Antczak, G. Ehrlich. Cambridge University Press, 2010. — 779 p.
4. Домбровский, Ю. М. Микродуговая цементация стальных изделий в порошковых средах / Ю. М. Домбровский, М. С. Степанов // Упрочняющие технологии и покрытия. — 2013. — №12. — С. 25-29.
5. Домбровский, Ю. М. Новые возможности поверхностного легирования стали в порошковых средах / Ю. М. Домбровский, М. С. Степанов // Вестник машиностроения, — 2015. —№ 8. — С. 79-81.
6. Степанов, М. С. Формирование карбидного покрытия при микродуговом хромировании стали / М. С. Степанов, Ю. М. Домбровский // Упрочняющие технологии и покрытия. — 2015. — № 1. — С. 35-38.
7. Степанов, М. С. Формирование карбидного покрытия при микродуговом молибденировании стали / М. С. Степанов, Ю. М. Домбровский // Упрочняющие технологии и покрытия.— 2015, — № 10. — С. 34-38.
8. M. S. Stepanov, Yu. M. Dombrovskii. Thermodynamic Analysis of Carbide Layer Formation in Steel with Microarc Saturation by Molybdenum / Steel in Translation, 2016, Vol. 46, No. 2, pp. 79-82.
9. Домбровский, Ю. М. К вопросу о технологических параметрах микродуговой химико-термической обработки (МДХТО) / Ю. М. Домбровский, М. С. Степанов, Л. В. Давидян // Известия ВолгГТУ, №5 (160).— Волгоград.—2015. (Серия «Проблемы материаловедения, сварки и прочности в машиностроении»). — С. 130-131.
10. Домбровский, Ю. М. Особенности молибденирования стали в режиме микродугового нагрева / Ю. М. Домбровский, М. С. Степанов // Известия ВолгГТУ. — №5 (160).—Волгоград. — 2015. (Серия «Проблемы материаловедения, сварки и прочности в машиностроении»). — С. 135-138.
Поступила в редакцию 14.07.2016 Сдана в редакцию 15.07.2016 Запланирована в номер 30.09.2016
Received 14.09.2016 Submitted 15.09.2016 Scheduled in the issue 30.09.2016
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