CC BY
50
УДК 811.161.1-134
DOI 10.25513/2413-6182.2018.2.79-87
NEW WORD: SOCIO-LINGUISTIC CREATIVE OF MODERNITY (BASED ON THE MATERIAL OF SOCIO-LINGUISTIC PROJECTS)
Yu.A. Melnik1, A.V. Kirova2
1 Omsk Tank-Automotive Engineering Institute (Omsk, Russia) 2 Dostoevsky Omsk State University (Omsk, Russia)
Abstract: Nonce words reflected in socio-linguistic projects "Word of the year" are analyzed in the article. Functional and word creative aspects are also analyzed. Carried out analyses shows that the most useful model of word creation is compressive word creation and it reflects creative potential, freedom of language behaviour, linguistic taste of native speaker striving to self-expression through the creation of a new word. Neologisms created by methods of paronymic attraction and blending save semantic links with prime words, that is include semantics of motivating words into their meaning and get advantage over descriptive expressions. Creative speech activity is related to language game. One of the main rules of this game is understanding of conditionality of one or another speech (game) code both by a creator and an interlocutor. A huge contribution made by all participants of media discourse (journalists, bloggers, socially minded citizens, creative community and others) into process of changing and updating of language vocabulary have been noted. Thus, in modern word creative activity methods of word creation which let describe events of social and political life of a country and personal life of a person with the help of a new bright word with attitudinal component are in demand.
Key words: neology, nonce word, creative speech activity, language game, word creation.
For citation:
Melnik, Yu.A., Kirova, A.V. (2018), New word: socio-linguistic creative of modernity (based on the material of socio-linguistic projects). Communication Studies, No. 2 (16), pp. 79-87. DOI: 10.25513/2413-6182.2018.2.79-87.
About the authors:
1 Melnik Yulia Alexandrovna, lecturer of the Chair of Russian and Foreign Languages
2 Kirova Anastasia Vladimirovna, postgraduate student of the Chair of General and Applied Linguistics
Corresponding authors:
1 Postal address: 119, 14 Voennyi gorodok, Omsk, 644098, Russia
© Ю.А. Мельник, А.В. Кирова, 2018
2 Postal address: 55a, Mira pr., Omsk, 644077, Russia
1 E-mail: uliya0783@mail.ru
2 E-mail: anastasia.kirova@gmail.com Received: January 3, 2018
Changes in economic, social and political situation in a country inevitably lead to the emerging of new words and to updating of existed ones. Our time belongs to such periods. Researchers of Russian language are registering the raise of word formation activity in modern communicative space [Vidanov 2014; Issers 2013; Kronhaus 2011; Mikhailova O., Mikhailova Yu. 2015; Cher-neiko 2005]. New lexis reflects all innovations both in social, economic, political and in cultural and mental areas. According to Mikhail Epstein, philologist and culture expert, "in social and political vacuum of 2000s all the hidden energy of Russian being, all the longing for sense and will to sense making came again into the language, into language creativity, because there was no other way out" [Arkhangel'skii 2012: 21].
Many scientists tend to believe that fundamental changes in economical, social and political lives of society invariably lead a thinking man who is also actively reflects himself to enhancing of linguo-creative activity [Gridina 1996, 2002; Vepreva, Kupina 2016]. T. Gridina who connects language game with creative speech activity says that language game is a specific form of linguo creative activity, reflecting the striving (intention] of speakers to detection of own competence in implementation of language abilities on the understanding conditionality of committed speech moves but at the same time created for "identification" of adopted unspoken rules (game code] of communication by recipient [Gridina 2002: 26].
Expressing an idea, an author strives to do it more brightly, succinct and gets involved into a language game. In doing so, he awares novelty and singularity of just created word, but the game becomes more attractive when another person (interlocutor] understands and accepts the rules of this game, tries to support it and reveals deep intentions of the author who has started the game [Sannikov 2002: 64]. Accepting the rules of the game, the creator of a word strives to find new meaning for previously known word or to create new words that would help to express ones attitude to phenomena of extra linguistic reality.
In recent years the phenomenon of occasional derivation has become more and more widespread. Any event or act of mental activity of an individual is perceived through the lens of individual worldview and becomes the source for word creation. The search and creation of a new word that let a person express the ideological position and demonstrate personal social role in the most accurate way, take place. Critical understanding of social concepts appears in socio-linguistic creation and leads to the formation of lexical neologisms [Issers 2015].
The problem of selection of lexical material sources rises during the studying of modern language. New words emerge in language as a response to sociopolitical events in the country and they find themselves in social networks, Internet blogs and print media. Each of them has a chance either to disappear traceless or to entrench itself in language and to get the status of neologism. This fact can be stated only in the course of time and the task of today is to capture them and to research on the current stage of language development. The activation of neologization process in modern Russian language is related to emerging and wide usage of the Internet, as both mass media (so called "new media"] and common people (Internet users) contribute a lot into process of lexis changing. Changes in all areas of social life are reflected in the language of the Internet. Here, first of all, new words created by different models emerge. New words appeared in media discourse are collected in words creation ratings of Internet projects, including "Neologism of the year" (part of "Word of the year"], data from which (2013-2016] is the material of our research (Word of the year]. Research of lexis including into rate lists of the projects attracts the attention of linguists [Issers 2015; Mustajoki, Walter, Vepreva 2016; Tsy-ganova 2015]. Functional and word-formative aspects of word creation are seemed for us up-to-date.
In our work individually-authorial words that are taken from sources mentioned above are analyzed and we name them with the term "nonce word". Phenomena of occasional derivation, first of all, are breaking of grammar, word-formative and lexico-semantic rules of language. The result of non-usual, creative word formation is a nonce word. In recent years, such language games and word creation are becoming more and more popular. Today, to be a creator of new word is becoming trendy as with the help of nonce word it is possible to express your ideas, thoughts and feelings more accurately and brightly, enhancing emotional and expressive emphasis of speech along with saving speech means. The emerging of new word is always accompanied by language game. It is a creative activity, which involves the author and his interlocutor into a language game that becomes more attractive when both participants accept rules of the game and obey them [Zhuravlyov 1982]. Thus, creative abilities of linguistic persona and his pragmatic orientation are the basis of word creation game, the result of which is nonce words. According to the creator of the project "Word of the year" M. Epstein "the process of conscious return of society to the mother language and revival of interest to the word creation has begun... We, already grown-up, come back to the language, which we belong to due to the fact of birth with it, and later we participate in language customs consciously and discover new sense of those words, rules and grammar structures, which we used automatically before, by force of habit" [Arkhangel'skii 2012: 21]. In other words, this process could be named as "people's word creation", when the words are formed on the occasion, under exact conditions of communication as a reaction on exact events and are clear to native speakers.
K. Knorre-Dmitrieva, journalist, says: If an ad man needs an order for self-expression, the people see the sense of reality as a reason for creation of new words. For example, when cheese and jamon were banned for import, the words sanktsionka and zapreshchenka emerged and entered into the language. Demonstration of cheese utilization echoes in new word syrotsid. As the best present from foreign trips became jamon or cheese, a nice word khomandirovka appeared (Novaya gazeta. 23.11.2015].
Khomandirovka (foreign trip in order to buy products under sanctions] and syrotsid (utilization of sanctioned products] are put into "Dictionary of changes" (Dictionary of changes]. Method of paronymic attraction was used for their creation and this method becomes more and more popular in modern language creation. The main characteristic of this method is replacement of original motivation, which serves as a base of word creation, with idea of motivational link with words that aren't related to examining word-creation relationships or to words from another etymological nest in the speakers mind. Change of motivation may be accompanied by changes of a word meaning and its structure. As O. Issers mentions "such appraised new formations created on the base of similarity of sounding of certain elements of two put together words are common for social critics: they highlight the most urgent issues of social life" [Issers 2013: 11].
Neology is closely related to worldview, culture and living conditions of a person. In the era of the Internet this process becomes more intensive as a significant contribution into process of changing and replenishment of language vocabulary is done by participants of media- discourse: journalists, blog-gers, socially minded citizens, creative community and others.
Frequent use of a word in newspapers, TV programs and blogs leads to the situation when native speakers start losing the word novelty feeling and use it in real life or in social network communication. So, examined lexical unit selfie, represented by hashtag #me is third most popular hashtag in Instagram: there are more than 16 million publications with hashtag #selfie (according to Instagram analytics on 5 th April 2016]. Search engine Google gives 23 million links, Yandex about 3 million on 5 April 2016, and it is the evidence of huge popularity of the word.
To illustrate the foregoing, let us look at examples from Russian blog:
If you don't have any liftoluk, sebyashki or antiselfi, then lock yourself up in the restroom and cry noisily because you aren't trendy! I came to this conclusion after visiting the lecture in Petrozavodsk State University given by a nice young student Anastasia who gave me a tour in the world of selfie and explained how to take fashionable pictures and what kind of photos are out of trend. Yes, you've heard right, there is special course on selfie in Petrozavodsk. After I came home, I scrolled my Instagram and realized that I had stayed out of fashion and I really needed to improve this situation. So, before taking the next selfie, read this post. Well, and as for nervous people, it is better not to read it at all. I'm telling
you straight away, level of sebyashek overloads here! (Victoria Shaposhnikova, blogger).
In the text, we observe activation of word formation abilities of lexical units related to relevance one or another fragment of reality and demand in new nomination. Syntagmatic and paradigmatic characteristic of a word are changing: abilities of its metaphoric performance are expanding and synonymous and antonymous relationships are undergoing changes. Acquired "key" status of a word causes activation of its grammar abilities (derivational potential, first of all). The word selfie from top-rates 2015 serves as a convincing example. It has new derivatives (antiselfi, selfitsya, selfitishizm, selfilitiki, selfi-palka, selfi-pati and sebyashka], their semantics and scope of use are expanding.
Besides game and nominative functions, word creation performs nomi-native-compressive, substitutive, expressive and emotional functions. Functional aspect is closely related to word creative one. Depending on the goal (naming a process or an event, expressing personal attitude to phenomenon, entertainment of interlocutor] which a creator of a word pursues, he chooses appropriate methods of word creation.
Due to intensive rate of modern life, the law of speech effort parsimony is supported and strengthened that is revealed in active using of compressive models of word formation, when new words are created on the base of word combinations and sentences. Thus created words will never lose semantic link with prime words, that means they include the semantic of motivating words. The models of compressive word creation include blending or "inter-word overlap" which is the most frequent in creation of modern neologisms [Zem-skaya 2005: 86]. N. Tsyganova noticed that blending is "the leading method of word creation used by visitors of special websites" [Tsyganova 2015: 16]. Words created by blending have metaphorical shade of meaning and characterized by stylistic markedness, game nature, low lever of usuality, acceptance in the context; moreover most of them are telescope-type: the end of one word overlaps the beginning of another, so language game is being created.
The following words are created by this method: plebsikon (vocabulary of a person with low level of a speech culture], sovetosh' (something shabby, from Soviet Union times], besprosvetkost' (extreme gentility], blogit'sya (thought pattern of a person who used to communicate in blogs], laikbishche (about Facebook as a cemetery of likes], laichushchii (a person who waits for likes], lingvadol (medicine that is recommended to people with sensory CNS who overreacts to grammar, spelling or other types of mistakes of interlocutor], udoboverie (a strive to the maximal mental comfort despite circumstances], bozhemyaka (extremely religious; allusion to Nikita Kozhemyaka, fairy tale hero], selfishizm (worship of selfie], laikdorfin (hormone of happiness, which is produced in the body of addicted user, who gets a lot of likes under his post], predskazhuliki (unfair fortune-tellers] (Word of the year].
Word formation model of blending has a strong affecting potency and words created by this method let the author of a new word express his idea, thought, feeling, vision or understanding of a phenomenon fuller, more correct and exact, in original way.
Actualization of inner form with the help of method of paronymic attraction is also demanded in modern word creation [Kitaigorodskaya, Rozanova 1996]. The idea of this method is in the replacing of prime motivation in the mind of a speaker with idea about motivational link of the word with another word, which isn't coherent with concerned word creation relations or with a word from another etymological family of words. The change of motivation could be accompanied by changing of a word meaning and its structure.
Words sotssed, sotssedka (people who are always online in social networks], laichushchii (hungry for likes], niprichyomysh (a quite and boring person, who is always stays away from events], zhritel' (a person, who watches everything at random], zakhazher (a person who takes care but doesn't visit often], relaiksatsiya (a pleasant feeling of relaxing after receiving likes in social networks], zlovtso (an angry word] are formed by method of paronymic attraction (Word of the year].
It is also important to mention that method of paronymic game with inner form of a word reflects modern reality, highlights topics that are the most interesting for a word creator, touches the most up-to-date sides of social life.
Thus, the source of word creation could be an event in social and political life of a country, modern culture concepts, and action of mental activity, perceived through lens of individual view. After generation in the consciousness of a person, a new word is embodied into a form. Carried out analyses shows that the most useful are the models of compressive word creation, which are used by word creators for description of social and political life of a country and personal life of a person on the Internet, that is evidence of creative potential, freedom of language behavior and presence of linguistic sense of native speaker, who strives to self-expression through the creation of a new word.
In prospect the research of new words seems to be interesting from dia-chronic point of view. The results could be used for teaching Russian students, whose major is Philology, in courses such as "Lexicology" or "Word creation" and also for lessons of Russian as foreign language. Moreover, the research is valuable for research of sociolinguistic changes in the society.
References
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Sourses
Dictionary of changes, available at: https://www.facebook.com/notes/%D1%81%D0% BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C-%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1% 80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD/%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0% B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C-%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0% BC%D0%B5%D0%BD-2015/776172429135957 (accessed date: October 30, 2017). (in Russian)
Word of the year, available at: https://www.facebook.com/groups/slovogoda/ (accessed date: October 30, 2017). (in Russian)
НОВОЕ СЛОВО: СОЦИАЛЬНО-ЯЗЫКОВОЙ КРЕАТИВ СОВРЕМЕННОСТИ (ПО МАТЕРИАЛАМ СОЦИОЛИНГВИСТИЧЕСКИХ ПРОЕКТОВ)
Ю.А. Мельник1, А.В. Кирова2
1 Омский автобронетанковый инженерный институт (Омск, Россия)
2 Омский государственный университет им. Ф.М. Достоевского (Омск, Россия)
Аннотация: Анализируются окказиональные слова, отраженные в социолингвистических проектах «Слово года». Исследуется функциональный и словообразовательный аспекты словотворческой деятельности. Проведенный анализ показывает, что наиболее часто авторами используются модели компрес-сивного словообразования, что свидетельствует о творческом потенциале, раскрепощенности речевого поведения и наличии лингвистического вкуса у носителя языка, стремящегося к самовыражению посредством создания нового слова. Новообразования, произведенные при помощи приемов паро-нимической аттракции и контаминации, сохраняют смысловую связь с исходными словами, т. е. включают в свое значение семантику мотивирующих слов, получая преимущество перед описательными выражениями. Креативная речедеятельностная активность связывается с языковой игрой. Одним из главных правил такой игры является понимание условности того или иного речевого (игрового) кода как создателем слова, так и его собеседником. Отмечено, что большой вклад в процесс изменения и пополнения лексического состава языка вносят участники медиа-дискурса: журналисты, блоге-ры, люди с активной гражданской позицией, творческая интеллигенция и другие пользователи. Таким образом, в современном словотворчестве оказываются востребованными такие способы словообразования, которые позволяют описать события общественно-политической жизни страны и личной жизни человека при помощи нового яркого слова, содержащего оценочный компонент.
Ключевые слова: неология, окказионализм, креативная речедеятельностная активность, языковая игра, словотворчество.
Для цитирования:
Мельник Ю.А., Кирова А.В. Новое слово: социально-языковой креатив современности (по материалам социолингвистических проектов) // Коммуникативные исследования. 2018. № 2 (16). С. 79-87. DOI: 10.25513/24136182.2018.2.79-87. (На англ. яз.)
Сведения об авторах:
1 Мельник Юлия Александровна, преподаватель кафедры иностранных и русского языков
2 Кирова Анастасия Владимировна, аспирант кафедры теоретической и прикладной лингвистики
Контактная информация:
1 Почтовый адрес: 644098, Россия, Омск, 14-й Военный городок, 119
2 Почтовый адрес: 644077, Россия, Омск, пр. Мира, 55а
1 E-mail: uliya0783@mail.ru
2 E-mail: anastasia.kirova@gmail.com Дата поступления статьи: 03.01.2018
