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Morphometric changes in the central body of immune system after effect of automobile exhaust gases
Grigoriyants Karina Eduardovna, Institute of Immunology Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan Senior researcher E-mail: [email protected] Khakimova Gulshana Bahtiyorovna, Institute of Immunology Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Researcher Aripova Tamara Uktamovna, Institute of Immunology Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan Doctor of Medical Sciences, professor
Morphometric changes in the central body of immune system after effect of automobile exhaust gases
Abstract: We studied influence of the acute, subacute and chronic influence of exhaust gases of engines on the stereometric parameters of volumetric lobes of cortical and medullar matter of the thymus and also change of the volume of lymphocytes' nuclei of the cortical and medullar matter and volume of the cells of thymic reticuloepithelium in the rats. We used 185 white rats of both sexes in the result of research we revealed that acute, subacute and chronic effect of the exhaust gases in the structures of thymus results in impairments, which are expressed in change or decrease in the volumetric-lobular interrelations of the thymic structures and reduction of the lymphocyte nuclei volumes of the cortical and medullar matter.
Keywords: LC — lethal concentration, EG — exhaust gases, VS — volumetric share.
The increase of quantity of a vehicle in cities and occupied items results in the appropriate increase in air of exhaust gases rendering negative influence on the human and environment [1; 3; 6; 8; 9;10].
The exhaust gases contain a plenty ofvarious toxic components, including carbon oxide, nitrogen oxides, numerous groups of carbohydrates, aldehydes etc. In case of application of ethylated benzenes the toxic compounds of lead formed [11; 12].
Influence of all these compounds even in the small concentrations contribute to increase of the special weight of the latent, less symptom forms of intoxication, requiring new approaches to study their pathogenesis and diagnostics [13].
At realization of sanitary — hygienic researches the significant pollution of air of cities by exhaust gases of engines was established. Under these conditions there are often develop acute and chronic intoxications [2; 7]. The deficit state of the immune status seems to be one of the pathogenic reasons of such adverse influence of exhaust gases on the human body. Taking into account, that immunologic function is closely connected to morphology of the immune system, i. e. in many respects is caused by its anatomic-physiological organization, the role of morphological researches of immune system becomes clear [4; 5].
The Purpose of research. To reveal morphometric changes in the thymus of rats after acute, subacute and chronic effect of exhaust gases of engines of motor vehicles.
Materials and methods of research
For the experimental analysis of effect of exhaust gases (EG) on the bodies of immune system there were used 185 white rats of the both sexes, of weight 160-180 gr., of 4-6 months of age. The seeding of animals with EG was made in the chamber of volume 50 litres within 4 hours. The change of a gas mix in the chamber was made every 15 minutes. The acute effect was performed with two seedings of animals during 2 and 5 days in a doze 1/50 of lethal concentration in recalculation per CO. Subacute effect was achieved by monthly seeding of animals every day in a doze 1/100 of lethal concentration. Chronic influence was carried out with seeding for
4 months of animals in a doze 1/200 of lethal concentration. The animals of all groups were studied under the standard conditions of vivarium with free access to water and food.
For researches there were investigated slices ofbodies. The isolated slices were fixed in 10% solution neutral formalin and liquid of Carnua. They were studied with use of general common methods with subsequent embedding into paraffin. The paraffin blocks cut on the sled microtome, receiving slices of thickness 4-6 microns. For study of general structure of body the preparations were stained with hematoxiline-eosin. In order to obtain the characteristic findings of spleen structure the share of slice was stained with azur II — eosin by Van Gison.
The measurement oflymphocyte nuclei and cytoplasma of the reticular cells with following calculation of the nuclei volumes of the cells was carried out with use of ocular — of micrometer — 7x with point of division of the ruler 13,3 microns at increase of objective — 9x. There were measured till 25 nucleuses and cells of each type and calculated the mean arithmetic value of their volume The calculation of nuclei and cells volumes was made by formulae: V = LB 2/6, where "L" and "B" — are axes of an ellipse of slice of a nucleus or cell.
Definition of the volumetric relations of the thymus tissue components was made with use of ocular measuring mesh for cytohis-tological investigations of G. G. Avtandilov (1972). The mesh was applied on the slice calculating per 1000 points, under the formula: p = (m 100)/n, where "m" — number of points being equal to an investigated component, "n" — number of all points. The value "p" was expressed in percentage.
The mathematical data processing was spent by methods of variational statistics with the help of standard mathematical packages of the applied programs with definition mean value, its error, Student's t-criterion.
Results of research
In the table № 1 there were presented stereometric data about volumetric shares of the thymus components of cortical and cerebral matters acute effect of the exhaust.
Section 7. Medical science
In the cortical matter the volumetric share of lymphocytes in comparison with control group reduced. The significant increase of volumetric share of vessels which accounted for in the control group 1,85±0,08%, after acute effect was 3,85± 0,18% appeared to be of special interest. The volumetric share of stroma expressed some tendency to increase. In the medullar matter of thymus after acute effect of the exhaust gases the volumetric share of lymphocytes in-
crease insignificantly, and the volumetric share of vessels, being in the control group 2,57±0,11%, after acute effect it reliably increased and accounted for 4,38± 0,21%.
Thus, it is possible to note, that the acute effect of exhaust gases insignificantly influencing on volumetric shares of lymphocytes and stroma, resulted in significant increase in volumetric share of vessels in the cortical and medullar matters of thymus.
Table 1. - The stereometric data about volumetric shares of the thymus components of the cortical and cerebral matters in the control, after acute, subacute and chronic effect of exhaust gases (VS,%)
Group Lymphocytes Vessels Stroma
Cortical matter
Control 87,24 ± 4,24 1,85 ± 0,08 10,91 ±0,55
Acute effect 84,17 ± 4,16 3,85 ± 0,18* 11,98 ± 0,57
Subacute effect 82,47 ± 3,95 2,93 ± 0,15* 14,60 ± 0,69*
Chronic effect 86,28 ± 4,16 2,31 ± 0,11* 11,41 ± 0,55
Medullar matter
Control 61,73 ± 3,06 2,57 ± 0,11 35,70 ± 1,75
Acute effect 63,25 ± 3,14 4,38 ± 0,21* 32.37 ± 1,50
Subacute effect 59,48 ± 2,70 3,94 ± 0,19* 36,58 ± 1,83
Chronic effect 62,26 ± 3,10 2,76 ± 0,13 34,98 ± 1,72
Note: *p < 0,05, — the reliability is designed in relation to the control
After subacute effect of the exhaust gases in the cortical matter of thymus in comparison with control group the attention is attracted by decrease of a volumetric share of lymphocytes. The volumetric share ofvessels, component in control group 1,85 ± 0,08%, after effect reliably grows and makes 2,93 ± 0,15%. The volumetric share of stroma, making in the control 10,91 ± 0,55%, is reliably increased up to 14,60 ± 0,69%. In the medullar matter the tendency appeared to lowering of the volumetric share oflymphocytes. The reliable increase of the volumetric share ofthe vessels, which accounted for 3,94±0,19% is of special interest. The volumetric share of stroma changed insignificantly.
Thus, after subacute effect ofexhaust gases in the cortical a medullar matters ofthe thymus there is noted reduction ofthe volumetric share of lymphocytes and increase ofthe volumetric shares ofvessels and stroma.
After chronic influence of exhaust gases in the cortical matter the volumetric share of lymphocytes changed insignificantly. The volumetric share of vessels grows up to 2,31 ± 0,11%. The tendency to increase of a volumetric share of stroma is recorded. In the medullar matter there is found the insignificant increase of a volumetric share of lymphocytes and vessels.
Thus, in the cortical and medullar matters of the thymus after chronic exposure there are noted some changes in the volumetric share interrelations. In this case the increase of a volumetric share of vessels is most expressed.
In table 2 there is shown volume of the lymphocyte nuclei of the cortical and medullar matter and the volume of the thymus re-ticuloepitelium in rats in the control and after acute, subacute and chronic effects of the exhaust gases. The volume of the lymphocyte nuclei of the cortical matter, which in control accounted for 16,12 ± ± 0,79 mcm 3, in 2 days after killing of the animals the volume was reliably reduced up to 12,56 ± 0,60 mcm 3. The volume of the lymphocyte nuclei of the medullar matter, having in control 33,78 ± ± 1,67 mcm 3 in 2 days was reduced up to 26,15 ± 1,27 mcm 3. Volume of reticuloepithelial cell, made in the control 112,18 ± 5,57 mcm 3, in 2 days has made 103,27 ± 5,09 mcm 3. At killing of animals on the 5 day there was established the restoration of the nuclei of lymphocytes and volumes of cells of reticuloepithelium which began to come nearer to parameters of control group.
Thus, on day 2 after acute effect of the exhaust gases there was observed reliable reduction of the volumes of the lymphocyte nuclei of the cortical and medullar matter as well as reduction of the volumes of the reticuloepithelial cells. On the 5 day these parameters are restored and come nearer to the data of control group.
After subacute effect of the exhaust gases in the cortical matter the mean volume volume of lymphocytes after effect of EG accounted for 11,97±0,62 mcm3.
Table 2. - Volume of lymphocyte nuclei of the cortical, medullar matter and volume of reticuloepithelial cells of the thymus in rats in the control and after acute, subacute and chronic exposure to the exhaust gases (mcm3)
Group Lymphocytes of the cortical matter Lymphocytes of the medullar matter Reticuloepithelial cells
Acute effect of EG
Control 16,12 ± 0,79 33,78 ± 1,67 112,18 ± 5,57
2 day killing 12,56 ± 0,60* 26,15 ± 1,27* 103,27 ± 5,09
5 day killing 15,23 ± 0,74 29,68 ± 1,48 114,35 ±5,64
Subacute effect of EG
Control 16,78 ± 0,84 32,56 ± 1,64 114,37 ± 5,73
Studied group 11,97 ±0,62* 24,75 ± 1,25* 104,22 ±5,23
Chronic effect of EG
Control 16,56 ± 0,82 34,19 ± 1,62 112,78 ± 5,63
Studied group 13,28 ± 0,65* 31,24 ± 1,54 109,37 ±5,37
Note: *p< 0,05,: the reliability is designed in relation to the control
Smokeless tobacco-associated lesions of the oral cavity
In the medullar matter of thymus the lymphocyte nuclei volume accounted for 24,75 ± 1,25 mcm 3. Average volume of the re-ticuloepithelial cells was 104,22 ± 5,23 mcm 3.
Thus, it is noted, that after subacute effect of the exhaust gases there is a decrease of average volume of the lymphocytes nucleuses of the cortical and medullar matters of the thymus, as well of the volume of the reticuloepithelial cells.
After chronic effect of EG it may be noted reliable reduction of the lymphocyte nuclei volume in the thymus cortical matter, which accounted for 13,28 ± 0,65 mcm 3. At the same time there is noted reduction of the volume of the lymphocyte nuclei
of the medullar matter. The volume of the reticuloepithelial cells changed insignificantly.
Thus, after chronic influence of the exhaust gases the decrease of volume of lymphocyte nucleuses of the cortical and medullar matters has been observed.
The research performed has shown that acute, subacute and chronic effect of the exhaust gases in the thymus structure resulted in impairments which were expressed in the change or decrease in the volumetric-share interrelations of the thymus structures and reduction of the volume of lymphocyte nuclei of the cortical and medullar matters.
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Gulyamov Surat S., D. N.S Professor, Tashkent Paediatric Medical Institute E-mail: [email protected] Gaybullaev Elbek A., MD.
Assistant professor, Tashkent State Dental Institute Sadykov R.R. MD, PhD Assistant Professor, Tashkent Medical Academy E-mail: [email protected]
Smokeless tobacco-associated lesions of the oral cavity
Abstract: Oral cancer is one of the most common cancers in Uzbekistan and is appeared to be most common cancers worldwide. All forms of tobacco have been implicated as causative agents including cigarette, cigar and pipe tobacco, as well as chewing tobacco. It is important to differentiate between conventional loose leaf (traditional) forms of smokeless tobaccos and the newer types such as snus, there is a significant difference in risk. Gingival inflammation, periodontal inflammation, and alveolar bone damage, dental caries, tooth abrasion, and dysplasia and oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) are all associated with smokeless tobacco use. Tobacco can damage cells in the lining of the oral cavity and oropharynx, causing cells to grow more rapidly to repair the damage. Researchers believe that DNA-damaging chemicals in tobacco are linked to the increased risk of oral cancer. However, the minimal risk for oral cancer is associated with SLT use. Keywords: smokeless tobacco, lesions, naswar, inflammatory response.
