181MORPHOLOGY AND WORD-FORMATION OF SOCIAL NETWORK NEOLOGISMS OF MODERN ENGLISH LANGUAGE
Maftuna Madrahimova
Master student, Urgench State University
Shahnoza Boltabayeva
Teacher, Urgench Olympic Reserves College
Khamid Rozmetov
Associate Professor, Urgench State University hamidl 008@mail. ru
ABSTRACT
This article is devoted to helping to gain a better understanding of English social media neologisms. To be more precise, it analyses word-formation of neologisms and gives possible translations for them in the Uzbek language. It is said that it is one of the most important topics to be studied and researched in linguistics [3].This article demonstrates lexical translational peculiarities of English and Uzbek neologisms.
Keywords: morpheme, derivation, blending, coinage, conversion, compounding.
INTRODUCTION
Morphology is a study of the structure of words. It comes under the grammatical study of language. Social media neologisms, like other lexemes, are made up of minimal units of meaning known as morphemes. For example, suppose we know how the plural morpheme [-s] is added to singular nouns to make them plural. In that case, we can analyze any complex noun which is already inflected for plurality to its constituent parts. Similarly, if we know how the comparative suffix [er] and the superlative [-est] are added to adjectives, then given any inflected adjective, we can also analyze it into its constituent morphemes. We can thus, analyze 'keys' into 'key + s', for instance, and analyze 'brighter' into 'bright + er'. The word 'morphology' itself consists of two morphemes, 'morph + ology' meaning 'form and study, word formation processes' mean "the different devices which are used in English to build new words from existing ones.
THE ANALYSIS AND METHODOLOGY OF REFERENCES
The books that British researchers on neologisms write are used in this article. The main source is "Social media neologisms" [4], which contains all neologisms of social networks such as Twitter, Facebook and Instagram. The literature of the article also includes scientific works by several researchers, and these publications serve to enhance the analysis of the study.
RESULTS
Each word-formation process will result in the production of a specific type of word. Thus, neologisms are also created according to morphological rules. In the following, six types of word-formations are given to make new words in English:
1. Derivation
The derivation is by far the most common type of word-formation in English. Affixes derive new words from already existing words. There are three types of affixes - prefixes, infixes and suffixes. Affixes are "small 'bits' of the English language which are not usually given separate listings in dictionaries. Prefixes are added to the beginning of a word. Suffixes are added to the end of the word. Infixes; affixes incorporated inside a word are not normally found in English[2]. For example, the prefix 'eas 'e-mail'. Examples of prefixes: 'un-, mis-, pre-'. Examples of suffixes: 'less, -ish, -ness'. Some suffixes can imply a specific meaning. This fact can then be used in creating new words.
2. Compounding or Composition
This is the joining of two separate words to produce a single form. In other words, it is the "combination of two free forms or words that have an otherwise independent existence. The result is called a compound word. The item of a compound word may not be separated by other words and their order is fixed. Compound is variously spelled with dashes, spaces, or nothing between the individual words. Compound words are usually constructed out of a relatively small number of morphemes,whose meanings are well-known, for example: "tele" means "far", "distant","meter" means "measure"; "bio" means "life" and so on. However, the meaning of a compound is not always the sum of the meaning of its part. For instance: "blackboard" can also be white. Compounding is a very common way of creating new words in English, and the kinds of combinations that occur in English are nearly limitless.
3. Conversion
Conversion is also known as a category change, functional shift or total conversion. It is a change in the class of a word. Nouns can start to be used as a verb (or vice versa) without any change in the word itself. Sometimes the converted forms shift in meaning.
"The conversion process is particularly productive in modern English, with new uses occurring frequently. For examples: paper ^ to paper, Google ^ to google.
4. Coinage
Coinage is one of the least common processes of word-formation in English. "A coinage is a neologism-a newword or word combinationthat is created deliberately. It is the invention of totally new terms. Sometimes people create new words outright to fit some purpose. "Societies often require new words to describe changes in technology, sports, entertainment, and so on. Coinage of new words often occurs in advertising, and it adds many words to English. The most typical sources are invented trade names for one company's product which become general terms (without initial capital letters) for any product version. Brand names or Words that were created especially for advertising and PR campaigns are now used generically. For example, Aspirin, Hoover, Laundromat, Band-aid, Kleenex.
5. B l e n d i n g
Blending is a commonplace process of combining two separate forms to produce a single new term. The result is called a blend. The process of blending is similar to the process of compounding, but "blending is typically accomplished by taking only the beginning of one word and joining it to the end of the other word. In the last two or three decades, blends have become even more common, and nowadays, one encounters new blends almost every day. Most of the data used in this study are blends. Examples are smog, brunch and Spanglish. Like other neologisms, such as rhymes and allusions, blends are often cute and amusing.
6. Abbreviating and Acronyming
Some neologisms are formed from the initial letters of a set of other words. Now they can remain 'alphabetisms', which are read as a sequence of letters - those are abbreviations. Or they can be pronounced as a single word (NATO, UNESCO), and we call them acronyms. Acronyms are frequently found in computer jargon. "Some new acronyms come into general use so quickly that many speakers do not think of their component meanings, for example, ATM (automatic teller machine) and PIN (personal identification number). There is freedom in deciding which initial letters of a phrase are going to be included in the abbreviation or acronym. This
concerns particularly prepositions - for example, 'of, can, but need not be included in the neologism. Moreover, often more than one letter from one word is used to form a neologism. Both these cases happen most often when somebody deliberately wants to form an acronym. For example, names for organizations are often designed to have their acronym represent an appropriate term. As time passes by, many acronyms lose their capitals to become everyday terms such as 'laser (light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation), radar (radio detecting and ranging).
J. Buranov and A. Mominovin their book "A practical course in English lexicology" assumed that neologisms might be separated into:
Root words: Ex: jeep - a small light motor vehicle, zebra-street crossing place 1) Derived words: Ex: collaborationist-one in occupied territory works helpfully with enemy, to accessorize-to provide with dress accessories Compound: Ex: air-drop, microfilm-reader [1].
DISCUSSION
1. Blog
It is used as both Noun and Verb and created by blending of words Weband Log.A blog is usually a type of website where you write your regular posts.
In uzbek language it is common to say blog as well as "sahifa"
2. Chatiquette
It is used as Noun. It is invented through the Blendingof two words Chat and Etiquette.Chatiquette means the social rules that have to be abided by when chatting with someone else on a mobile device.Chatiquetteis translated into Uzbek as "chat etiketi" (ijtimoiytarmoqlardahammaamalqilishizarurbo'lganijtimoiyqoidalar). We also thought about "muloqotetiketi" but by the word "chat" it is more understandable that communication is going through social networks.
3. Follower
In social media course follower is used as Noun. It is also a Semantic extension of word follower.A follower is the one who is tracking a particular person's activities on a social networking site. In Uzbek,the word follower is rarely used, it is acceptable to say
"kuzatuvchi" or "obunachi" by many tv journalists and bloggers. So, we recommend to use one of these words to mean follower in the Uzbek language.
4. Friend
It is also commonly used Noun and Verb on social networking sites.It is also a Semantic extension of word friend in social media language; a friend is someone you regularly interact with on a social networking site. In the Uzbek language, the word
friend is translated as "do 'st" and "do 'stlashmoq "and it can also refer to the friend in social networking sites. 5. Like
A word like is used as a verb on social media. It is the Semantic extension of the word like. Like means to click a particular icon on Facebook and Instagram to show that
You approve of an item, such as a photo or comment. The word "like" has been already expanded not alone among Uzbek social network users but also by TV and mass media journalists as "like". Yet its meaning is understandable, and we recommend using "like" without translation.
CONCLUSION
From above-given examples, we can say that most of the neologisms belong to the process of semantic extension, then compounding and then blending, then coinage[5]. Half of them are nouns,half of them are verbs, and some exist as both noun and verb. This assures the notion of the theory of onomasiology. We dealt with three main points: meanings of neologisms, their word-formation process and gave possible translation in Uzbek.
REFERENCES
1. Buranov J. A Practical Course in English Lexicology / J. Buranov, A. Muminov. -M.: Высшая школа, 1979. - 221 p.
2. Newmark P. A Textbook of translation / P. Newmark. - L.: Cassell, 1988. - 217 p.
3. Ro'zmetov, H., Atamuratov, D. O., &Komiljonova, M. A. (2021). LEXICAL TRANSLATIONAL PECULARITIES OF ENGLISH AND UZBEK PROVERBS. Academic Research in Educational Sciences, 2(1), 546-550.
4. https://www.google.com/search?q=+modern+english+usage+by+henry+fowler&ie =utf-8&oe=utf-8 - q=definition+of+lexeme
5. http://www.dukonference.lv/files/proceedings of conf/53konf/valodnieciba literat urzinatne/Usevics.pdf
