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13MORPHOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF THE FEMORAL GLAND IN CHILDREN OF THE FIRST PERIOD OF CHILDHOOD AND
II MATURE AGE
Abaeva T.S. Zhanganaeva M.T. Omuralieva N.K.
Department of Normal and Topographic Anatomy, KSMA
them. I.K. Akhunbaeva, Department of Macro and Micro Anatomy IHSM
Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
Resume. Thymus is the organ of lymphopoiesis of humans and many species of animals, in which maturation occurs. This article presents the results of morphometric studies of red bone marrow in different regions of Kyrgyzstan. The structure (macroscopic picture) of the thymus was studied on 21 corpses of children of the first period, childhood of the second period of adulthood. Used anatomical methods (preparation, measurement) and histological methods (stained with hematoxylin-eosin, according to Van Gieson). Using histological, morphometric methods, it was found that age-related transformations of the tissue structure of the thymus are characterized by the development of fibrous connective and adipose tissue in the cortical septa, which leads to fragmentation of the cortical substance, and then to the separation of fragments of the cortical and brain substance. The greatest progression of the processes of involution in the jjg
thymus is noted during the second mature age period from 36 to 60 years. The problems of -
changing the functions of the immune system during aging are analyzed. Age-related changes in the relative areas of the structural elements of the parenchyma and thymus stroma are established. The thymus consists of lobules, in which there are zones: the inner, lighter brain and the outer darker cortical. Located in the center of the light zones and on their periphery - dark zones. In the darker, cortical zone, the cells are very densely located, their number is much larger than in the center of the medulla zone.
In the thickness of the cerebral layer there are single Gassal bodies, blood capillaries, lymph gaps. The cortical layer consists of lymphoid elements, very densely located, with mitoses in individual cells. In the second mature age, iron acquires an inhomogeneous structure due to age-related involution. The problems of changing the functions of the immune system during aging are analyzed.
In the second mature age d, in contrast to the first period of childhood thymus, the number of connective tissue fibers decreases. In the second mature age, the number of lymphocytes in the thymus decreases. Adipose tissue predominates in the parenchyma along with connective tissue. During this period, the lobules are reduced to narrow bands and bands. In the second mature age, iron is represented by adipose tissue and thin, randomly scattered parenchyma cords. structural changes in the capsule of the gland; the structure of the cortical and medulla; violation of loose fibrous connective tissue and blood vessels of an organ.
The histophysiological characteristic of the thymus was studied, which showed that those living in the city of Kara-Balta, located near the uranium tailing dump, lead to an increase in involutive organ changes due to increased death of thymocytes and a decrease in their proliferative activity.
Key words: Thymus, biometric indicators, human cadaveric material.
Introduction. On the territory of Kyrgyzstan, as a result of exploitation of uranium deposits and enrichment of uranium raw materials, sedimentation tanks and tailings with a high content of uranium, theory and other radioactive elements arose [510]. Thymus, translated from Greek, means "vitality", as the thymus carries out serious work to rejuvenate the entire body. The thymus gland not only collects an army of lymphocytes, but also produces thymic hormones that activate the immune system, improve skin regeneration, and promote rapid cell recovery. Constant flow relatively small doses of radionuclides and heavy metals in the body, affects the protective system (immune). Today, one of the most important problems for researchers is the study of the morphology, physiology and pathology of the immune system, which is primarily associated with the needs of clinical medicine, given that new environmental, social, and other factors have begun to exert a
significant influence on the human body.
The thymus gland is the central organ of immunogenesis and the endocrine gland [1-4]. Children with thymus pathology have a high mortality rate. The main functions of the thymus gland (lymphatic, immunoregulatory and endocrine) are carried out mainly due to the secretion of hormones by the epithelial cells, mainly of the polypeptide nature of thymosin, thymopoietin, etc.
The literature indicates the functional significance of the thymus in all periods of postnatal life. At the same time, the data on the age characteristics of the structural components of the human thymus are contradictory, which is primarily due to the different gradation of age groups by researchers and the study of this organ mainly in the first period of childhood.
Scientific data is a necessary element in clinical medicine for the correct treatment and prophylactic measures in people with varying degrees of
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involution and pathology of the thymus [11-13].
The purpose of this study is
to study the structure and biometric parameters of the thymus gland in children of the I-period of childhood and II mature age in different regions of Kyrgyzstan (Bishkek, Kara-Balta, Cholpon-Ata, Naryn).
Materials and research methods. The work investigated the anatomy of the thymus gland on 23 corpses of children who died in children in the first period of childhood and II mature age, for reasons not related to immune-deficient conditions.
Research methods: 1. Anatomical methods (preparation, weighing, measurement). 2. Histological methods. All samples for histological examination were fixed in a neutral solution of 10% formaldehyde, embedded in paraffin, stained with hematoxylin-eosin and according to Van Gieson. The contents of the thymus cells were analyzed, and the lymphocytic-epithelial index was evaluated. The
results of all quantities were evaluated by statistical methods.
Results and discussion. In children of the first period of childhood, the longitudinal sizes of the right lobe range from 5.1 ± 8.4 cm (an average of 6.75), the left lobe -from 5.5 ± 6.4 cm (an average of 5.95), table No. 1. The transverse dimensions of the right lobe range from 2.2 ± 2.6 cm (an average of 2.4), the left - from 1.8 ± 3.9 cm (an average of 2.8). The thickness of the right lobe ranges from 1.5 to 1.9 cm (an average of 1.7). The thickness of the left lobe is 0.9 ± 1.8 cm (average 1.3). The upper border of the thymus gland is located at the level of the notch of the sternum handle or 1.8 ± 2.6 cm (average 2.2) above it. The border of the right lobe is usually slightly higher than the left. The lower border of the gland extends beyond the body and hilt of the sternum: 0.6 ± 2.3 cm on the right (-1.4 on average), 1.6 ± 2.6 cm on the left (-2.1 on average).
In mature II, the longitudinal sizes of the right lobe range from 12.1
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± 15.2 cm (13.6 on average), the left lobe - from 10.2 ± 14.0 cm (12.1 on average). The transverse dimensions of the right lobe range from 1.5 ± 1.8 cm (in average 1.6), left - from 1.9 ± 2.4 cm (average 2.1). The thickness of the right lobe ranges from 0.5 to 1.0 cm (average 0.7).
The thickness of the left lobe is 0.4 ± 0.8 cm (on average 0.6). The upper border of the thymus gland is located at the level of the notch of the sternum handle or 0.5 ± 0.7 cm (on average 0.6) above it. The border of the right lobe is usually slightly higher than the left. The lower border of the gland extends beyond the body and hilt of the sternum: on the right by 0.5 ± 2.1 cm (average -1.3), on the left by 1.7 ± 2.4 cm (average-2,1). On examination, the thymus gland is magnificent, consists of numerous lobules of different sizes, separated by layers of connective tissue. The thymus has a delicate thin connective tissue capsule, consisting mainly of elastic fibers, among which mainly collagen fibers are detected. The tissue of the gland under the capsule
consists of longitudinal layers of connective tissue fibers, mainly collagen. From the common capsule, connective tissue septa extending deep into the gland, dividing the gland parenchyma into many lobules of different sizes. In children of the first period of childhood, slices of various shapes - polygons prevail over oval slices. In people of the second mature age, it acquires an inhomogeneous structure due to age-related involution. Inside the lobules there are thin connective tissue layers starting from the interlobular septa. In people of the second mature age, unlike children in the thymus lobules, the number of connective tissue fibers decreases. In children, the lobules of the gland consist of two zones: the medulla zones located in the center are identical in cellular composition, but in the dark, cortical zone, the cells are very densely located, their number is much larger than in the center of the brain zone. In the thickness of the cerebral layer there are Gassal's bodies, blood capillaries, lymph gaps. The cellular composition of the
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cerebral layer is diverse, lymphocytes are found in large numbers, larger light epithelial-like and reticular cells, as well as macrophages. In the cortical zone, the cellular composition is monomorphic, mainly lymphoid elements, mitoses are found in some of them. Comparatively, the cortical zone prevails over the cerebral. The different "age" of Gassal's bodies in the medulla layer is noticeable. The number of macrophages is clearly expressed. Full-blooded blood vessels are adjacent to the intralobular septum. The reticular bases of the lobules are expressed quite clearly.
The study of the cadaveric material of children in the first period of childhood lymphoblasts in the city of Kara-Balta compared with the indicators of Bishkek showed 0.6%, in the city of Cholpon-Ata by 0.12%, and in the city of Naryn by 0.11 % The results of the study in the city of Kara-Balta showed that Aptos cells make up 0.9%, among former residents of Cholpon-Ata by 0.7%, among residents of Naryn by 0.5% (table No. 1). Summing up all these indicators, it can be noted that the children of former residents in the city of Kara-Balta are increased compared to Bishkek.
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Table 1
Dynamics of cell populations in a unit of the conditional area of the cortical substance of the thymus lobule in the first period of childhood
Cell populations Kara-Balta Bishkek Cholpon-Ata Naryn
M± m
Lymphoblasts 39,3 ±0,6 37,0± 0,6* 41,5 ±0,8*+ 42,1± 0,2*+
Small lymphocytes 305,7± 1,8 301,7± 1,8 306,2 ±1,6 306,7± 1,7*+
Medium Lymphocytes 64,4± 0,3 67,1± 0,7* 68,1± 0,4* 68,3 ±0,4*+
Apoptotic body 70,7± 0,8 64,7± 0,6* 65,6± 0,6* 68,2± 0,6*+
Mitosis 28,1i 0,8 30,7i 0,7* 31,8 i0,5* 30,1i 1,0*+
Macrophages 12,6i 0,6 8,2i 0,5* 11,7i 0,8+ 12,5i 0,8*+
Gassal's 11,7 i0,6 8,4 i0,4* 11,5 i0,5+ 11,9i 0,2*+
Total number of cells 533,4i 5,0 525,1i 7,3 531,5i 6,4 539,8i 4,0*+
The stereometric characteristic of the thymus of the newborn (M ± m) in%
Cortical substance 50,2i 0,5 48,9i 1,4 47,1 i0,4* 48,3 i0,9*+
Medulla substance 22,9i 0,4 25,2i 0,8* 23,1 i0,4+ 24,7i 0,3*+
VPP 14,0i 0,6 14,3i 0,5 14,6i 0,4 14,8i 0,2
Interlobular septa 15,3i 0,8 13,9i 0,5 14,9i 0,3 13,4i 0,3
Note: * - P <0.05 significantly with respect to the city of Kara-Balta. + - P <0.05 significantly with respect to Bishkek
In people of the second mature age, the number of lymphocytes in the thymus decreases. Adipose tissue predominates in the parenchyma along with connective tissue. During this period, the lobules are reduced to narrow bands and bands. In people of II mature age, iron is represented by adipose tissue and thin, randomly scattered parenchyma cords. The vascular network is represented by large-caliber arteries and veins.
In II-mature people, small parenchyma islets remain without differentiation into cortical and medulla, surrounded by adipose
tissue. In the process of age-related involution, the content of lymphocytes decreases, their mitotic activity decreases, and the proportion of cells capable of proliferation in both the cortical and brain matter decreases. This is apparently due to both the absence of an influx of bone marrow precursors into the thymus and a decrease in the number of epithelial reticular cells that create a microenvironment for T-lymphocytes. Age-related changes are accompanied by a decrease in the number of thymic bodies, among which the proportion of mature forms is increasing.
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Thymus bodies are not found in the thymus of mature II people. The rate of processes of age-related involution is individual and varies widely, which is consistent with the life expectancy of people. The study of cadaveric material of II mature age lymphoblasts in the city of Kara-Balta in comparison with the indicators of Bishkek showed 0.9%, in the studied deaths of the city of Cholpon-Ata, the results of lymphoblasts showed 0.8%, and in the city of Naryn 0.6%. Aptose cells of the city of Kara-Balta make
Dynamics of cell populations in a i
lobules in the
up 0.9%, compared with the former residents of Bishkek. Indicators of aptose cells in Cholpon-Ata by 0.2%, among residents of Naryn by 0.6% (table No. 2). The results of a histological examination of the thymus from the cadaveric material of deceased children of the first period of childhood and the second mature age of the city of Kara-Balta, located near the uranium tailing pond, showed a tendency to increase lymphoblasts, apoptotic cells, macrophages and a decrease in Gassal's bodies.
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Table 2
of conditional area cortical thymus •nd mature age
Cell populations Kara-Balta Bishkek Cholpon-Ata Naryn
M± m
Lymphoblasts 21,2± 0,3 19,3 ±0,7* 35,8± 0,4*+ 30,8± 0,4*+
Small lymphocytes 129,1± 0,9 128,5± 2,4 166,7± 1,4*+ 166,7± 2,5*+
Medium Lymphocytes 43,5± 0,4 29,9± 1,0* 44,1± 0,6+ 47,3 ±0,5*+
Apoptotic body 57,5± 0,9 29,3 ±1,2* 35,5 ±0,9*+ 48,2± 0,7*+
Mitosis 18,8 ±0,4 16,6± 0,4* 21,8± 0,8*+ 30,1± 1,0*+
Macrophages 4,7 ±0,2 3,6 ±0,3* 1,9 ±0,2*+ 12,5± 0,8*+
Gassal's 0,2± 0,1 1,0± 0,09* 1,4 ±0,1*+ 1,9± 0,2*+
Total number of cells 273,3±2,2 229,9 ±4,3* 306,3± 2,3*+ 339,1± 4,0*+
The stereometric characteristic of the thymus of the newborn (M ± m) in%
Cortical substance 42,7± 0,5 80,3 ±0,3* 65,1 ±1,0*+ 68,3 ±0,9*+
Medulla substance 6,2± 0,2 4,3± 0,3* 3,7 ±0,3*+ 12,7± 0,3*+
VPP 1,8± 0,2
Interlobular septa 2,4± 0,3
Note: * - P <0.05 significantly with
±P <0.05 significantly with respect to Bishkek. Thus, in children of the first period of childhood, the thymus gland is magnificent, consists of numerous lobules of different sizes, separated by layers of connective tissue. The thymus has a delicate thin connective tissue capsule, consisting mainly of elastic fibers, mainly collagen fibers are detected among the fibers ±P <0.05 significantly with respect to Bishkek.
Thus, in children of the first period of childhood, the thymus gland is magnificent, consists of numerous lobules of different sizes, separated by
¡spect to the city of Kara-Balta.
layers of connective tissue. The thymus has a delicate thin connective tissue capsule, consisting mainly of elastic fibers, mainly collagen fibers are detected among the fibers The results of a histological examination of the thymus from the cadaveric 125 material of deceased children of the first period of childhood and the second mature age of the city of Kara-Balta, located near the uranium tailing pond, showed a tendency to increase lymphoblasts, apoptotic cells, macrophages and a decrease in Gassal's cells.
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