CC BY
54
Power Stations, Grids and Systems
UDC 621.317 doi: 10.20998/2074-272X.2016.2.08
P. Olszowiec
MODIFICATIONS OF DIODE RECTIFIER CIRCUITS FOR CONTINUOUS INSULATION MEASUREMENT IN LIVE AC IT NETWORKS
Purpose. In the paper there are described few systems of insulation resistance continuous measurement using an imposed DC test signal delivered by diode rectifiers. Drawbacks of this technique are pointed out and ways of these shortcomings removal are proposed. Methodology. An improved version of measuring circuit based on a single-phase diode rectifier is presented. Application of logometric measuring devices is suggested. Results. A new insulation resistance continuous measuring system is insensitive to network voltages variation and asymmetry. Modified circuit enables also implementation of a simple device for alarming the monitored network's insulation deterioration and/or earth-fault protection. Originality. Formulas describing performance of diode rectifiers under asymmetrical supply have not been available so far. Both innovations (ie single-phase diode rectifier and logometric meter) have not been applied widely for implementation of continuous insulation monitoring in live AC IT networks. Practical value. Use of both innovations will allow to eliminate unrequired dependence of measurement results on variable network voltages as well as their possible asymmetry. Exploitation of diode rectifier circuits for earth fault location is also possible. References 6, figures 9.
Key words: low voltage AC IT networks, insulation resistance, diode rectifier, insulation resistance decline alarming, earth fault location.
Представлена работа разных вентильных схем измерения сопротивления изоляции сетей низкого напряжения с изолированной нейтралью. Приведены формулы для вычисления эквивалентного сопротивления изоляции при асимметрии линейных напряжений сети. Предложены способы устранения недостатков этих схем с использованием однофазных выпрямителей. Показаны возможности реализации системы сигнализации о понижении сопротивления изоляции и поиска места замыкания на землю. Библ. 6, рис. 9.
Ключевые слова: сети низкого напряжения с изолированной нейтралью, сопротивление изоляции, диодный выпрямитель, сигнализация о понижении сопротивления изоляции, поиск места замыкания на землю.
Introduction. Insulation monitoring is indispensable for safe and reliable operation of electric systems. In low voltage unearthed networks wide application has been found by insulation monitors based on diode rectifiers. However in recent years, in spite of numerous qualities of this technology, leading position was taken by isometers exploiting superimposed test signal delivered by an auxiliary source. Most technical literature is devoted to these new methods [1]. Nevertheless it seems useful to remind traditional insulation monitors with rectifier circuits and review possible ways of their improvement.
Problem definition. Main qualities of isometers with diode rectifiers are simple construction, lack of an auxiliary test signal source, fast response, high accuracy and insensitivity to ground capacitances [2]. However these devices have got also few shortcomings limiting their application.
This paper is aimed at analysis of existing measuring systems and schemes improved by author, based on single phase rectifiers.
Existing schemes. Scheme A. The most popular insulation monitoring scheme without an auxiliary test signal source is a system with full-wave bridge rectifier fed by the monitored network (Fig. 1).
A separating transformer is fed by a line-to-line voltage whereas its secondary winding is connected by rectifier and current limiting resistor R0 between one of conductors and ground. Rectified current is a test signal for determination of insulation-to-ground equivalent resistance Ri. Mean value U0_mean of voltage across R0 resistor
© Piotr Olszowiec
U
0—mean
= 42-e.
r
bc '
0
Ro + Ri
(1)
Fig. 1. Scheme A of insulation resistance measurement in a 3-phase network: TS - separating transformer, DR - full-wave bridge rectifier, R0 - current limiting resistor, Ea, Eb, Ec -
phase voltages of the source, Ca, Cb, Cc - phase-to-ground capacitances, Ga, Gb, Gc - phase insulation leakage conductances
provides information on the sought parameter R Its value is given by formula
Ri = R
o
V2 • Ebc _ иo_
0—mean
U
(2)
0—mean
The measurement result does not depend on insulation capacitances as mean values of charging and discharging currents are zero. However R value depends on two voltages at a time (Ebc, and U0) which is the main shortcoming of this method. It is worth noting that formula (1) is true at any possible distortion of U0 voltage waveform (Fig. 2).
20VAC 1Q! 1 @ 20VAC 10 ! 1 5ms/DIV TrigîAJ-lDIV
MANUAL
. . .1r
/ \ I \ \
/\ \ /1 M \ j f\
\ \ \
\ j v j \
J /
Fig. 2. Waveforms of voltages in scheme A of insulation resistance measurement in a 3-phase network (example): A - voltage U0, B - phase-to-phase voltage
Scheme B. Measurement scheme B (Fig. 3) ensures continuous insulation monitoring too. Capacitor C is periodically charged by phases B and C through diode D. When the diode is blocked, the capacitor discharges through elements connected in series: current limiting resistor R0 and network insulation leakage resistances.
////////// I
Fig.3. Scheme B of insulation resistance measurement in a 3-phase network: D - diode, C - capacitor, R0 - current limiting resistor
Just as in scheme A mean value U0.mean of voltage across R0 resistor is
Ro
Un = Ur ■
w 0—mean w C—mean n n
R0 + Ri
from where sought parameter Ri is obtained
UC—mean — U 0—mean
Ri = R
o
(3)
(4)
Ri = R
o •■
U
(5)
Fig. 4. Waveforms of voltages in scheme B of insulation resistance measurement in a 3-phase network (example): A - voltage U0, B - phase-to-phase voltage
Scheme C. Three-phase rectifier with star connected diodes belongs to the most popular insulation monitoring systems (Fig. 5) [3].
Fig. 5. Scheme C of insulation resistance measurement in a 3-phase network: D - diodes, R0 - current limiting resistor
In this scheme there conducts diode with the highest potential of anode. Transition from one diode to another one takes place immediately when their phase voltages become equal.
For derivation of formula determining mean value of U0 voltage across R0 resistor in a network with asymmetrical source voltages Ea, Eb, Ec it is convenient to use expression for output voltage of a full-wave bridge rectifier (Fig. 6) [4]:
U 0—mean
where UC-mean - mean value of voltage across the capacitor.
Examples of voltages waveforms in this scheme are shown in Fig. 4. There is presented periodical process of charging and discharging of the capacitor.
For C and R0 meeting condition CR0 >> T (T - period of the network voltage), voltage across the capacitor is practically constant. In this case formula (4) is as follows
V2 ■ Ebc — U o—mean
Fig. 6. Three-phase diode bridge rectifier: Di ... D6 - diodes, Gi - insulation leakage conductance of the positive pole
U
12-mean
V2 -{Eab + Ebc + Eca )
(6)
In this system mean value of positive pole-to-ground voltage [5] is
U
G,
U
1-mean
0-mean
G, + Gi
12-mean 2
(7)
71
From (6) and (7) formula for mean value U0-mean of voltage across R0 resistor in scheme C is obtained
V2 • jEab + Ebc + Eca ) R0
U.
0—mean
2n
From (8) sought value is derived
^V2' ((ab + Ebc + Eca ) — 1 In 'Uo—mean
Ro + R,
R, =
'R0
(8)
(9)
Fig. 7. Modified scheme of insulation resistance measurement with two diodes in a 3-phase network
age,
Within interval T/2<t<T diode Dc is open
(Gc + G0) ' u0 + Gb ' (ebc + u0) + Ga ' («0 — ec + ea) +
+ C .d«^ + C d(ebc + u0) + C d(ea — ec + u0) = 0 c dt dt a dt
(11)
Using insulation equivalent parameters of AC side
Gi = Ga + Gb + Gc and Ct = Ca + Cb + Cc, both equations assume the following form
d«0 Î \ (Gi + G0) '«0 + C, ' —;- + Ga '(ea — eb ) +
dt
d^-e) + G E— ebc )+Cc 'dE^ = 0; a dt c v bc/ c dt
(12)
Elimination of shortcomings of schemes A, B, C.
Main shortcoming of methods A, B, C (except of lack of self- monitoring) is dependence of calculated parameter Ri simultaneously on the network phase-to-phase voltages and on U0 voltage. These voltages are of course proportional but when using formulas (2) and (4) their current values must be known. If source voltages vary with time, simultaneous readings of two voltmeters must be made.
Scale of U0 voltmeter can be graduated in kOhms only if network voltages are known and do not change.
In scheme C an additional difficulty can be caused by possible asymmetry of the source voltages. In order to accurately determine Ri parameter from formula (9), all three phase-to-phase voltages must be simultaneously measured. The latter obstacle can be overcome by a simple modification proposed by the author.
In a three-phase rectifier with star connected diodes only two diodes fed by any phase-to-phase voltage can be exploited [6] (Fig.7.).
duo i \
(Gi + G0> u0 + Ci • — + Ga •Eea - ec ) +
dt (13)
^ dEa - ec) „ ^ debc
+ Ca • Kat c' + Gb •ebc + Cb = 0. dt dt After integrating equation (12) within limits 0<t<T/2 and equation (13) within limits T/2<t<T both equations should be added. As integrals of all capacitive currents over period T are zero and mean value of any sinusoidal function is also zero, the following equation is obtained
T V2 • Eh
(Gi + G0)'T ju0dt = (Gi + G0) 'U0—mean
0
from which the final formula follows
a/2. E,
bc
Ri
J_
G,
-U,
0—mean
R
0
U
— .Gj, (14)
(15)
0—mean
In this method the result depends on voltage Ebc of two selected phases. Therefore neither any possible asymmetry of source voltages vectors Ea, Eb, Ec nor number of network's phases play any role.
The main shortcoming of all presented schemes i.e. necessity of simultaneous readings of network voltages and U0 voltage can be eliminated with help of a system fulfilling division of two voltages values. Thus for scheme C there can be used a logometer performing divi-
4l. Eb
sion of voltages -^ — U0—mean and U0—mean sup-
n
plied to its inputs 1 and 2 (Fig. 8). Therefore its indication corresponds to the value given by formula (15). The other way to avoid the problem is application of stabilized voltage source.
Let the rectifier be fed by phase b -to-phase c volt-
ebc (t) = eb (t) — ec (t) = V2. Ebc . sin at, and phase a voltage be determined by function ea (t) = 42 ' Ea -sin(®t — a), where parameters Ea, Ebc, a can assume any possible value.
Current switchover from one diode to the other one takes place when ebc(t) voltage is zero. Within interval 0<t<T/2 diode Db is open. According to the I Kirchhoff law leakage currents (to ground) balance is
(Gb + G0) '«0 + Gc '(— ebc + «0) + Ga '(«0 — eb + ea) +
+ C + C d(— ebc + «0) + C d(ea — eb + «0) = 0 (10)
dt c dt a dt
Fig. 8. Application of a logometer (LM) for insulation resistance continuous measurement in a 3-phase network
Additional advantages of A,B,C schemes. All presented schemes of continuous insulation monitoring with diode rectifiers have got few valuable advantages which have not been utilized fully in practice so far.
The first one is implementation of insulation level deterioration alarming. For this purpose a DC overvoltage relay should be connected in parallel with R0 resistor. For the relay setting U0hset it would detect insulation resistance drop below the threshold equal to
+
K
n
Ri.
= Ro
E - U
O-set
U
(16)
O-set
where E - voltage of the rectified test current source. For example in the scheme in Fig. 8 this is
72 • Ebc- = 05U12
^12—mean-
E = -
(17)
However a significant shortcoming of this simplest solution is dependence of the alarm threshold on network voltage (E variation for a fixed relay setting U0-cp. Of course this disadvantage can be eliminated with help of a system fulfilling division of voltages or using stabilization of voltage source. Another solution is application of voltage relay supervising sign of the voltages difference
Ro
UO
, -E•-
Ro + R
i-set
which follows from (16).
The second advantage is possibility for implementation of ground faults location in AC IT networks. Ground faults can be located by measuring rectified test current with help of DC current clamp meter (e.g. Kyoritsu or Fluke). This procedure is illustrated in Fig. 9.
Fig. 9. Application of a scheme of insulation resistance continuous measurement in a 3-phase network for ground fault location: M - ground fault locator, TK - DC current clamp meter
As mean value of voltage of all conductors against ground is the same, mean values of leakage currents from these conductors to ground are proportional to their insulation-to-ground conductances. When searching for
How to cite this article:
ground fault one can close the clamps around single conductors or multi-wire cables. Microprocessor device M determines equivalent insulation resistance of the entire network from (15) and insulation resistance of a single conductor «x» from the following formula
n (18)
Rx =
Ux
Ix
Conclusions.
1. Traditional systems of insulation continuous monitoring based on multiphase diode rectifiers are sensitive to variation of network voltages and their possible asymmetry.
2. Application of a single phase star diode rectifier enables to eliminate the above mentioned difficulties.
3. Attention should also be turned to other qualities of the presented schemes i.e. insulation level deterioration alarming and ground fault location.
REFERENCES
1. Hofheinz W. Protective Measures with Insulation Monitoring. VDE Verlag, 1998.
2. Tsapenko E.F. Kontrol' izoliatsii v setiakh do 1000 V [Insulation monitoring in networks up to 1000 V]. Moscow, Energiya Publ., 1972. (Rus).
3. Tsapenko E.F. Zamykaniia na zemliu v setiakh 6-35 kV [Earth faults in networks 6-35 kV]. Moscow, Energoatomizdat Publ., 1986. (Rus).
4. Olszowiec P. Unconventional Methods of Analyzing Diode Rectifiers with Asymmetrical Supply. Computational Problems of Electrical Engineering, 2014, no.2, pp. 33-36.
5. Olszowiec P. O wyznaczaniu napi^c trojfazowych prostownikow diodowych. Wiadomosci Elektrotechniczne, 2015, vol.1, no.10, pp. 33-34. doi: 10.15199/74.2015.10.8.
6. Olszowiec P. Insulation Measurement and Supervision in Live AC and DC Unearthed Systems. Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 2nd edition. Springer, 2014. doi: 10.1007/978-3642-29755-7.
Piotr Olszowiec, MSc., Electrical Engineer, Elporem i Elpoautomatyka Spolka z o.o., 28-200 Staszow, ul. Wschodnia 10/51, Poland, phone +48 606 613976, e-mail: [email protected]
Olszowiec P. Modifications of diode rectifier circuits for continuous insulation measurement in live AC IT networks. Electrical engineering & electromechanics, 2016, no.2, pp. 43-46. doi: 10.20998/2074-272X.2016.2.08.
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