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земель строить буду советы».
Хотим обратить внимание читателя что Машхур Жусип наряду со словом «семь» использует часто словосочетание «семьдесят тысяч». Ответ на вопросы «Почему семь небес, семь земель и семьдесят тысяч арканов?» оставляем на долю будущего исследования космасмической науки, и хотим выдвинуть следующую гипотезу /хотя все знают не всякая гипотеза становится наукой, но не все они бесполезны - Г.Ж./. По нашему мнению, в слове «аркан» - скрыто некое притяжение, невидимое, неуловимое никакими учитывающими приборами, назовем его как «нити притяжения» или как то иначе, но возможно что этим назвали длинный и громадный пояс.
Так же в строках: «Превратил в Космос без опор и лестниц, // Космосу без счета месяцы дал. // Расстояния большие между ними, // Птица долетела бы за тридцать тысяч лет». И мы предполагаем, что слово «конечность это не конечности человека, животного или опоры какого либо прибора это все тот же громадный пояс подразумевающий какое то притяжение, которое предстоит доказать будущему поколению». Машхур Жусип до того как сказать про возникновение земли, подробно повествует о том как возникли восемь рая и семь адов. Чтобы доказать что издревне в художественной литературе Азии и Европы местом событий берутся рай и ад считаем верным опереться на взгляды известного исследователя арабской литературы А. Дербисалиева. Исследователь в свое мнении ссылается на произведение арабского мыслителя Х-Х1 века Абул-Ала аль Магарридин /973 г. рожд./: второй трактат под названием «Посвящение прощению» Абу-л-Ала созвучна с вышеупомянутым произведением. Этот труд мыслителя был известен под названием «Аль-Карих» и возник как ответ на письмо-посвящение Али ибн Мансура аль-Халаби. События происходят в аду и раю «Могущественной комедии» Данте [1, с. 146].
По нашему мнению, восемь рая и семь ада упомянутые в легенде не только плод религиозной легенды, тут есть вероятность неизведанных космических понятий. В этом отношении предполагаем что высказывания древнекитайских
мыслителей об основе мироздания как: вода, огонь, металл и земля следуют из понимания, что «земля - часть вселенной» [3, с. 15]. Есть много сходных моментов и у других народов, заставляющих задуматься в принятии огня, воздуха, воды и дерева за основу мироздания. Например, в начале века нашей эры в Индии назывались, имеющих важное значение в мироздании, три вида. В числе первых использованы: земля, вода, огонь, воздух и понятие под названием «акаша». После этого даны: время, пространство, душа, сознание. Первые пять понятий даны как «бясута», и говорят что они относятся к видам человеческого восприятия как: запах, вкус, цвет, осязание и слух. Далее говорится что земля обладает: запахом, вкусом, цветом, вода - вкусом, цветом и чувствительностью, огонь - цветом и чувствительностью, воздух - чувствительностью, ну а «акаша» - лишь звуком [3, с. 14].
Список литературы:
1. Дербюэлиев Э. Араб эдебетг - Алматы: Мектеп, 1982. - 208 б.
2. Диуани Хикмет. - Алматы: Мураттас, 1993. - 262 б.
3. Евсюков В.В. Мифы о вселенной. - Новосибирск: Наука, 1988. - 177 с.
4. Ел казынасы - есш сез. В.В.Радлов жинаган казак фольклорыньщ Yлгiлерi. - Алматы: Fылым, 1994. - 615 б.
5. ЖYсiп Баласагун. Кутты бшк /ауд.А.Егеубаев/. -Алматы: Жазушы, 1986. - 350 б.
6. Косидовский З. Библейские сказания. - Москва. 1978. - 454 с.
7. Куран Кэрим. - Мэдине. 1991. - 674 б.
8. Куран. - Алматы; Москва: Бшм, 1990. - 656 б.
9. Талжанов С. Аударма жэне казак эдебиетшщ мэсе-лелерг - Алматы: Fылым, 1975. - 288 б.
10. Темкин Э.Н., Эрман В.Г. Мифы древней Индий. -Москва: 1982. - 270 с.
11. Шидфар В.Я. Генезия и вопросы стиля арабского народного романа «Генезис романа в литературах Азии и Африки» штабы шшде. - Москва: Наука, 1980. - 118 с.
MIRZA JALIL'S WORKS IN NAKHCHIVAN MANUSCRIPTS
Ibrahimov Sabuhi Mamedali oglu
Candidate of philosophical sciences, associate professor The «Nakhichevan» University Department ofpsychology and pedagogy
Nakhchivan city
ABSTRACT
In the paper is given thorough information about rich art heritage of Jalil Mammadkulizadeh, who as the author of satirical works has special importance for Nakhchivan's manuscripts. It is specified that he has great influence on development of revolutionary-democratic movement and literary and public thought not only in Nakhchivan, but also as a whole in the Middle East, especially in the brotherly countries of Iran and Turkey. Famous works of this prominent writer who at the end of XIX and the beginning of the XX centuries represented his educational ideas in formation of political thought of Azerbaijan, are translated to many languages of the world.
In the course of the philology-textual analysis of manuscripts about Nakhchivan, dated from the end of the XIX and the beginning of the XX centuries, it is revealed that Mirza Jalil's works and the journal of «Mullah Nasreddin» created by him have made positive effect on creative activities of many talented and experienced writers of that period.
Keywords: Nakhchivan, manuscript, Mirza Jalil, art, works Introduction
The end of XIX and beginning of the XX century may be considered the most fruitful historical period of Nakhchivan literary society. Scientists and thinkers creating both for
Azerbaijan and Nakhchivan social environment have realized the real problems of their motherland and were busy with literary creativity. Just from this point of view the prominent satirist Jalil Mammadguluzadeh's creativity found in Nakhchivan
manuscript texts is considered one of such activities. Jalil Mammadgulu oglu Mammadguluzade [literary nickname Molla Nasreddin; 1869-1932] was a well-known writer, journalist, critic, enlightener and public figure of Nakhchivan and of whole Azerbaijan as well. Having great desire to education, he entered the Gori seminary and after graduating it in 1887 for some period he has worked as a teacher of Azerbaijan language and literature in the villages of Iravan district. Approximately social and literary activity of Jalil Mammadguluzadeh enriched during the great spans of time surrounding the period from the 80-s of XIX to the 30-s of XX century. Publishing works of different genre [like drama, prose, poem, publicity, literary criticism, memorials and etc.] in a number of journals within his 40-year creative activity, he mounted the highest and new level of Azerbaijan realistic literature. Jalil Mammadguluzadeh was not only supporter, fighter and fearless propagandist of realism in his literary critical and aesthetic thoughts but he also was a true theorist of realism. Feudal-partiarchal relations, arbitrariness of tsar governers and religious leaders, the ignorant thoughts of people and their welfare, superstition, miserable fate of women in the then Nakhchivan and Azerbaijani villages were described with great human grief in most of his works.
1. Life and Creativity
Manuscripts concerning to Nakhchivan show that such selected works of Jalil Mammadguluzade like "Mail box", "Master Zeinal" [1906], "Freedom in Iran" [1906], "Gurbanali bay" [1907] and the most famous comedy "Dead ones" [1909] have taken the honorable place in the history of Azerbaijan realism and satire. Within the years of activity he has created hundreds of publicistic stories, topical satire, satirical miniatures targeting against tsarism, bourgeoisie and landowning, religious fanaticism, ignorance and illiteracy, Western imperialism and Eastern despotism.
At the end of XIX and beginning of XX century the activists of Nakhchivan social environment including Jalil Mammadguluzade leaded to democtratic press struggling against reactionary press dominating in Azerbaijan at that period. A striking example to this is his critical approach to bourgeois ideology, religious-feudal thoughts, idealistic philosophy, scholastic ethics. And contrary to this he propagated ideology of democratic revolution, internationalism, proletarian solidarity.
1.2. Manuscript Works
Historic works having distinguished character for Nakhchivan manuskripts are the most actual matters of our time. Just from this point of view rich literary heritage of Jalil Mammadguluzade and his satiric journal "Molla Nasraddin" had great importance not only in Nakhchivan but it also influenced on the development of literary-social thoughts and revolutionary-democratic movement in Near and Middle East, Iran and especially on fraternal Turkiye. " Molla Nasraddin" is satiric collection illustrated with the colourful pictures and published under the editoring of Jalil Nakhchivani in 1338 by hijri [1919] in Tabriz [13, p. 443]. Simultaneously imitative poems, written by prominent Azerbaijan poets in accordance with the works of Turkish poets published in the journal "Molla Nasraddin" can be obvious sample to this. At the beginning of the XX century among imitative poems written to a poem of M. Akram "Remember" [Yad et] were both sintemental-romantic and poems having satirical content. Poem of great Sabir beginning with the words "Whenever mourning comes to a house" [Vaqta ki, qopur bir evda matam] can be attributed to the second group. This poem was firstly published in the 31-st issue of "Molla Nasraddin"
August 20, 1907 under the note "imitative poem to the addressed poem "Remembef' by his excellency mister Rejaizade Mahmud Akram" at the date of which its clear that the poem was written before imitative poems of A.Shaig and A. Sahhat" [9, p. 52].
1.3. Difficulties Connected With His Creativity
Study and researches show that prominent writer had demonstrated his enlightenment ideas inspiriting formation of the socio-political view in Azerbaijan at the end of XIX and beginning of XX century. His works were translated into different world languages.
Just at the end of the XIX - beginning of the XX century creation of such an interesting and satiric journal like "Molla Nasraddin" was important and needed. The journal reflected democratic demands of Azerbaijan people, struggled against czarism, exposed and criticized whole the deformity of social system and helped to awake the people.
Essential condition for creating this journal was a result of hard activity of Jalil Mammadguluzade, having courageous and too democratic ideas for that period.
Some prominent figures explained their thoughts and views in this way. Well-known educator Omar Faig Nemanzade writes in his memorials: "We tried to manage printing house after publishing of the newspaper "Sherqi-Rus" was forbidden. So I sent Jalil Mammadguluzade to Mammadtaghi. We needed money for this work. Borrowing money from Alisafar Baghirov Jalil Mammadguluzade bought the printing house for 7000 manat. We transferred the printing house to another street and renaming it into "Qeyrat" began to work there beginning from 1905. Initially, for paying our debt we were publishing all kinds of news like telegraph, trade and others. On passing 10 days I published 36-paged book named "Invitation" [Davat] announcing by this that "Qeyrat" printing house is opened for publishing all kinds of journals and newspapers and I invited old writers to create new works. I named the book "Invitation to publishing" and distributed it for free.
After publishing a number of books we decided to publish a newspaper or journal. We disputed a lot about the name of journal. We agreed on name "The Land" [Torpaq]. By Jalil Mammadguluzade's wish and insistence I was appointed the chief and head journalist of the journal. Our proposal was refused at the vicar head office. Later we understood that the articles written by me for "Sharqi-Rus" and my book "Invitation" caused to this refusal" [1].
Despite of these difficulties for keeping alive national soul Jalil Mammadguluzade decided to change the name of printing house "Qeyrat" into journal "Molla Nasraddin". "Molla Nasraddin" felt great need to promote the people with information about its name, language and territory of the nation by the help of publicity, narration and topical satire" [10, p. 38].
Then J. Mammadguluzade planned to join the most prominent figures of Azerbaijan intellectuals around the journal for strengthening new progressive ideas. People from outlying places of Azerbaijan, and unexpected places of East and Middle Asia supported him. As an experienced organizer he could gather them together successfully. So freedom and Azerbaijanism ideology turn into the leading idea in the activity of Mirza Jalil's and Molla Nastaddin's followers. "Attitude of Molla Nasraddin's followers to national language may be considered backbone of Azerbaijanism and main ideology" [10, p. 41].
While philologilal-textual researching of Nakhcivan manuscripts were opined that among well-experienced writers
Mirza Jalil's activity and created by him journal "Molla Nasraddin" had influenced positively on activity of creative people. The number of scientists working for "Molla Nasdraddin" journal was great. In this research it is important to give enough information just about permanent members of the journal, and gain additional information about their signature and activity. From this point of view it must be mentioned first of all that as a representative of the young generation, Muhammadali Safarov Sidqi oglu, son of the prominent poet and enlightener Muhammad Taqi Sidgi, was involved into work in collection.
1.4. Correspondence
M.A.Sidgi mentioned in his work "Memoirs" that in early June, 1910 he got a letter from Tiflis about this matter from J. Mammadguluzade.
"Dear Mahammadali!
I have to visit village amd I need a reliable person to manage "Molla Nasraddin". If you could come and stay in Tiflis for summer season, otherwise 2 months. Come quickly and be sure that you will be supplied with food and water in our house and will be able to send some money to your family every month. I can't say exact amount just now but I suppose that you will be satisfied. If you want stay in Tiflis longer, you would better to stay at the printing house as well.
And be aware that you may teach our children here. After your coming all the problems will be solved and I believe that you will manage "Molla Nasraddin" much better than me. If our friendship with the son of our deceased friend Sidqi will come true in future I will be pleased too much.
Your benevolent: J. Mammadguluzade
1. 9YVT-1910, Tiflis " [2].
2. Activities of the Journal of "Molla Nasraddin"
As political situation in Azerbaijan was not well at the end of the XIX-beginning of the XX century a number of enlighteners were undergone the oppression. As soon as Jalil Mammadguluzade was informed that Mirza Alakbar Sabir is arrested and he will be judged at Yerevan court and he will accused with the highest punishment like death sentence, or in best case will be exiled to Siberia the for his revolutionary activity, he decided immediately to go to Yerevan city. But he needed somebody to substitute him at the editorial. Just with this purpose Jalil Maamadguluzade invites Mahammadali Sidqi to editorial. This invitation saves Sidqi from the hard circumstance he was and he comes to work to Tiflis, to the printing house of "Molla Nasraddin".
As Mahammadali Sidqi firstly entered the world of "Molla Nasraddin's" editorial he was unaware about publication, typographical, lithography works. Just for this Jalil Mammadguluzade acquainted Mahammadali with the editorial works during some days and gave him several useful advices.
At the same time except Mahammadali Sidqi there was another person named Habib Zeynalov working at the editorial. While the period Jalil Mammadguluzade left Tiflis all the responsibility of the editorial was on the shoulders of that two persons. And even when Jalil Mammadguluzade was on visits to other places they helped both materially and with publishing of the articles and caricatures in time.
2.1 Activities in the City of Tiflis
The prominent figure of Nakhchivan literary society, follower of "Molla Nasraddin" Aligulu Gamkusar wrote articles, poems and topical satire in a simple language and published them in "Molla Nasraddin " journal under different secret signatures.
In 1912 Aligulu Gamkusar left Nakhchivan for Tiflis and
there he became one of the editors-in-chief of the journal "Molla Nasraddin" together with Jalil Mammadguluzade. Sources show that one of the most productive activists of "Molla Nasraddin" was the prominent representative of Azerbaijan people Mirza Alakbar Sabir. In Jafar Khandan's article "Sabir's life" we may read the followings: "When the first series of "Molla Nasraddin" was published Mirza Alakbar Sabir has bought a copy at the open-market, come home and read it at night when everybody fall aslept and then he wrote unsigned poem for the second edition. " [3].
Beside Mirza Alakbar Sabir a number of writers and thinkers have cooperate with "Molla Nasraddin" and wrote very interesting articles. One of that writers was A.B.Hagverdiyev. "Hagverdiyev's work "Letters from hell" and series of articles "My districts" published in "Molla Narsaddin" are worthy the appreciation. He had published different works and topical satires in "Molla Nasraddin" during the period from 1907 till 1927" [5, p. 126].
2.2 Intellectuals - Friends of Mirza Jalil
Another prominent representative brought up by Nakhchivan literary environment at the end of the XIX and beginning of the XX century was Mammad Said Ordubadi. In its turn M.S.Ordubadi also played great role in improving and development of the journal "Molla Nasraddin". Inspite of the hard position he actively operated and peformed his valuable poems and topical satiresin journal. In his little satirical poems published in "Molla Nasraddin" he exposed ignorance, backwardness and intellectual darkness. He had worked at "Molla Nasraddin" together with Mirza Jalil about 4 years, more precisely from 1922 to 1925.
As the readers interest raised day by day, the prestige circle of the journal began to widen. Such well-known poets and artists of Azerbaijan as Ali Nazmi, Azim Azimzade had served matchless. Both poems of Ali Nazmi like "To our men", "School", "What was?", "To you" and caricatures drawn by Azim Azimzade had distinguished with their reality.
A permanent composer working for "Molla Nasraddin" was prominent enlightener and hardworking intellectual Ismayil Haqqi. "At the same time at the archive of "Molla nasraddin"'s founder Jalil Mammadguluzade is kept one of the Isnayil Haqqi's letters." [6].
2.3 Authors Worked in the Journal of "Mullah Nasreddin" Under Pseudonyms
Except these a number of authors wrote for "Molla nasraddin" under different pseudonyms.
Abbaszade Mashhadi Mahammad az Bomb, Dehgan, A tailor Abbasoglu Bairamali - Hambal Abiyev Mashhadi Gafar- Centipede [Qirxayaq] Azeri Ali- Pajmurda, Toredrawered [Tumanicinq] Akhundov Mahammadsadiq - Squint [qiyiq] Akhundov Mirzamahammad Ganjali- Gheybi, Hatif, Old poet, Cloverseller [Yoncasatan], Haji, Peasant [Kandli], Molla Zurn
Ashurbayov Isabay - Safiya poet, Insect poet [Cucu §air] Baghirov Mashhadi Baghir - Mosaic [Naqqa§] Vahid Aliagha - Lazy [Tanbal], Avaragulu, Haji scorpion [Haci Oqrab]
Vazirov H.B. - Darvish
Valibayov Rashid Shakili - Lizard, Nukhu sheytan,Chopur yeter, Agri chalma, chatterbox [Qarangi], Khokhan
Gasimov Aghaali Raghib - Telephone Kheyransag Salyanli, Salyan qumarbazi
Gasimov Haji ibrahim - Kalniyyat, Sometimes [Hardanbir] Ganiyev Mirza Majid [Teacher] - Sheyda Guliyev Nashhadi Mehdi Shakili - Sheykh Samit, Darvish shah
Yunisov Qulu Aghdashli - Qalyan boghaz Yusifzade Mirza Jalal - Kashkul
Abdulgasim Shakili - Khokhan, Yardimji [Helper], Koroglu Azizoglu Aghaali Lankaranli - Qardashoglu [nephew], Sarsaqqulu
Alakbar Abdulla oglu Ganjali - Abu Heyvara Aliyev Mahammadali Saib - Dajjal, Aqrab [scorpion], Qizil aqrab [Golden scorpion]
Alimohsun Rahimov Iravanli - Yeniyetma [Teenager], Yetim juja [orphan chicken]
Ali Shogi - Boynuburug
Giryan Abbasali Shakili - Ayyar [measure], Tayyar Isazade Ibrahimkhalil Lankaranli - Shaytan [Evil], Ifrit [witch], Millet [Nation]
Ismayilov Haydar Nakhchivanli - Hena, Dangasar Manafzade Sabit - Dastanchi [legendteller] Mehdiyeva Boyukkhanim Shamakhili - Telegraph Gullu Malikov Suleyman - Abilhovl, Gamishgulu, Qiraqdanbakhan [looking from a distance], Damgha [stigma], S.M.
Mammadguluzade Jalil - Molla Nasraddin, Laghlaghi, Mozalan, Dali [Mad], Sirtig [Impudent], Jirjirama [Dragonfly], dinsiz [faithless], Qizdirmali, Damdamaki, Sozyighan, Mujarrad [abstract], Hardamkhayal
Molla Ibrahim Salyanli - Dalil, Beshboghaz, Philphil, Bosh-bosh danishan, parishan
Mohsunzade Mirza Ishag Lankaranli - Bajioglu, Qarniyarig, Qara Gulsum, Quyrughu belinde, Lankaran firildaqchisi Musayev Ibrahim Tahir - Nofal, Aghjaganad Muznib Aliabbas - Baba Nasim, murtad Mumtaz Salman - Khortdan, Eshshak arisi, Saghsaghan, Qorkhaq
Nasir Mahammadali - Qaringulubay, Bir nafar Nemanzade Omar Faig - Laghlaghi, Mozalan, Viz-viz, Ala qargha, Sheybanbazar kuchasi, Heyrani, Momin Nazmi Ali - Sijimgulu, Kefsiz, Hajamat Kulu Nasirov Shikhali Qurbanli - Milletperest Najafzade Aligulu Qamkusar - Juvallaghi, Firildaghchi Nushiravan Z. - Zanbur, Istiot, Philphil Ordubadi M.S. - Hardamkhayal, Masa, Hulhulumazhab, Zig-zig, Divana, Qardashin Ibrahim, Ruhi-Reyhan, Bahayi, Tat Rasulzade Aghahuseyin - Ariq
Sabir M.A. - Hop-hop, Sabir, Gulan adam, Mirat, Din diregi, Fazil, Abu Nasr Shaybani, Aghlar Guleyen, Qoja Amu, dindar, Majzub, Qaringulun, Ahlac, Jibishdangulu, Yetim qizjiq, Miran gurdu, Qardashoglu, Chaydachapan, Tukazban jiji, Yaramaz, Mastali shah, maslahatchi.
Seyidov Fazil Darbandi - diri meyit, Allahsiz Darbandli, Kafir
Samadov hamid Aghdashli - Khaldan tulkusu, Balaja Sattar oglu Balagardash - Taassubkesh Safarov Ahmad Anatolu - Lamazhab, Lut Uryan Alakbar Shakili - Mirza Goshuali Hagverdiyev A. - Supurgasaggal, Khortdan bay, Khortdan, Jeyranali, Doctor Hunisaqir
Hajinski Mehdibay - Damdamaki, Valaduzzina, Ditdili Hasan Sayyar - saqit, Mulhat
Huseynzade, Rahim Tabrizli - Daghistan bulbulu, Daghistan momini, Petrovskili, Iranli.
Huseynzade Huseyn Tabrizli - Hud-hud
Huseynov Aliaziz Qubali - Khanim khala
Jabbarli Jafar - Sanjag, Igne
Jabrayilbayli Jamobay - Ajiz
Jafarov Pasha - Jiri masma, Saqqal daraghi, Sofi zanbil, gabristan bulbulu
Shamsizade Ali Razi - Duduk, Dabanichatlak, heyvara, Balaghibatdag, Gulgaz baji, Molla Gur-gur
Shahbazi Taghi - Simurgh " [5, p. 128]
Pashayev M. so writes about determining some the secret names of the article authors with the help of "Molla Nasraddin" maretials kept at the manuscripts institute named after Mahammad Fizuli of Azerbaijan National Science Academy.
"As "Molla nasraddin" spread among the wide mass with great interest the number of readers and people writing articles and topical satire for journal increased day by day. Finding and determining all them needs long termed and hard investigation works.
In this article were given the secret names only of those journal members whose names became known on the basis of the fond materials. " [5, p. 130].
Results
Just from this point of view the researching and investigation of the manuscripts concerning to Nakhchivan have great importance. Nakhchivan literary society having rich history and creativity contains the integral part of the handwriting texts. Jalil Mammadguluzade's creativity is a deep ocean of the manuscripts concerning to Nakhchivan. His works will always alive like the unforgettable title of history. Because at the end of the XIX and beginning of the XX century to make the people and the world realize Azerbaijan just as the national notion was the main aim and civic duty.
References
1. Nemanzade O.F. Khatirat: AMEA manusctipts institute named after M.Fuzuli, inv.№22954, Baku.: 1907.
2. Sidgi M.A. Khatirat: AMEA manusctipts institute named after M.Fuzuli. Arch.25, Q-6[144]: Baku.: 1908.
3. Khalgan J.A. Sabir's life" handwriting. AMEA manusctipts institute named after M.Fuzuli, pieces from newpapers and journals, inv. № 12013, Baku.: 1912.
4. Pashayev M.M. Literary schools in Azerbaijan [19051907]: Baku.: 2004 - .p.391.
5. Pashayeva M.F. Molla Nasraddin journal and it's participaters: Azerbaijan SSR Science Academy, Works of Republic Manuscripts Foundation, II volume, Academy press, p. 126-130, Baku.: 1963.
6. Ismayil F.M. A letter" [to J. Mammadguluzade]. AMEA manusctipts institute named after M.Fuzuli , archive 6, Q-9 [318] Baku.: 1907.
7. Habibbayli i.A. J.Mammadguluzade's invironment and his contemporaries: Baku.: 1997. - 286 p.
8. Habibbayli i.A. Azerbaijan writers at the beginning of the XX century: Baku.: 2004. - 320 p.
9. Hashimli H.M. Azerbaijan literary environment and Turkish world: [articles collection], Baku.: 2009. - 200 p.
10. Mammadov A.Q. Azerbaijanism in creativity of J.Mammadguluzade: Baku.: 2005. - 438 p.
11. Sarachli M.H. From Nakhchivan literary environment: Baku.: 2007. - 80 p.
12. Sharif A.A. How was Molla Nasraddin created: Baku.: 1986. - 176 p.
13. Tarbiyat M.H. Danishmandani - Azerbaijan: [prominent scientists and artists], Baku.: 1987. - 464 p.
К ТИПОЛОГИИ ПРОСТРАНСТВЕННЫХ ЗНАЧЕНИЙ ПЕРИФЕРИЙНЫХ ФОРМ ЗАВИСИМОГО ТАКСИСА
Ибрамхалилова Зубейда Тагировна
аспирант каф. теоретической и прикладной лингвистики, ДГУ, г. Махачкала
АННОТАЦИЯ
В статье рассматриваются условия и способы функционирования специфических таксисных структур с пространственно-временной семантической характеристикой как периферийных форм зависимого таксиса в лезгинском и английском языках. Делается попытка сопоставить особенности их функционирования в рассматриваемых языках.
ABSTRACT
The article considers the conditions and ways of functioning of specific taxis patterns with spatiotemporal semantic characteristic as peripheral forms of dependent taxis in Lezghin and English languages. The present paper attempts to compare some peculiarities of their functioning in the given languages.
Ключевые слова: концептуализация, пространственно-временные отношения, таксис, конвербы, локативно-темпоральные структуры.
Keywords: conceptualization, spatiotemporal relations, taxis, converbs, locative-temporal patterns.
В последнее время наблюдается усиление интереса к языковым единицам с пространственными и временными значениями, очевидно, в связи с развитием когнитивной лингвистики, изучением языковой концептуализации мира. Проблематика пространственных отношений рассматривается в работах Т. В. Булыгиной, А. Д. Шмелева, В. Г. Гака, М. В. Всеволодовой, Е. Ю. Владимирского и др. Являясь одной из основных реалий бытия, которая в первую очередь воспринимается человеком [4, с. 127], пространство и его параметры специфически отображаются в языковой картине конкретного этноса. Соответственно, в языках существуют своеобразные средства выражения пространственной локализации (см. подробнее [3, 4]). Т. В. Булыгина, А. Д. Шмелев рассматривают категорию «пространственно-временной локализованности», относящуюся к характеру референции — как имени, так и глагола как «общую семантическую «супер-категорию», систематически проявляющуюся в определенных категориях разных частей речи» [1, с. 45]. При изучении пространственных отношений рассматриваются, прежде всего, падежные значения существительных, семантика предлогов, выражающих данные отношения, наречия с соответствующими значениями, а также значения союзов и частиц. Таксисные единицы в таком плане специально исследованы не были. Но, как известно, обозначение пространства и времени — одно из наиважнейших проявлений предикативности. Данные формы можно отнести к периферии пространственного поля. Таксис обычно выражается на уровне сложных предложений и простых предложений, осложненных причастными, деепричастными или инфинитивными оборотами. Представляется, что данные синтаксические и, как будет показано ниже, морфологические единицы могут быть задействованы в пространственно-временной концептуализации картины мира языком.
В лезгинском языке имеется интересный материал, наглядно иллюстрирующий, что возможность выражения пространственных отношений при реализации таксиса существует и требует детального исследования. Таксисные формы лезгинского языка, или конвербы, как известно, образуются от основы финитной формы глагола и падежных флексий с локативной семантикой. Падежная система лез-
гинского языка устроена таким образом, что флексии падежей присоединяются не только к существительным, но и к глагольным формам, образуя конвербы различного характера (адвербиального, адъективного, субстантивного). Оговорим, что в данной статье речь идет только об одной структурной разновидности таксисных единиц - субстантивных конвербах (СК). Посредством данных падежных окончаний эти глагольные формы связываются с главным предикатом предложения и вступают с ним в разнообразные таксисные отношения. У А. Мейланова [8, с. 94], описывая падежи лезгинского языка, говорит, что, хотя направительный I падеж указывает на место, по направлению к которому совершается действие, в «определенных случаях направительный I падеж выражает обстоятельство образа действия», а «значения обстоятельства относятся к группе смысловых отношений с временной параметризацией» [2, с. 117]. В значении обстоятельства образа действия направительный I падеж масдара (соотносимого с СК) можно перевести на русский язык деепричастием. Имея окончание направительного III падежа, СК выражает обстоятельство причины:
Хьуре колхоз тешкил хьуникди (<хьун (-икди)) Рабият халадин бахт ахъа хьана, адан кефияр куьк хьана (К.К.) От того, что в селе организовался колхоз, у тети Рабият зацвело счастье (и) поднялось настроение" [10].
Обстоятельство причины и обоснования выражается также инструментальным (направительным I) падежом СК. Например:
Буба хьсан хьуналди (<хьун (-алди)) хва хъсан жедани? "Оттого, что отец хорош (есть), разве сын может быть хорошим"? [10].
Ам вуна гьак! кьайуналди (<кьайун (-алди)), Чарасуз вуна тИуьналди, Вун аш ийиз гайуналди (<гаг[ун (-алди)), Мукахай дуьгуь жедайд туш "Ячмень не станет рисом оттого, что (твой) ум понимает его так (т.е. воображаешь рисом), оттого, что ты по нужде ешь его, оттого что ты начинаешь варить (из него) плов" [10].
Как видим, выделенные в примерах СК с локативными показателями -алди, -икди транспонируют пространственные отношения на временную шкалу. Лезгинские падежи многозначны - каждый падеж служит для выражения мно-
