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УДК: 78
Yao Wei
Ph.d of Pedagogical Sciences, senior lecturer
Taizhou University Taizhou, China
MIAO MARRIAGE RELIGIOUS CEREMONY PROCESS AND MUSIC COMPOSITION
Аннотация
The Miao people believe in animism and worship their ancestors. The Miao marriage religious rituals have been passed down for many years and bring together the ethnic and historical colors of the Miao people. The Miao marriage religious ceremony has a special process, and its analysis can reveal the unique aesthetics, beliefs and culture of the Miao people. Analyze the music of the Miao marriage religious ceremony and summarize its music types.
Ключевые слова
Miao nationality, marriage, religion, ceremony, music.
1. Miao marriage religious ceremony process
In the Miao marriage religious ceremony, we can deeply analyze and discuss the aesthetic tendencies, religious beliefs, national culture and many other elements of the Miao people. In addition, the Miao marriage ceremony can more truly reveal many aspects of the social life of the Miao people. For the Miao population in many regions, the marriage religious ceremony can become the most important event in the network of the two relatives, so it is not only the men and women who participate in the marriage, but also the interaction activities between the two relatives, which also leads to the Miao marriage religious ceremony process is relatively cumbersome and has its own characteristics. The customs, music, instrumental music, costumes, etc. used in the ceremony have become the best medium for the inheritance and promotion of Miao traditional culture.
The ceremony process of the Miao people in terms of marriage can be divided into two main types, namely the family answer style and the family veto style. In the development of modern society, more and more young people respect free love, so in the marriage ceremony agreed by the family, it is also subdivided into two types: free love and clan arrangement. When the Miao people get married, except for free love, most of them need to propose and report their relatives. If either of the men and women disagree, they will refuse to accept gifts, indicating their disapproval of the marriage.In addition, the traditional culture of the Miao people has always been afraid of "ghosts" and "Gu". Many parents do not want their children to intermarry with "ghosts" and "Gu" people, fearing that their own families and relatives will also be implicated[1]. If one of the men and women is a "ghost" and "Gu" family, there will be a direct refusal of marriage and clan rejection, and most of these marriage ceremonies do not have the specific process of traditional Miao marriage ceremonies.
Because there are more processes and longer time for Miao marriage religious ceremonies, this has also led to the need to apply different types of ritual music in different marriage religious ceremonies. This kind of music mainly exerts aesthetic value and further stimulates people's emotional resonance. In the religious ceremonies of Miao marriage, the beliefs and moral concepts of the Miao people are strengthened through music, and the well-known music is used to stimulate emotional resonance, relieve and regulate the pressure on the participants of the ceremony, and bring the religious ceremonies of marriage into more entertaining and secular colors, and slow down the solemnity of the Miao marriage religious ceremonies.
2. Music composition of Miao marriage religious ceremony
The music of the Miao marriage religious ceremony is mainly divided into wedding customs songs and Gabaifu, vocal music, instrumental music and other musical styles. The main songs sung in the marriage
ceremony of men and women and at the wedding scene are "Smoke song", "Seeking relatives song", "Fight song", etc., In addition, the music when exchanging dowry makeup is "Pay dowry", etc., When the marriage religious ceremony is over, it is "Merit song", most of these Miao music songs need to be sung by specific personnel, in addition, there are also some "Wedding songs", "Crying wedding songs" [2] and other informal forms and singers, which can further accentuate the atmosphere of the Miao wedding scene, infect the audience, and immerse people in joy. Or in a relatively melancholy and sentimental situation.
There are many types of vocal music sung by the Miao people in marriage religious ceremonies, which can be mainly divided into five types [3]. First, Gabaifu.Gabaifu is spread among the Miao people, mainly reflected in the genre of speaking and singing, which is more similar to our current Rap music. Gabaifu is mainly produced in Miao-populated areas such as Jianhe County. It is usually played by one person in multiple roles. Most of the singing is performed by "Li Lao". "Li Lao" has relatively rich life experience, and there is no musical instrument to accompany him when singing. Accompaniment, which also makes Gabaifu have a strong variability when singing. Although the tunes are roughly the same, there are many kinds of singing content, especially according to different singing scenes and times, there are many types of Gabaifu.Nowadays, most of the Gabaifu sung in Miao marriage religious ceremonies praise love and praise marriage. When some singers sing Gabaifu, they will add satire of arranged marriages in the feudal society in the past, and further praise the unremitting efforts of young Miao men and women in the pursuit of love in the context of the new era.
Second, the ancient songs of the Miao people. Most of the ancient Miao songs are sung by the Miao people at larger gatherings such as sacrificing their ancestors and weddings and funerals. The ancient songs have a strong idealistic and romantic style, and the content of the ancient songs has a strong literary creation meaning. The scenes depicted are usually fairy tales and are more vivid. With the inheritance and development of ancient Miao songs, there is a strong heterogeneity in the transmission of ancient Miao songs. This has also led to the large differences in the tunes and singing content of Miao people in different regions when singing ancient songs. In addition, the length of the ancient Miao songs is too long. Therefore, most of the ancient Miao songs sung in Miao marriage religious ceremonies choose fragments of ancient songs in order to warn newly married men and women to abide by etiquette and morality and harmony between husband and wife.
Third, love songs. Most of the love songs are songs sung by both Miao men and women when they sing and make music. Love songs are mainly a genre, and can be sung through repeated lyrics. The tunes of love songs are gentle and pleasant, rich in content, and most of them are humorous and interesting. When singing love songs, most of the content includes the longing and yearning of both men and women for a better love, as well as dissatisfaction with the previous feudal marriage. There are also some love songs that express the longing for the lover and the complaint against the person in charge and so on.Most Miao youth use love songs to express their friendship and enhance their feelings.
Fourth, Feige.Most of the singing scenes of Feige are wedding receptions or high-slope singing. The music of Feige is high-pitched and melodious, which can resound through the valley. This also makes the circulation area of Feige relatively narrow, mainly in Taijiang and Jianhe Counties.The lyrics of Feige are four sentences, and some can be expanded to five or seven sentences [4-5]. Although the tune of the song is roughly the same, the content of its lyrics can be improvised according to different scenes and emotions.In the Miao marriage religious ceremonies, many people also communicate and sing through Feige. Singers can edit and create lyrics according to their own moods and ideas, and drag and pull according to the length of their breath to show the variability, decoration and diversity of Feige. Flying songs are high-pitched and have a relatively wide range. In most cases, the shouting style is the main timbre characteristic.
Fifth, the wine song. Because the Miao areas also have a deep wine culture, this has also made singing when drinking in many Miao areas an important local custom culture and folk expression, and most of the Miao marriage religious ceremonies also require drinking, which has also caused wine songs to become an indispensable part of the wedding religious ceremony. The atmosphere of wine songs is active, which can
accentuate the joyous atmosphere of the wedding scene, and can fully demonstrate the social status of both men and women in the Miao marriage religious ceremony. References:
1.Wang Runlin. A brief analysis of the musical characteristics of Guizhou Miao folk Songs [J]. Voice of the Yellow River, 2018(09):18.
2.Shu Ran.Review of research on ritual music of Miao people in Guizhou [J]. Voice of the Yellow River, 2017(11):89.
3.Zhang Ming. Research on the music Culture of the Miao "Badai" in Western Hunan under the threshold of music sociology [D]. Hunan Normal University, 2017.
4.Yao Li, Li Yong.The historical inheritance and modern development of Chinese Minority music culture [J]. Guizhou Ethnic Studies,2019,40(11):113-122.
5.Lian Jiqing, Wang Ya. Cultural interpretation of the funeral ceremony of the Miao people in "Maowuan" in Central Guizhou [J]. Drama House, 2020 (03):228.
© Yao Wei, 2024
