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За створення дражирувально' оболонки масою 150 та 200% кшьюсть насшня фрaкцiï менше 1,2 мм зменшилося вiдповiдно - до 17,1 та 6,3% або в 2,1 та 5,6 рази порiвняно з масою драже 100%. Бшьше сформувалося i крупшшого нaсiння фрaкцiй 1,2-1,5 мм та 1,5-1,7 мм. При цьому за маси оболонки 150% вщ насшня фракцп 1,2-1,5 мм було бшьше - 43,0%, а фракцп 1,5-1,7 мм - менше 27,8%. За маси оболонки 200% навпаки насшня дрiбнiшоï фракцп 1,2-1,5 мм було менше - 20,0, а крупшшо' 1,5-1,7 мм бшьше - 46,2%. За тако' маси оболонки драже бшьше було насшня крупшшого за фракшю 1,5-1,7 мм, нав^ь 12,3% було насшня крупшшого фракцп бшьше 2,0 мм.
Висновки. Дражування насшня цикор^ коренеплщ-ного забезпечуе ютотне збшьшення його розмiрiв як за дiaметром, так i за товщиною. Оптимальним е формуван-ня оболонки драже масою 100% вщ маси насшня, що забезпечуе отримання дражованого насшня з вирiвнянiстю 87,2% фракцп дiaметром 1,5-2,5 мм. Але, нав^ь за на-несення 100% дражирувально' сумiшi на насшня цикор^ коренеплiдного зi схожiстю до дражування 95% в серед-ньому за сортами ютотно знижувалися порiвняно з контролем його енерпя проростання (на 7%,) та схожють (на 5%). Збiльшення маси дражирувально' оболонки до 150-200% цi показники ^отно зменшилися як порiвняно з контролем, так i з дражованим насшня, де маса драже була 100% вщ маси насшня.
Лггература
1. ДоронЫ В. А. Способи передпоавно'У пщготовки нaсiння цукрових буряюв / В. А. Доронiн, С. I. Марченко, М. В. Бусол // Агроном. — 2006. - № 3. -С. 110-111.
2. ДоронЫ В.А. Передпоавна пщготовка наання на сучасному заводському обладнанн / В.А. ДоронЫ // Цукровi буряки. - К., 2005, - №3. - С. 15-17.
3. Кротова О. Дражирование семян / О. Кротова // - М. -1973. - 61 с.
4. ДоронЫ В. А. Бюлопчы основи формування пбридного наання цукрових буряюв та способи пщвищення його врожаю i якост : моногрaфiя /
В. А. Доронiн. - К.: ТОВ «Полном», 2009. - 299 с.
5. Наанництво та нааннезнавство цукрових бурякiв: Навч. noci6. / В. А. Доронiн, В. В. Полщук, А. В. Доронiн, М. В. Бусол, В. П. Миколайко, Л. М. Карпук. - Умань : Видaвничо-полiгрaфiчний центр <^зав^> (Видавець «Сочiнський»), 2014. - 294 с.
6. ДоронЫ В. А. Дражоване наання. Залежнiсть якостi вщ розмiру та стану його поверхн до дражування / В. А ДоронЫ, С. I. Марченко, М. В. Бусол // Наанництво. - 2006. - № 6. С. 9 - 10.
7. Мотренко С. М. Фiзико-механiчнi та бюлопчы властивосп дражованого насiння цукрових буряюв залежно вiд маси дражувальноУ оболонки: автореф. дис. на здобуття наук. ступеня канд. с.-г. наук: спец. 06.01.14 «Насiнництво» / С. М. Мотренко. - К., 2009. - 20 с.
8. ДСТУ 3226-95 Наання однонaсiнних цукрових бурякiв. Поавы якостi. Технiчнi умови. - На змЫу ГОСТ 10882-93; ГОСТ 20797-87; Введ. з 01.07.1999р. - К.: Видав. Держстандарт УкраУни, 1999. - 5 с.
9. Fisher R. A. Statistical methods for research workers. / R. A. Fisher. - New Delhi: Cosmo Publikations, 2006. - 354 р.
References
1. Doronin V. A. Methods for the pre crop preparation of sugar beet seeds / V. A. Doronin, S. I. Marchenko, M. V. Busol // Agronomist. - 2006. - № 3. -P. 110-111.
2. Doronin V. A. Pre crop preparation of seeds in the modern factory equipment / V.A. Doronin // Sugar beet. - K., 2005, - № 3. - P. 15-17.
3. Krotova O. Pelleting of seeds / O. Krotova. - M. - 1973. - P 61.
4. Doronin V. A. The biological basis for the formation of hybrid sugar beet seeds and ways to improve its yield and quality: monograph / V. A. Doronin. - K .: LLC «Polipom», 2009. - 299 p.
5. Seeds and seeding study of sugar beet: Tutorial / V. A. Doronin, V. V. Polishchuk, V. A. Doronin, M. V. Busol, V. P. Mikolaiko, L. M. Karpuk. -Uman: Publishing and printing center «Vizavy» (Publisher «Sochinskiy»), 2014. - 294 p.
6. Doronin V. A. Pelleted seed. Dependence of the quality from the size and condition of the surface to pelleting / V. A. Doronin, S. I. Marchenko, M. V. Busol // Seed. - 2006. - № 6. - P. 9-10.
7. Motrenko S. M. Physical mechanical and biological properties of pelleted sugar beet seeds depending on the mass pelleting coating: Abstract of dissertation for the degree of Candidate of Agricultural Sciences. Specialty 06.01.14 «Seed» / Motrenko S. M. - K., 2009. - 20 p.
8. SSU 3226-95 Seeds of monoseed sugar beet. Croping qualities. Specifications. - Instead of SSU 10882-93; SSU 20797-87; Introdused since 01.07.1999 r. -K.: It was published by State Standard of Ukraine 1999. - 5 s.
9. Fisher R. A. Statistical methods for research workers / R. A. Fisher. - New Delhi: Cosmo Publikations, 2006. - 354 р.
N. M. Poltoretska
PhD in Agriculture, Associate Professor Uman National University of Horticulture poltorec@yandex.ua
UDC 633.15:631.52
S. P. Poltoretskyi
Doctor of Agricultural Sciences, Professor Uman National University of Horticulture poltorec@yandex.ua
V. Ya. Bilonozhko
Doctor of Agricultural Sciences, Professor Bohdan Khmelnytsky National University bilonogko52@yandex.ru
METHODS OF REGULATION OF THE PRODUCTION PROCESS IN BUCKWHEAT CROPS
Abstract. The problem of increasing buckwheat grain production as an extremely valuable cereal crop is now very important. Changeable harvests of this crop are due to the fact that on the one hand, buckwheat reacts rapidly to changing weather conditions, on the other, there is a lack of attention to the technology of its cultivation. Therefore, to obtain high yields of this crop an important role is given to adaptive forms that can implement genetic potential of productivity under unstable growth conditions, as well as improving the technology of its cultivation. It is important to get highly productive buckwheat crops provided with high individual productivity of each plant of phytocenosis and optimal growth arrangement over the area. The solution to this problem can be solved by a comprehensive understanding of the theoretical foundations of the harvest development. The efficiency of the production process depends on many conditions including physiological characteristics of plant species.The higher yield of plants is provided by the more complete variety of necessary conditions.At the same
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рослинництво
time, although, climatic factors are predictable, they are uncontrolled. The problem of managing the production process of agricultural crops in agricultural ecosystems is very important in crop production. Thus, due to the predicted global climate change and strengthening of soil degradation processes, its importance will increase in future. Plant production processes can be controlled by manual, chemical and biological corrections. Using these correction methods of plant productivity creates the necessary conditions for plant growth and development ensuring crop yields. Thus, the biological correction promotes additional yield increase and improvement of the quality of crop production and biological protection substances provide its preservation.
Keywords: production process, methods of physical, chemical and biological correction elements of technology, productivity, buckwheat.
Н. М. Полторецька
кандидат сшьськогосподарських наук, доцент Уманський нацюнальний ушверситет садiвництва С. П. Полторецький
доктор сшьськогосподарських наук, професор Уманський нацюнальний ушверситет садiвництва
B. Я. Бшоножко
доктор сшьськогосподарських наук, професор
Черкаський нацюнальний ушверситет iменi Богдана Хмельницького
МЕТОДИ РЕГУЛЮВАННЯ ПРОЦЕСАМИ ФОРМУВАННЯ ВИСОКОПРОДУКТИВНИХ ПОС1В1В ГРЕЧКИ
Анотащя. Проблема зб'льшення виробництва зерна гречки, як надзвичайно цшно!' круп'яноУ культури, нин' е досить важливою. Нест'йк' врожаi це культури пояснюються тим, що, з одного боку, вона р'зко реагуе на 3MiHy погодних умов, з ншого - недостатня увага придляеться технологи' i'i вирощування. Тому в отриманнi високих урожав ц'е! культури важлива роль выводиться як використанню адаптивних форм, здатних реал'зувати свй генетичний потенцал продуктивной за нестабльних умов росту, так i вдосконаленню технологи i'i вирощування. Важливо сформувати високопродyктивнi пос'ви гречки, що забезпечуються високою ндив 'щуальною продyктивнiстю кожнЫрослини фтоценозу та оптимальним розмщенням 1х на площi. Вир'шення цiеi' проблеми можливе за рахунок всеб'чного розyмiння теоретичних основ формування врожаю рослинами. Ефективнсть продукц'йного процесу залежить в'щ багатьох умов, у тому числ'1 й в'щ ф'з'юлопчних особливостей виду рослин. Чим повнший комплекс необхдних рослинам умов створюеться, тим вищим буде врожай. У той же час, кл'матичнi чинники хоча i прогнозован', але вони некерован'1. Проблема управлння продукцйним процесом сшьськогосподарських культур в агроекосистемах в'1д'1грае головну роль у рослинництв'1. При цьому, у зв'язку з прогнозованою глобальною змною кл'мату i посиленням деградац'йних процеав фунтового покриву, i'i значення в майбутньому ще збльшиться. Продукшйним процесом рослин можна керувати за допомогою ф'зичноi, х'1м '1чно1' та б'юлог'1чно1 корекцП. Використання цих методв корекцП продуктивности рослин створюють необхднi умови для iхнього росту i розвитку, тобто створений базис врожайностi сльськогосподарських культур. При цьому, б'олопчна корекця сприяе додатковому зб'льшенню врожаю та пол'пшенню якост продукцП рослинництва, а засоби б'юлопчного захисту - його збереженню.
Ключов '1 слова: продукцйний процес, методи ф'зичноi, х'1м'1чно1'i бололчно/ корекцП, елементи технологи, урожайнсть, гречка.
Н. Н. Полторецкая
кандидат сельскохозяйственных наук, доцент Уманский национальный университет садоводства
C. П. Полторецкий
доктор сельскохозяйственных наук, профессор Уманский национальный университет садоводства В. Я. Белоножко
доктор сельскохозяйственных наук, профессор
Черкасский национальный университет имени Богдана Хмельницкого
МЕТОДЫ РЕГУЛИРОВАНИЯ ПРОЦЕССАМИ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ ВЫСОКОПРОДУКТИВНЫХ ПОСЕВОВ ГРЕЧИХИ
Аннотация. Проблема увеличения производства зерна гречихи, как чрезвычайно ценной крупяной культуры в настоящее время является весьма важной. Неустойчивые урожаи этой культуры объясняются тем, что, с одной стороны, она резко реагирует на изменение погодных условий, а с другой - недостаточное внимание уделяется технологии ее выращивания. Поэтому в получении высоких урожаев этой культуры важная роль отводится как использованию адаптивных форм, способных реализовать свой генетический потенциал продуктивности в неблагоприятных условиях роста, так и совершенствованию технологии ее выращивания. Важно сформировать высокопродуктивные посевы, которые обеспечиваются высокой индивидуальной урожайностью каждого растения фитоценоза при оптимальном размещении их на площади. Решение этой проблемы возможно за счет всестороннего понимания теоретических основ формирования урожая. Эффективность продукционного процесса зависит от многих условий, в том числе и от физиологических особенностей вида растений. Чем полнее комплекс необходимых растениям условий создается, тем выше будет урожай. В то же время, климатические факторы хотя и прогнозируемые, но неуправляемы. Проблема управления производственных процессов сельскохозяйственных культур в агроэкосистемах имеет основополагающую роль в растениеводстве. При этом, в связи с прогнозируемым глобальным изменением климата и усилением деградационных процессов почвенного покрова, его значение в будущем еще увеличится. Производственными процессами растений можно управлять с помощью физической, химической и биологической коррекции. Использование этих методов коррекции продуктивности растений создают необходимые условия для их роста и развития, то есть создан базис урожайности сельскохозяйственных культур. При этом, биологическая коррекция способствует дополнительному увеличению урожая и улучшению качества продукции растениеводства, а средства биологической защиты - его сохранению.
Ключевые слова: продукционный процесс, методы физической, химической и биологической коррекции, элементы технологии, урожайность, гречиха.
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The problem of increasing buckwheat grain production as an extremely valuable cereal crop is now very important. Changeable harvests of this crop are due to the fact that on the one hand, buckwheat reacts rapidly to changing weather conditions, on the other, there is a lack of attention to the technology of its cultivation. Therefore, to obtain high yields of this crop an important role is given to adaptive forms that can implement genetic potential of productivity under unstable growth conditions, as well as improving the technology of its cultivation. It is important to get highly productive buckwheat crops provided with high individual productivity of each plant of phytocenosis and optimal growth arrangement over the area.
Optimizing the management and control of crop harvest is an important focus area in the economic activity. The efficiency of the production process depends on many conditions including physiological characteristics of plant species. The more complete variety of necessary conditions is for plants, the higher yield it is. At the same time, although, climatic factors are predictable, they are uncontrolled. Agroecological safety as a part of national security is a prerequisite for sustainable development and the foundation of support for favorable environmental conditions and production of environmentally friendly and biologically valuable products. The problem of managing the production process of agricultural crops in agricultural ecosystems is very important in agriculture and crop production. Thus, due to the predicted global climate change and strengthening of soil degradation processes, its importance will increase in future [1, 2]. Plant production process can be controlled by several kinds of corrections: manual, chemical and biological ones (Fig. 1).
The manual correction is a system of agro technical, land improvement and hydro land reclaiming measures aimed at establishing and supporting moisture, heat and air conditions favorable for crops, as well as soil biological activity. This type of correction was one of the first methods of increasing the productivity of crops.
It was when Homo sapiens mellowed the soil with a poking-stick around plants which he liked. But progress does not stand still: a plow appeared to replace the poking-stick, after that a plough changed the plow, then a subsurface cultivator and so on. Intensive mechanical land cultivation causes soil destructive processes. So, now the general trend of agriculture is to minimize the physical impact on the soil. This allows farmers to preserve the integrity of the soil biota.
At the intensification of agriculture favorable conditions for the growth and development of crops can be created by using other control methods of moisture, heat and gaseous regimes of soils, in addition to mechanical cultivation. A common mistake of producers and even some scientists is that they consider buckwheat undemanding to placement in the rotation and therefore cultivate it after worse and unfertilized predecessors negatively affecting its productivity. Studies carried out during the second half of the twentieth century under different conditions and the practice of many enterprises have refuted this false idea and proved that buckwheat needs good predecessors [3].
Because of the introduction of advanced farming systems, including buckwheat cultivation it is possible to improve agricultural landscapes, not to destroy the structure of the soils and their natural density.
With the loss of soil aggregation its porosity, water permeability and aeration decrease, loss of moisture increases through the thin capillaries of the soil and its acidity increases. Due to lack of oxygen the development of roots slows down and there is even their extinction [4]. Initially, over 2-2.5 weeks, buckwheat grows and develops slowly, so the soil should be well loosened and clean from weeds. Further growth and development of buckwheat is very active, so it is necessary to ensure the soil with optimal air, moisture and nutrient regimes.
The researchers note [3] that the depth of seed placement when sowing buckwheat is also important. As
during germination cotyledons are brought to the surface of the soil, the seed placement should be not deep. At the same time, in case of depthless placement in insufficiently moistened soil, there will be a weak development of additional roots. If sowing buckwheat is during afterharvesting and stubble periods, seed placement in the upper overdried soil layer will cause the thinning of sprouts. In this case, it is necessary to do the soil compaction simultaneously with sowing to pack the soil and protect its seed layer from drying out and establish the capillary connection with more humid lower layer of the soil. Therefore, the manual correction is an important part of controlling the production process of plants [5].
The chemical correction is a system of measures aimed at regulating the productivity of crops using chemicals. Application of chemicals is the replenishment of plant mineral nutrients in the soil, foliar feeding with macro and micronutrients, regulating acid and salt regimes of soils, as well as through the use of chemical plant protection products. In this regard, the main efforts of farmers are aimed at getting the required number and proportion of phosphorus, potassium and nitrogen in the soil that is achieved by applying different types of fertilizers.
According to ideas of O. Alekseeva and others [6] to obtain stable buckwheat yields, not only botanical and biological characteristics but also conditions under which they are grown are essential. Scientists [7, 8] believe that the main cause of instability of buckwheat yields is the sensitivity of reproductive organs to nutritional deficiencies. The root system of buckwheat is shallow that is why under moderate moistening it can absorb nutrients actively that are near the soil surface. In this regard, it is necessary to provide the optimal balance between nutrients [9]. In addition, the root system of buckwheat at the beginning of its development requires aeration and substantial oxygen supply for the soil.
Historically, the chemical correction was the second evolutionary step of plant protection. Initially, wood ash was used (in swidden farming), then it was manure of farm animals and finally mineral fertilizers. Now for the rational use of mineral fertilizers the so-called precision agriculture is used. Using modern electronic technology this approach allows applying mineral fertilizers in doses considering real content of basic elements of mineral nutrition of plants in the soil. It can be stated that the way of the chemical correction is completely realized in agricultural production. However, as follows from the theory of agricultural chemistry, a significant part of mineral fertilizers introduced into the soil is washed away from the arable layer regardless of the dose. Chemical protection substances "work" not completely as there are some pests of agricultural crops (such as larvae of various leaf-miners) which are not destroyed by insecticides and the use of large doses is environmentally dangerous. To solve this problem, there are two main concepts designed to save humanity from environmental and food crisis, namely sustainable development of agriculture and adaptive intensification of production. The first system is based on traditional methods of crop production, the second system - on innovative approaches that require further study of plant genetic resources and widespread use of the biological correction of productivity of agricultural crops [10-14].
The biological correction is one of the most effective areas of management of the production process and plant protection. Due to the number of methods of the targeted exposure for phytobiology, this approach allows not only further increase the yield of crops with improved quality but also to preserve harvest. In fact, this is a new evolutionary step of crop production that develops adaptive agriculture. Now the theory of the biological correction is based on the latest scientific advances in biotechnology such as vermiculture, production of microbiological agents, physiologically active substances, biological plant protection products and others [15, 16].
Methodology of the biological correction of productivity
bichmk ymahcbkoro ha^ohahbhoro yhibepcmtety cafllbhm^tba 66
pocamhhm^tbo
Types of actions aimed at growth and development of plants
Manual correction
Chemical correction
Biological correction
-Adjustment of minéralogie and granulometrie texture of soils
-Tillage operations Mulching of soil -Aggregating of soil
Control of moisture, heat and gaseous regimes, as well as soil biological activity
-Replenishment of the contents of mineral nutrients for plants in soil Compensation of lack of -contents of macro- and microelements in plants Chemical protection of plants
-Control of acid and salt "regimes of soils
Control of physical, physical-chemical, chemical and agro chemical properties of soils
Creating favorable conditions for the growth and development of agricultural crops
-Control of species composition and abundance of soil biota -Plant infection with microbiologic specimen Biological reclamation -Biological plant -protection
Application of biological -insecticidal agents Effect of physiologically -active substances on the metabolism of plants:
• acceleration of circulation of nutrients in plants;
• induction of gene expression;
• energy reinforcing;
• optimization of respiration and photosynthesis;
• optimization of the ratio of anions;
• optimization of biosynthesis;
• biosynthesis of phytoncides;
• removal of stress after application of pesticides.
Implementation of reserve functions by plants, as well as increasing crop resistance to diseases and adverse conditions
Obtaining a stably high yield of improved quality by optimizing plant nutrition and reducing losses associated with biological protection against diseases and pests of
agricultural crops
Fig. 1. Types of actions on the production process of plants [1]
of crops is based on the following three key points:
- production process of plants in most cases is determined by the speed of movement of nutrients from roots to leaves and from leaves to roots [17];
- in tracheophytes one of the ways to ensure the movement of substances is the only system of protoplasts of plant cells united in one whole with numerous protoplasmatic connections which allow plants to absorb nutrients not only through roots but also through leaves [18-20];
- green tracheophytes are able to absorb and take up organic compounds [21].
Conclusions. Thus, methods of the physical and chemical correction of plant productivity create the necessary conditions for plant growth and development ensuring crop yields. The biological correction, "making" plants show their reserve functions, promotes additional yield increase and improving the quality of crop production; biological protection substances provide its preservation.
References
1. Popov, A. I. (2014). Correction biological productivity of crops - the third evolutionary step. Journal of Natural Sciences, №6, pp. 3-7. (In Russian).
2. Kuznetsov, V. I., Popov, A. I. (2016). Optimization of management and regulation of agricultural crops: avz-technology.ru/uploads/_pages/8/4d.doc. (In Russian).
3. Alekseeva, E. S., Elagin, I. N., Bilonozhko, V. Ya., Kvaschuk, E. V., Malina, M. M., Rarok, V. A. (2005). Culture buckwheat: III. Buckwheat cultivation technology. Kamenetz-Podolsk, №1, 504 p. (In Russian).
4. Degodyuk, Ye. G., Sajko, V. F., Kornijchuk, M. S., and other (1992). Cultivation of environmentally friendly crop production. Kiev, 320 p. (In Ukraine).
5. Maliyenko, A. M. (2004). The fertility of sod-podzolic sandy loam soil and productivity polytsevoho use and cultivation bezpolytsevoho. Agriculture, №76, p. 310. (In Ukraine).
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Науковий гербарш Уманського НУС зареестровано в Index Herbariorum (New York)
Index Herbariorum (IH) e найкрупкпшою св1товою базою гербармв. Ниш у ceiri нараховуеться близько 3000 гербармв, якими огпкуеться бшя 12 000 фахтщв. У сукупносп гербари свлу мютять бтьше 350 000000 зразюв задокументованоТ рослинносп за останьм 400 роюв. Index Herbariorum здшснюе кураторство цим важливим ресурсом з метою використання в наукових цшяхта задля збереження бюр(зномашття.
1ндекс Herbariorum (1Н) документуе мюце розташування rep6apito, його ктькюн! характеристики (наприкпад, кшькють i тип зразюв), дату заснування, а також контактну ¡нформац[Ю. До IH можуть потрапити лише Ti гербарм, що продемонстрували доступнють широкому колу вченихтаактивне використання в науковш робот!.
Науковий гербарш УНУС належить до найстарших гербармв УкраТни. BiH мютить уыкальы колекцм роспин, OKpeMi з яких становлять свгтове надбання, осктьки не оприлюдненг в жоднш з ¡нших колекцш CBiTy. Тому ршення про включения Наукового гербарш УНУС до CBiTOBOl бази IH було прийняте беззаперечно. У вщповщност! до вимог IН, Науковому гербарш УНУС присвоено ушкальний ¡дентифкатор (акрошм) - UM, за яким його можна буде вщслщковувати (http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ih/herbanum_iist.php7col_NamOrganisation Acronym=UM).
Користуючись нагодою, висловлюемо слова щироТ вдячносл доктору Bap6api М. Тьер, директору rep6apiio NYBG (Нью-Йоркського Ботаычного саду), редактору IH, за сгивпрацю та бажаемо Науковому гербарш УНУС плщноТ роботи в кол1 науковоТ сгнлы-юти гербармв CBiTy.
в1сник уманського нац1онального ун1верситету сад1вництва
№1, 2016
