Maximum load influence on cardiovascular system among highly qualified weightlifters depending on sports experience Текст научной статьи по специальности «Фундаментальная медицина»

DOI 10.14526/01 1111 172

MAXIMUM LOAD INFLUENCE ON CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM AMONG HIGHLY QUALIFIED WEIGHTLIFTERS DEPENDING ON SPORTS EXPERIENCE

Dmiriy N. Chernogorov - candidate of pedagogics, associate professor, Yriy A. Matveev - candidate of medical sciences, associate professor, Irina V.Nazarova - associate professor Pedagogical Physical Culture and Sport Institute, Moscow Municipal Pedagogical University 32, corpus 4, Balaklavskijprospect, Moscow, 117303, Russia Galina M. Cherkasova — senior teacher Scientific Institute of Higher School of Economics 3, Trehsvyatitelsky B. per., Moscow, 117303, Russia

E-mail: [email protected]

Annotation. The urgency of this research work is conditioned by the fact that highly qualified sportsmen constantly experience increased physical loads, which, undoubtedly, influence the anatomy and physiology of internal organs, first of all cardiovascular system (CVS), which in terms of long-term trainings leads to the state "Sports heart" formation. Materials. The influence determination of competitive load on the processes of depolarization- repolarization of cardiac myocytes among highly qualified weightlifters, depending on their sports experience. Research methods: scientific literature analysis and summarizing, the method of microalternation registration of electrcardiographic signal with the help of diagnostic system "Cardiovizor-06C", methods of mathematical statistics. Results: The most important and statistically valid decrease of "Myocardium" and "Rhythm" indices after competitive load was revealed with a parallel revelation of the shifts according to dispersion indices of detailing from G1 till G9. The increase of the most significant typical complexes of detailing were stated, which belong to possible pathology -"metabolic changes, which include electrolytic balance violation", "hypertrophy of one of ventricles, mainly of the left one " and "myocardial hypoxia" in a group of highly qualified weightlifters with experience of more than 10 years. Conclusion. The received result proves that maximum physical load during competitions, regardless of the respondents' experience, causes functional state shift of CVS in a form of the processes violation of depolarization- repolarization of cardiac myocytes and it can be regarded as the risk of metabolic changes development and electrolytic balance of myocardium violation among weightlifters.

Keywords: highly qualified weightlifters; cardiovascular system; myocardium; polarization state of cardiac myocytes; sports heart.

morphological and functional changes and it is The urgency of this research work is proved by recent medical research works (the conditioned by the fact that highly qualified heart of a sportsman differs from the heart of a sportsmen constantly experience increased common person) [3]. Also the deviations, physical loads, which, undoubtedly, influence concerning the electric characteristics of heart, the anatomy and physiology of internal organs, were revealed, such as sinus bradycardia, sinus first of all cardiovascular system (CVS), which arrhythmia, wandering pacemaker,

in terms of long-term trainings leads to the atrioventricular conduction changes, till the 1st

state "Sports heart" formation. degree atrioventricular heart block

It's not a secret that for professional sportsmen development, ventricular hypertrophy. Most life is sport, they try to achieve the highest authors point out that such kind of changes results, that is why CVS under the influence of cause deviations in repolarization processes the loads undergoes considerable (syndrome of early repolarization of ventricles

(SERV), which can be among sportsmen with the frequency rate 8,9-9,4 % of cases). It is described that the sports of highest achievements can lead to pathological changes of heart and as a result to death [2, 8]. According to the literature it is mentioned that nowadays there are no substantiated recommendations and normatives for people, who go in for sport and have so called "sports heart". Because of the mentioned recommendations absence we decided to make a research work, concerning the influence of different volume and intensity loads on CVS of sportsmen in power kinds of sport. Taking into consideration such kind of circumstances we studied the influence of competitive loads, which are characterized as maximum ones, on CVS among highly qualified weightlifters with the help of the diagnostic system - microalternations monitor of electrocardiogram (ECG) of "Cardiovizor-06C" signal, which helps to determine and register deviations of repolarization processes in a myocardium of sportsmen and also the dynamics of dispersing indices and T wave ECG microalternations changes. The aim of the research - to study thoroughly the influence of competitive load on the processes of depolarization- repolarization among highly qualified weightlifters, depending on their sports experience and this way give the additional characteristic of CVS functional state in a form of T wave ECG microalternations dynamics among experienced sportsmen. The research substantiation is a well-known thesis that mentioned maximum competitive physical loads and intensified muscular activity make additional increased demands on heart, which are conditioned by the necessity to provide sufficient power of stroke and minute volume of emitted into aorta blood for

the organs and tissues provision with oxygen, owing to which it becomes possible to fulfill maximum volume of mechanical work [4, 7, 8].

In order to realize the mentioned aim the following objectives were set:

1. To register microvoltage alternations of T wave ECG among sportsmen before the competitions as the initial background examination.

2. To register these indices one more time after the competitions and this way reflect the factor of competitive load influence on functional state of CVS and reveal possible early premonitory symptoms of electric instability of myocardium among highly qualified weightlifters, depending on their sports experience.

Materials and research methods. The research was held among the participants of weightlifting All-Russian and Moscow competitions (March-May 2015) in a group of 50 highly qualified weightlifters: 18 sportsmen with the experience of 5 years; 22 sportsmen with the experience of 6-10 years; 10 sportsmen with the experience of 10 and more years.

Research results. According to the research method specialized "Myocardium" and "Rhythm" indices were used, which, in the opinion the authors, carry valid information about the functional state of sportsmen's CVS. In the received results according to "Rhythm" index (table 1) in all studied groups before the competitions most weightlifters (89-90%) had the gradation "borderline state", which is considered as a normal function change towards initial deviations.

Gradation HW with 5 years of experience and less, n-18 HW with 6 to 10 years of experience, n-22 HW with 10 years of experience and more, n-10

BC AC BC AC BC AC

Table 1 - Percentage of "Rhythm" index gradations among highly qualified weightlifters depending on the experience of sports career before and after competitions

Norm 5.5 0 (-) 9.1 4.5 (-) 10 10

Borderline state 89 49.6 (-) 89.4 45.5 (-) 90 50 (-)

Significant deviation 5.5 16.7 (+) 4.5 13.6 (+) 0 20 (+)

Large degree of deviation 0 33.3 (+) 0 36.4 (+) 0 20 (+)

Note: HW - highly qualified weightlifters; BC - before competitions; AC - after competitions; (+) increased %; (-) - decreased %.

After competitive load in the groups of sportsmen with less than 5 years of experience and with 6-10 years of experience the decrease of the indices according to "significant deviation" gradation (to 16,7% among sportsmen with less than 5 years of experience, to 13,6% among sportsmen with 6-10 years of experience) was revealed. 1/3 of sportsmen in the groups with less than 5 years of experience and with 6-10 years of experience after competitive load considerable decrease was revealed in a form of a transfer to gradation "large degree of deviation" (to 33,3%, and to 36,4%).

Among highly qualified weightlifters with 10 years of experience and more, after competitions such kind of decrease is revealed according to gradations "significant deviation"

and "large degree of deviation" (in each to 20%).

The received results show the absence of a considerable influence of competitive loads and the duration of experience among highly qualified weightlifters on the dynamics of indices changes of "Rhythm" index. According to "Myocardium" index (table 2) before competitive load there were no considerable deviations of CVS functional state in the studied groups and most percentage of the respondents prove it, concerning the gradation "norm" and "borderline state"(27,5%, and 61,5% - with less than 5 years of experience; 18,3% and 72,8% - with 6-10 years of experience; 10% and 80% - with 10 and more years of experience).

Table 2 - Percentage of "Myocardium" index gradations among highly qualified weightlifters depending on the experience of sports career before and after competitions

Gradation HW with 5 years of experience and less, n-18 HW with 6 to 10 years of experience, n-22 HW with 10 years of experience and more, n-10

BC AC BC AC BC AC

Norm 27.5 5.5 (-) 18.3 9.1 (-) 10 0 (-)

Borderline state 61.5 66.8 (+) 72.6 81.7 (+) 80 60 (-)

Significant deviation 5.5 111 (+) 9.1 0 (-) 0 20 (+)

Large degree of deviation 5.5 16.7 (+) 0 9.1 (+) 10 20 (+)

Note: HW - highly quali

led weightlifters; BC - before competitions; AC - after competitions; (+) -

increased %; (-) - decreased %.

However, after competitions these indices showed considerable shift towards decrease. According to gradation "significant deviation" the percentage of the respondents increased to 11,1% and 20% in the groups with less than 5 years of experience and with 10 and more years of experience, according to gradation "large degree of deviation" in the same groups to 16,7% and 20%.

With the changes of the mentioned above indices of "Myocardium" and "Rhythm" after

competitive load the shifts of dispersion index of detailing from G1 till G9 were revealed (table 3).

In the group of highly qualified weightlifters with the sports experience of less than 5 years after competitive load in the indices G5, G6 and G9 there was a considerable increase according to the gradation "borderline state" -33,3%, 27,8% and 11,1%.

Table 3 -Percentage of dispersion indices of detailing values among highly qualified weightlifters

depending on the experience of sports career

Index Highly qualified weightlifters with 5 years of experience and less, n-18

Intervals of indices values

Norm Border ine state Large degree of deviation

BC AC BC AC BC AC

G1. 72.2 72.2 16.7 22.2(+) 11.1 5.5(-)

G2. 66.7 66.7 33.3 33.3 0 0

G3. 83.2 77.7(-) 0 5.5(+) 16.7 22.3(+)

G4. 94.5 94.5 0 5.5(+) 5.5 0(-)

G5. 50 22.2(-) 38.9 72.2(+) 11.1 5.5(-)

G6. 55.6 27.8(-) 33.3 61.1(+) 11.1 11.1

G7. 83.2 77.7(-) 11.1 11.1 5.5 111(+)

G8. 100 100 0 0 0 0

G9. 50 38.9(-) 22.2 33.3(+) 27.8 27.8

Highly qualified weight lifters with 6 to 10 years o ' experience, n-22

G1. 58.5 67.5(+) 27 18(-) 13.5 13.5

G2. 50 54.5(+) 40.5 36(-) 9.1 9.1

G3. 91 81(-) 4.5 135(+) 4.5 4.5

G4. 95.5 95.5 0 0 4.5 4.5

G5. 72 185(+) 27 815(+) 0 0

G6. 81 22.5(-) 13.5 63(+) 4.5 135(+)

G7. 85.5 85.4 13.5 45(-) 0 9.1(+)

G8. 100 100 0 0 0 0

G9. 63.5 77.5(+) 0 0 36.5 22.5(-)

Highly qualified weightlifters with from 11 ) years of experience and more, n-10

G1. 50 40(-) 40 60(+) 10 0(-)

G2. 60 40(-) 40 60(+) 0 0

G3. 80 80 20 20 0 0

G4. 100 90(-) 0 0 0 10(+)

G5. 70 20(-) 20 60(+) 10 20(+)

G6. 70 20(-) 30 50(+) 0 30(+)

G7. 90 70(-) 0 20(+) 10 30(+)

G8. 90 100(+) 0 0 10 0(-)

G9. 60 50(-) 0 10(+) 40 40

G1 - right atrium depolarization; G2 - left atrium depolarization; G3 - right ventricle depolarization; G4 - left ventricle depolarization; G5 - right ventricle repolarization; G6 - left ventricle repolarization; G7 - electric symmetry of ventricles; G8 - intraventricular blocks; G9 -compensatory reaction of ventricles myocardium Note: BC - before competitions; AC - after competitions

In the group of weightlifters with 6 to 10 years of experience there was the percentage increase of the respondents in the following indices: G3, G5 and G6 according to the gradation "borderline state" to 9,1%, 54,5% and 49,5%. According to the gradation "large degree of deviation" the increase was in the indices G6 and G7 -9,1% in each. In the group of weightlifters with 10 years of experience and more there were changes in the following indices according to the gradation "borderline state": G1 - to 20%, G2 - to 20%,

G5 - to 40%, G6 - to 20%, G7 - to 20% and G9 - to 10%. According to gradation "large degree of deviation" the increase was in the following indices: G4 - to 10%, G5 - to 10%, G6 - to 30%, G7 - to 20%. The authors of the method mention, that such kind of dispersion indices shifts present etiologic factor of more serious deviations development, which are called "Standard combinations of pathological complexes" (table 4).

Table 4 - Standard combinations of deviations detailing complexes among weightlifters of different _qualification and groups of training_

Standard complexes with the revealed deviations

(% from general amount of the respondents

Main pathologies HW 5 years of experience and less HW from 6 to 10 years of experience HW 10 and more years of experience

BC AC BC AC BC AC

Atrial myocardial 11.1 11.1 27.2 13.6 (-) 20 20

pathologies of any 11.1 5.5 (-) 4.5 9.1 (+) 20 30 (+)

etiology 0 5.5 (+) 9.1 9.1 0 0

Ischemic myocardial 0 5.5 (+) 0 0 0 0

changes 0 0 0 4.5 (+) 0 10 (+)

0 0 0 0 0 0

Metabolic changes, 27.7 61 (+) 9.1 59 (+) 20 60 (+)

which include electric 5.5 5.5 4.5 18.2 (+) 10 20 (+)

balance disorders 5.5 5.5 0 0 0 10 (+)

Myocardial hypoxia 11.1 5.5 (-) 13.6 4.5 (-) 0 20 (+)

11.1 11.1 0 9.1 (+) 10 30 (+)

Hypertrophy of one of 11.1 27.7 (+) 4.5 9.1 (+) 20 0 (-)

the ventricles (mainly the left ventricle) 33.3 16.6 (-) 31.8 18.2 (-) 20 40 (+)

Note:Gradation of borderline deviation; - Oration, which transfers from a borderline to

large degree of deviation; - Gradationp^a large degree of deviation; HW - highly qualified weightlifters; BC - before competitions; AC - after competitions

There is the increase of the most significant standard complexes of detailing, which belong to a possible pathology - "metabolic change,

which includes electric balance disorders" - in a group of weightlifters with less than 5 years of experience according to gradation

"borderline state" to 33,3%; in the group of weightlifters with 6-10 years of experience according to the same gradation - to 49,9%; in a group of sportsmen with 10 years of experience and more according to the same gradation - to 40%.

A possible pathology according to standard complexes of detailing "Hypertrophy of one of the ventricles (mainly the left ventricle)" and "Myocardial hypoxia" in the group of highly qualified weightlifters with more than 10 years of experience increased according to gradation "large degree of deviation" to 20% in each. The received result proves that maximum physical load during competitions, regardless of the respondents' experience, causes functional state shift of CVS in epy form of the processes violation of depolarization-repolarization of cardiac myocytes and it can be regarded as the risk of metabolic changes development and electrolytic balance of myocardium violation among weightlifters. In order to confirm mentioned possible etiologic factor, in our opinion, it is necessary to hold further research works and observations over CVS among sportsmen of different qualification and experience. These results can be used during physiologically substantiated recommendations creation for the trainers and sports physicians in training load correction and control and finally in prevention of possible more evident pathological states.

Conclusion:

1. The initial background examination and analysis of T wave ECG microalternations of a signal in serial heart rates as a method has a high level of sensitivity to electrophysiological changes in a myocardium. In particular, before the competitions dispersing indices of T wave ECG microalternations from G1 go G9 among most examined highly qualified sportsmen corresponded with the index "norm" (from 50%-100%).

2. The second registration of the same indices right after highly intensive competitive load helped to reveal considerable deviations of dispersing characteristics of T wave ECG microalternations and this way

prevent electric myocardium instability among this category of sportsmen, regardless of experience.

3. After competitive load there were changes of the dispersing characteristics percentage in a kind of transfer from the index "norm" to the indices "borderline state" and "large degree of deviation" according to the following indices of detailing: G5, G6 and G9 and also the absence of dynamics according to the index "large degree of deviation", which was in all examined groups according to such kind of standard complexes of pathological states detailing as "metabolic changes" and "hypertrophy".

4. In order to confirm mentioned possible etiologic factor, in our opinion, it is necessary to hold further research works and observations over CVS among sportsmen of different qualification and experience. These results can be used during physiologically substantiated recommendations creation for the trainers and sports physicians in training load correction and control. Such kind of control during training sportsmen for competitions gives trainers new method of possible pathological deviations early revelation.

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Submitted: 01.12.2016 Received: 04.12.2016

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Dmiriy N. Chernogorov - candidate of pedagogics, associate professor, Pedagogical Physical Culture and Sport Institute, Moscow Municipal Pedagogical University, 32, corpus 4, Balaklavskij prospect, Moscow, 117303, Russia, E-mail: [email protected] Yriy A. Matveev - candidate of medical sciences, associate professor, Pedagogical Physical Culture and Sport Institute, Moscow Municipal Pedagogical University, 32, corpus 4, Balaklavskij prospect, Moscow, 117303, Russia

Irina V.Nazarova - associate professor, Pedagogical Physical Culture and Sport Institute, Moscow Municipal Pedagogical University, 32, corpus 4, Balaklavskij prospect, Moscow, 117303, Russia Galina M. Cherkasova — senior teacher, Scientific Institute of Higher School of Economics 3, Trehsvyatitelsky B. per., Moscow, 117303, Russia