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УДК 630*561.24:812:582.475.4:181 DOI: 10.37482/0536-1036-2020-4-113-122
VARIABILITY PROPERTIES OF Pinus sylvestris L. WOOD IN GROWING STOCK UNDER TECHNOGENIC IMPACT
R.V. Schekalev1, Candidate of Biology; ResearcherlD: AAH-3861-2019, ORCID: https://orcid.ors/0000-0001-7657-1705
А.А. Martynyuk1, Doctor of Agriculture, Corresp. Member of RAS; ResearcherlD: AAB-7622-2020, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7592-2614
V.I. Melekhov2, Doctor of Engineering, Prof.; ResearcherlD: Q-1051-2019, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2583-3012
:All-Russian Research Institute of Silviculture and Mechanization of Forestry, ul. Institutskaya, 15, Pushkino, Moscow Region, 141202, Russian Federation; e-mail: [email protected]
2Northern (Arctic) Federal University named after M.V. Lomonosov, Naberezhnaya Severnoy Dviny, 17, Arkhangelsk, 163002, Russian Federation; e-mail: [email protected]
The issues of variability of pinewood (Pinus sylvestris L.) properties in growing stock located in the vicinity of operating industrial facilities is still relevant. The paper aims to assess the technogenic impact on the radial increment as well as the physical and mechanical properties of pinewood in the conditions of Northern Taiga. The impact of the distance from the source of emissions on variability of the radial increment and the volume and technical properties of wood were determined. Distribution maps of the conventional wood density and its compressive strength along the fibers inside the trunk were formed. It is found that with a decrease in the distance from the source of emissions, the average value of the radial increment of trees occurs. It is revealed that there is a decrease in wood density from the butt to the top, and from the pith to the sapwood. Also, it is determined that wood density increases as the distance to the source of emissions decreases. However, there were obtained no valid differences of the indicator of wood resistance to compression along the fibers at various distances from to the source of emissions.
For citation: Schekalev R.V., Martynyuk А.А., Melekhov V.I. Variability Properties of Pinus sylvestris L. Wood in Growing Stock under Technogenic Impact. Lesnoy Zhurnal [Russian Forestry Journal], 2020, no. 4, pp. 113-122. DOI: 10.37482/0536-1036-2020-4-113-122
Keywords: pine, wood, radial increment, wood density, wood compressive strength along the fibers, emission source distance.
Introduction
The issue of studying heterogeneity of the pine trunk (Pinus sylvestris L.) in terms of the physical and mechanical properties of wood is still of practical interest. Such studies help to better understand the process of wood formation at various age stages of tree growth and depending on the growing conditions [14, 15]. In tandem with the study of growth, wood density indices also make it possible to evaluate the intensity of tree cambium activity in various trunk zones [19, 34]. Uniformity of wood density inside the trunk appears to be its advantage in terms of wood processing, whereas sharp fluctuations of strength characteristics of wood inside the trunk up and down its section are unfavourable for most product ranges [12].
It is obvious that within a single forest stand, the physical and mechanical wood properties of individual trees can vary significantly. Typically, the variability of these properties occurs at a low level of variability. For example, specific wood density of pine in an air-dry state fluctuates within the range from 0.41 to 0.60 g/cm3. Trees of the same age class, similar in development and growing in the identical conditions are supposed to form wood with similar properties [3, 13, 22, 25, 26, 32].
With the advancement to the south from the northern areas, pine shows an expected decrease in the technical properties of wood. Our data shows [3, 16, 28, 33] that the average value of the compressive strength along the fibers of pine, which grows in the Northern European conditions, is 450-500; in the Central European regions - 439; within the territory of Ukraine and Bialowieza Forest - 384 and 377 kgf/cm2, respectively (measurement units are given in accordance with the data sources). Moreover, there is a functional dependence of the technical and bulk properties on the structure of annual growth. It should also be taken into account that the data on the high variability of the physical and mechanical properties of wood from individual trees that can be found in scholarly literature is substantially influenced by differences in research objects and varying methodological approaches used by the authors [20].
The studies show [4, 5, 21, 30, 33] that due to the impact of industrial emissions, in particular the wood processing industry, a decrease in the period of cambial activity of conifers was observed, as a result the number of early wood tracheids declined in the annual ring of the wood trunk, while the share of late wood grew alongside the deterioration of the growing conditions. Also, there is an upward trend in the percentage of late tracheids in the structure of the annual ring as long as the distance to the sources of pollution decreases. As the distance to them gets shorter, a consistent decrease in the total value of the radial increment is noted. The impact of the anthropogenic load is more vividly reflected in low-productive forest stands, in particular, in forest stands of the sphagnum group.
The study purpose is an analysis of the technogenic impact on the radial increment as well as the physical and mechanical properties of pine wood in Northern Taiga.
Research objects and methods
The research was carried out on 11 sample plots (trial areas) in the ripe pine stands of the 5th quality class of the fruticulose-sphagnum forest type in the Northern Taiga zone (the area of the Northern Dvina River estuary). Establishment of the sample plots was done at various distances from the nearest source of aerotechno-genic emissions (Arkhangelsk Pulp and Paper Mill; Arkhangelsk Thermal Power Plant) in accordance with the procedures, recommendations and regulatory reference materials adopted from the forest management practice [2, 8, 18, 23]. The distance towards the source of emissions reflects the degree of aerotechnogenic pollution [29].
There was a complete inventory of trees carried out on the sample plots with the measurement step of 2-cm thickness. Based on the results of the measurement performed with the help of the methods adopted from forest inventory, the average diameter, height, sum of the trunk cross-sections, the overall stock, and the composition formula of the forest stand were determined. To determine the radial
increment at the height of 1.3 m from the trunk base the cores of the pinewood were selected based on the method of random sampling (not less than 30 pine trees per each sample plot).
To determine the physical and mechanical wood properties beyond the area of the sample plots, 7 model trees were selected [10]. A sample of saw cuts and cores from each model tree was done at the following heights: 1.3 m from the root collar; at relative heights (H) of the trunk: 0, 1/4, 2/4, 3/4. At each height, up to 5 wood samples of 20x20x30 mm in size were selected: 3 samples in the core (center, middle and periphery) and 2 samples in the sapwood [7]. The zone of juvenile wood was excluded from the experiment. The value of the radial increment as well as the width of the zones of early and late tracheids was measured in wood cores using a stereoscopic microscope MBS-1 with an accuracy of ±0.01 mm. The percentage of late wood in the annual ring was calculated [24].
The basic wood density was determined based on the method of maximum sample humidity, which has a relatively small volume [9, 13, 31]. The basic wood density characterizes the dry basis of lignin in the volume unit of the fresh wood. In addition to it, an indicator of wood compressive strength along the fibers was chosen as a criterion of wood mechanical properties. Also, the validity of this choice is determined by the fact that wood structures, for the most part, while in operation appear to undergo a load precisely under compression and, to a lesser extent, structures undergo a load under bending and tension [16, 30]. Moreover, when conducting strength tests, it is enough to provide a load along the fibers, that is, along the trunk axis, while rotation around the axis does not affect the accuracy of the experiment in any way, which does not hold true, for example, when determining the wood's ultimate strength under compression across the fibers. This largely determines the low level of variability of this indicator [6, 13, 33]. The research test [11] was conducted with the help of a universal testing machine SHIMADZU, model AGS-100kNX, which was verified at the Arkhangelsk Center of Standardization and Metrology.
The processing of the experimental data is based on correlation analysis [17]. The findings and regularities are reliable at a significance level of 5 %. All measurement results were processed using MS Excel and developed to accelerate calculations of analytical programs in C++ using a specialized statistical analysis and forecasting package ALGLIB.
Results and discussion
As a result of this study, it was determined that the total value of the radial increment in pine stands of the fruticulose-sphagnum forest type decreased when approaching the source of emissions (Fig. 1). The approximation ratio of the obtained dependences increases from the center of the core to the sapwood. At the same time, in the central part of the core, the coefficient of determination (R2) does not reach the value of 0.2. The lack of dependence is obviously associated with a low level of aerotechnogenic pollution in the 1940s. The detected dependence is marked at the heights (0H, 1/4H, 1.3 m) located in the trunk part cleared of wood knots. The difference in the radial increment of the sapwood and the core periphery between the forest stands growing at a distance of up to 8 km and farther from the source of emissions is noticed.
1.6
а 1-2
|
0
■S
1 Q.8
га
0.4
4 8 12 16 20
Distance, km
Fig. 1. Variability of the radial increment at the pine trunk bottom depending on the distance from the source of emissions: 1 - sapwood; 2 - core periphery; 3 - core middle;
4 - core center
Fluctuation of variability of the radial increment (all along the trunk radius) occurs within the range of 25-54 % with an increase in the basipetal direction inside the trunk and when approaching the emission source. A tight correlation between the value of growth in diameter and the width of the late wood zone (Table) is observed, which is very logical and consistent with conclusions of other authors [1, 4, 27, 29]. When evaluating growth only over the last 30 years, the correlation ratio significantly reduces. The result obtained requires additional studies to be conducted and applying measurements of the anatomical organization of individual elements in the radial increment such as the number of tracheids of the early and late wood zone, their linear sizes, etc.
Values of the correlation ratio between growth and width of the late wood zone
Distance, km 4 8 12 16 20
Correlation ratio (r) 0.815 0.836 0.797 0.781 0.823
The width of the late wood zone and the share of its participation in the formation of the annual ring are some of the most important indicators that characterize the technical properties of wood; the higher their value, the stronger the wood both at fracture and compression. Based on the research results, it becomes possible to talk about a downward trend in correlation between the percentage of the late wood and increment value as the distance from the source of pollution increases; the level of the environmental pollution decreases (Table).
Based on the results of laboratory measurements of basic wood density, a data set was formed, during the processing of which maps of the density distribution inside the trunk were designed separately for the experimental plots, and on the whole for the study area (Fig. 2). A decrease in the basic density was determined
alongside an increase in the height of the wood sample with a slight levelling off in the crown area. This pattern seems quite logical, provided that the distribution of the main mechanical loads on the butt-log portion of the trunk is taken into account. The nature of the dynamics of wood density along the trunk radius for various heights of sample selection is described by the following dependences: s-shaped curve at the height of 0H, a hyperbolic curve at the breast height (1.3 m); and a parabolic curve or a straight line at the heights of 1/4H and 2/4H. The density changes between wood in the central part of the core and sapwood at the heights of 0H and 1.3 m are significant.
Fig. 2. Wood density distribution inside the pine trunk. Forest type -fruticulose-sphagnum; area - the Northern Dvina River estuary. Isolines, g/cm3: 1 - 350; 2 - 375; 3 - 400; 4 - 425; 5 - 450; 6 - 475; 7 - 500; 8 - 525
H 1.0
0.9
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
I \
\2
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\
1/ 1 5 \\
/ // / V
/ / j
y // V \
У J
0.0 0.2 Relative radius
0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
It was found that pinewood density at the recorded heights (average radial value) of the sample increased whenever the distance to the source of emissions decreased (Fig. 3).
On average, the region under study reveals a consistent positive correlation of the basic density and wood compressive strength along the fibers, both in the core and in the sapwood of the trunk (0.767 and 0.547, respectively). The different nature of the dynamics of the indicator under consideration along the radius depending on the height of the sample was determined (Fig. 4). In the butt-log portion of the trunk (0H and 1.3 m), the indicator of wood resistance to compression decreases incrementally with the advancement along the radius from the center of the trunk. In contrast, at heights above 1/2 H and 1/4H it increases.
550
500
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о 450
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£
41
^ 400
350
300
2 4
1 ___
3
3/4Н
2/АН 1/4Н
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1.3 ill
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Fig. 3. Wood density distribution inside the pine trunk at different distances from the source of emissions, km: 1 - 4; 2 - 8; 3 - 12; 4 - 16
Fig. 4. Dynamics of wood resistance to compression along the fibers inside the pine trunk: 1 - 0H; 2 - 1.3 m; 3 - 1/4H; 4 - 2/4H; 5 - 3/4H (height)
The level of variability of the indicator of wood compressive strength along the fibers does not exceed 20 %. When comparing the values of the indicator under consideration at different distances from the source of emissions, no valid differences were registered.
Conclusions
1. As the distance from the source of emissions decreases, the value of the radial increment of the fruticulose-sphagnum pine stands in the northern Taiga subzone decreases, while the density of pine wood increases.
2. Inside the trunk of a growing tree wood density decreases from the butt log to the top and from the center of the trunk to the sapwood.
3. A positive correlation between indicators of the relative wood density and its resistance to compression along the fibers was determined. No significant differences of this indicator at various distances from the source of emissions were revealed.
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ИЗМЕНЧИВОСТЬ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИК ДРЕВЕСИНЫ Pinus sylvestris L. В ДРЕВОСТОЯХ ПРИ ТЕХНОГЕННОМ ВОЗДЕЙСТВИИ
Р.В. Щекалев1, канд. биол. наук; ResearcherlD: AAH-3861-2019, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7657-1705
A.А. Мартынюк1, д-р с.-х. наук, чл.-кор. РАН; ResearcherlD: AAB-7622-2020, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7592-2614
B.И. Мелехов2, д-р техн. наук, проф; ResearcherlD: Q-1051-2019, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2583-3012
всероссийский научно-исследовательский институт лесоводства и механизации лесного хозяйства, ул. Институтская, д. 15, г. Пушкино, Московская обл., Россия, 141202; e-mail: [email protected]
2Северный (Арктический) федеральный университет им. М.В. Ломоносова, наб. Северной Двины, д. 17, г. Архангельск, Россия, 163002; e-mail: [email protected]
Вопросы изменчивости характеристик древесины сосны обыкновенной (Pinus sylvestris L.) в насаждениях, произрастающих в зонах влияния промышленных объектов, не теряют своей актуальности. Цель данной работы - оценка влияния техногенного воздействия на радиальный прирост и физико-механические характеристики древесины сосны в условиях северной тайги. Проанализировано влияние фактора расстояния от источника промышленных выбросов на изменчивость радиального прироста, объемных и технических характеристик древесины. Сформированы карты распределения условной плотности древесины и ее сопротивления сжатию вдоль волокон внутри ствола. Выявлено, что с сокращением расстояния до источника выбросов происходит уменьшение средней величины радиального прироста деревьев. Установлено снижение плотности древесины от основания к верхней части дерева и от сердцевины ствола к его заболони. Определена тенденция повышения плотности древесины с сокращением расстояния до источника эмиссий. Достоверных различий показателя сопротивления древесины сжатию вдоль волокон на разном расстоянии от источника эмиссий не выявлено.
Для цитирования: Schekalev R.V., Martynyuk А.А., Melekhov V.I. Variability Properties of Pinus sylvestris L. Wood in Growing Stock under Technogenic Impact // Изв. вузов. Лесн. журн. 2020. № 4. С. 113-122. DOI: 10.37482/0536-1036-2020-4-113-122
Ключевые слова: сосна, древесина, радиальный прирост, плотность древесины, сопротивление древесины сжатию вдоль волокон, расстояние до источника выбросов.
Поступила 29.12.19 / Received on December 29, 2019
