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ПОЛИТИКА, ЭКОНОМИКА И ИННОВАЦИИ № 3 (50), 2023 УДК 330.59(100)
Аджая Кумар Джоти Джина, студент международного медицинского института Курского государственного медицинского университета, Курск, Россия
Email: j eenaaj ayakumar09@gmail. com
Ашокан Аратхи, студент международного медицинского института Курского государственного медицинского университета, Курск, Россия
Email: [email protected]
ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ПОКАЗАТЕЛЕЙ УРОВНЯ ЖИЗНИ В РАЗНЫХ СТРАНАХ
Аннотация: под уровнем жизни понимается уровень благосостояния, комфорта, доступности предметов первой необходимости и материальных благ для конкретной географической области. Он тесно связан (и часто используется взаимозаменяемо с качеством жизни, которое, как правило, понимается как включающее те же показатели, что и уровень жизни, но также включает в себя физическое и психическое здоровье и благополучие. Поскольку уровень и качество жизни являются широкими, но также и немного неоднозначными терминами, не существует универсально согласованного метода их измерения.
Ключевые слова: население, стоимость жизни, уровень жизни, доход.
Ajaya Kumar Jyothi Jeena, student of the International Medical Institute, Kursk State Medical University, Kursk, Russia
Email: [email protected]
Ashokan Arathi, student of the International Medical Institute, Kursk State Medical University, Kursk, Russia
Email: [email protected]
STUDY OF LIVING STANDARD IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES
nOHHTHKÄ, ЭКОНОМHКА H HHHOBÄUHH № 3 (50), 2023
Abstract: Standard of living refers to the level of wealth, comfort, necessities, and material goods available to a particular geographic area. It is closely related to (and often used interchangeably with) quality of life, which is generally understood to include the same measures of prosperity as standard of living, but also incorporate physical and mental health and wellness. Because standard of living and quality of life are broad, but also slightly ambiguous terms, there is no universally agreed-upon technique for measuring them.
Keywords: population, cost of life, living standard, income
We know that if a person satisfies some wants in a particular manner long enough, they recur and become habits. He must have those commodities and services; over and over again otherwise he would not feel happy. Such things become his daily requirements and constitute what has been called his standard of living. They include his food, dress, house, entertainments, etc. Standard of living is, in short, his mode of living. A distinction is sometimes made between standard of living and standard of life. Standard of living, refers to our usual scale of expenditure, the goods we consume and the services we enjoy, our attitudes and values. Standard of life is a much wider term. It refers to one's ideals in life. It includes a person's expenditure on his non-material requirements. "Simple living and high thinking" is a common axiom. "Simple living" hints at a low standard of living, but "high thinking" refers to a high standard of life. Mahatma Gandhi had a low standard of living but a high standard of life. The standard of living of a person is not determined only by himself or according to his own whims and desires. He has also to consider what society expects of him. It is thus a compromise between what he himself likes and what the society expects [2].
One of the most comprehensive equations is Number's Quality of Life Index, which measures eight indices: purchasing power (including rent), safety, health care, cost of living, property price to income ratio, traffic commute time, pollution, and climate. Purchasing power, cost of living, and property price to income ratio are all measures of the average citizen's financial wherewithal in a country, which connects
ПОЛИТИКА, ЭКОНОМИКА И ИННОВАЦИИ № 3 (50), 2023 directly to the standard of living. Traffic Commute Time is self-explanatory but vital (as any commuter will testify).The safety index covers concerns about robberies, car theft, and other crimes, as well as the prevalence of drugs, property crime, violent crimes, and corruption and bribery. The health care index estimates the overall quality of the health care system, starting with costs to the patient and moving on to quality of care, equipment, doctors, and staff. The pollution index estimates the overall pollution in the country. Air pollution is given the most significant weight, followed by water pollution and accessibility to clean water. The climate index is the climate likability of a given country.
Countries with a climate index of 100 have moderate temperatures, low humidity, and no significant weather events or conditions. The U.S. News and World Report's annual "Best Countries Report", assembled in partnership with the BAV Group and The Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, uses detailed surveys to track a similar, but different set of indicators. These include affordability, safety, the job market, level of income equality, economic and political stability, and the quality of public education and health systems. Compared to the Number rankings, he two lists include many of the same countries—but because of differences in either the survey questions or the methodology, the order changes. Switzerland (0.962) Norway (0.961) Iceland (0.959) Hong Kong, China (0.952) Australia (0.951) Denmark (0.948) Sweden (0.947) Ireland (0.945) Germany (0.942) Netherlands (0.941)Despite its more academic name, the United Nations' Human Development Index tracks many of the same factors as most measures of quality of life or standard of living. However, while most of the surveys on this page are based upon exactly that—surveys—the HDI is based more on empirical data such as life expectancy, years of schooling, and GNI per capita. Nonetheless, many of the same countries appear in the top 10[3].
According to current projections, the Netherlands population is expected to grow until 2034, when it will reach its peak of 17.5 million people. The population will begin to decline and will end the century with about 16.78 million people. The Netherlands is currently growing at a relatively slow rate of 0.22% per year. This growth rate added about 37,742 people to the population from 2019 to 2020. The
ПОЛИТИКА, ЭКОНОМИКА И ИННОВАЦИИ № 3 (50), 2023 Netherlands has positive net migration of about 16,000 per year and the fertility rate is relatively low at 1.66 births per woman. The fertility rate is currently below the population replacement rate of 2.1 births per woman. Given this, the population growth is heavily driven by immigration. The Netherlands is receiving many asylum seekers from Syria [4].
Canada's current population is 37.74 million people. The population is growing at a steady pace and, based on current projections will surpass 50 million by 2070.Canada has one of the fastest growth rates of any G7 nation, growing faster than many other industrialized countries. Canada's growth rate has been anywhere between 0.8% and 1.2% for the past ten years. While Canada's fertility rate is 1.53 births per woman, below the population replacement rate, the population continues to grow as migration plays an increasing role in the population. Canada's net migration rate is 6.375 per 1,000 people, the eighth-highest in the world. Unlike many other countries, Canada is "underpopulated" and celebrates a growing population. There are many job vacancies to be filled and more people means more economic growth and prosperity for Canada [5].
Unlike China and India, the United States population is expected to continue to grow throughout the century with no foreseeable decline. By 2067, the U.S. population is expected to surpass 400 million people. The population growth in the United States is mainly attributed to high rates of immigration, which have decreased since 2016, and the natural increase (the difference between births and deaths).The United States population grows on average about 0.9% every year. The population grew 0.60% in 2019; the lowest rate the U.S. has had in a century. This is because of a decrease in the number of total births over the year. Additionally, more post-World War II baby boomers are reaching old age, increasing the number of deaths. Despite a decrease in the population growth rate in recent years, the population is still expected to grow continuously [7].
Singapore's Total Fertility Rate of 1.20 per woman interprets to projecting only a slight increase in the total population. The fertility rate stands as one of the lowest in the world today and the government's efforts prove there is a need to increase the
ПОЛИТИКА, ЭКОНОМИКА И ИННОВАЦИИ № 3 (50), 2023 fertility ratio. In the past, the government has launched highly publicized campaigns to raise awareness of the shortcomings of an aging population, and it has also been compelled to adjust its immigration policy in order to allow people in who will satisfy the country's labour needs. The population is set to grow over time; however, the growth will not be sufficient to meet the labour demands that Singapore has due to industrialization within the Island. Thus, there is a possibility that in the years to come, part of the population growth will be attributed to immigration into the country [8].
Based on current projections, South Africa's population will continue to grow until 2082, reaching just over 80 million people before plateauing and slightly declining the rest of the century. South Africa's population growth rate is currently 1.28% per year. South Africa's birth rate is 19.995 births per 1,000 people and its death rate is 9.3 deaths per 1,000 people. The birth rate is more than double the death rate in South Africa. Additionally, the fertility rate is 2.372 births per woman, well above the population replacement rate of 2.1 births per woman. While the birth and fertility rates are both high, they have each decreased annually, indicating the slowing of South Africa's population growth [9].
Product Percentage of household ownership
Air Conditioner 5%
Refrigerator 33%
Microwave 4%
Television 77%
Washing Machine 13%
PC 11%
Smartphone 54%
Car 2.2%
Two Wheeler Almost 33%
Internet 45%
Figure - Material prosperity in India [10]
India's growth rate has declined significantly over the past few decades, attributed to growing urbanization, rising education levels, specifically among women, and increasing alleviation of poverty. While India's population growth has slowed remarkably over the last few years, it's still growing faster than China and is expected
ПОЛИТИКА, ЭКОНОМИКА И ИННОВАЦИИ № 3 (50), 2023 to surpass China in population by 2026, when both will have about 1.46 billion people. After 2030, India is expected to be the most populous country in the world. The census was a massive exercise, employing millions of Indians. The total cost of the census came to $439 million which was actually considerably cheaper per person than most censuses held around the world. The average census costs over $4 per person, whereas the census in India cost just $.50 per person. The number of children in India peaked over a decade ago and is now decreasing. The 2011 census was the second largest the world has ever seen - second only to China's census the previous year. It took place in two phases.
The first phase, in April 2010, counted all of the buildings in India, and the second phase collected data about the people of India. The census was a massive exercise, employing millions of Indians. The total cost of the census came to $439 million which was actually considerably cheaper per person than most censuses held around the world. The average census costs over $4 per person, whereas the census in India cost just $.50 per person. The 2011 census was the fifteenth nationwide census carried out in India. The first was held in 1881, although it was not able to cover all of the British-held Indian Territory. India's population continues to grow fairly steadily as the year's progress. Most notably, the population is growing faster than China's. India is expected to surpass China as the world's most populous country around 2024, but like China, the growth is expected to stagnate and eventually decrease in the latter half of the 21st century [10].
References
1. Living standard - https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/standard-of-living-by-country
2. Standard of living -https://www.economicsdiscussion.net/articles/standard-of-living-meaning-factor-and-other-details/1453
3. Quality of life index -https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/standard-of-living-by-country
ПОЛИТИКА, ЭКОНОМИКА И ИННОВАЦИИ № 3 (50), 2023
4. Netherland population -https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/netherlands-population
5. Canada population-https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/canada-population
6. Figurel - https://th.bing.com/th/id/
7. United states population -https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/united-states-population
8. Singapore population -https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/singapore-population
9. South Africa population -https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/south-africa-population
10. Indian population - https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/india-population
