Исследование экологичности технологии нанопузырьков e-flow при отделке джинсовой ткани с анализом качества продукции Текст научной статьи по специальности «Химические технологии»

УДК 677.027:677.019:504.5

DOI: https://doi.org/10.244-2C2207-7755-2024-4-53-C02

Исследование экологичности технологии нанопузырьков e-flow при отделке джинсовой ткани с анализом качества продукции

Мухаммад Наид-Улл-Ислам1,

Шах Мухаммад Маруф Хасан, Махмуда Актер, Мухаммад Камрул Хассан Шоудхури,

Бангладешский текстильный университет, Бангладеш ^Компания Genesis fashion & washing Limited, Бангладеш 3Компания DBL Group, Бангладеш

Мухаммад Шахидул Ислам Сакиб2, Саббир Ахамед, Мухаммад Абу Саид3

Аннотация. Швейная промышленность, в частности сектор стирки джинсовой ткани, сталкивается со значительными проблемами в области устойчивого развития из-за пагубного воздействия на загрязнение воды и образования огромного количества химических отходов. В этом исследовании рассматривается использование электронной обработки джинсовой ткани и оценивается ее экологичность с помощью программного обеспечения для измерения воздействия на окружающую среду (EIM). Технологии E-flow являются привлекательной альтернативой традиционным методам отделки джинсовой ткани, поскольку они сокращают использование воды и химикатов в текстильном производстве. Технология e-Flow использует микронизацию и распыление, чтобы заменить традиционные методы истирания, используя нанопузырьки воздуха для улучшения химических свойств. Эта технология позволяет проводить более гибкие отделочные работы, экономить воду, снижать затраты на нанесение и обеспечивать сохранение необходимого количества химикатов в одежде. Технология EIM оценивает воздействие одежды на окружающую среду в четырех ключевых областях: потребление воды, химических веществ, энергии и трудозатраты в процессе производства. Платформа EIM предназначена для оценки воздействия на окружающую среду процессов отделки одежды, тем самым повышая экологические показатели на этапе производства. Это инструмент самоаккредитации для индустрии отделки одежды, который дает прачечным самообслуживания и отделочникам преимущество в создании более экологичных производств. Результаты исследования дают ценную информацию об экологичности и комфорте нанопузырьковых покрытий e-flow при производстве джинсовой ткани, которые могут послужить основой для будущих достижений в текстильной промышленности. Ключевые слова: джинсовая ткань, экологичность, электронный поток, нанопузырьки.

Информация о статье: поступила 28 сентября 2024 года.

Exploring the sustainability of e-flow nanobubble technique in denim finishing with an analysis of product quality

Md. Nahid-Ull-lslami, Shah Md. Maruf Hasan,, "Bangladesh University of Textiles, Baggladesh

Mahmuda Akter,, Md. Kamrul Hassan Chowdhury, Genest fashion & washing Limited, Bangladesh

Md. Shahidul Islam Sakib2, Sabbir Ahamed, Md. Abu Sayeed3 3DBL Group, Bangladesh

Abstract. The apparel Incjsi.iy, specifically the denim washing sector, faces significant sustainability challenges due to its detrimental effects on water contamination and the production of enormous amounts of chemical waste. This study examines using e-flow treatments on denim fabric and evaluates its sustainability using Environment Impact Measuring (EIM) software. E-flow technologies are compelling alternatives to conventional denim finishing methods because they reduce water and chemical use in textile manufacturing. e-Flow Technology uses micronization and nebulization to replace traditional abrasion methods, utilizing air nanobubbles for improved performance chemistry. This technology allows for more flexible finishing operations, conserving water, reducing application costs, and ensuring the right amount of chemicals remain in the garment. The EIM technique assesses the ecological impact of clothes across four key domains: water, chemical, energy, and labor consumption in the production process. The EIM platform aims to evaluate the environmental impact of apparel finishing processes, thereby enhancing the production stage's environmental performance. It is a self

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accreditation tool for the clothing finishing industry, giving laundromats and garment finishers an advantage in creating greener operations. The study's findings provide valuable insights into the sustainability and comfort elements of e-flow nanobubble finishes in denim production, which can inform future advancements in the textile industry.

Keywords: denim, sustainability, e-f low, nanobubble.

Article info: received September 28, 2024.

1 Introduction

Denim has attained the status of a fashion icon due to various technological advancements, such as significant enhancements in spinning, weaving, and finishing processes. Washing is a crucial step in the production of exceptional denim jeans. Customers demand a variety of attributes in their jeans, which is why washing is so important in the denim industry. Denim is a durable 2/1 or 3/1 cotton twill fabric [sometimes called work-wear twill) with a coarse, raw white weft and a blue-dyed warp [Amutha, 2017). The e-flow wash is an environmentally friendly denim finishing technology that uses nanobubbles of air instead of water to transport chemicals onto clothing fabric. It is a mechanical process, no chemical is required. This process is characterized by zero discharge and offers substantial reductions in water consumption and energy usage. In comparison to conventional washing processes, it provides increased flexibility and allows for the production of a wide variety of finishes [Garcia, 2015a). This approach involves introducing atmospheric air into an e-flow reactor and subjecting it to an electromechanical shock, resulting in the generation of nanobubbles and a stream of humid air. The nanobubble mixture is subsequently introduced into a rotating tumbler that contains denim fabric [Figure 1). Nanobubbles disrupt the denim surface, resulting in a gentle tactile sensation and improved shrinkage control [Zouari, Manich, Mart,, Gargoubi, & Boudokhane, 2023).

The nanobubble generated by e-flow reactor has an radius of around 1 nanometer and it's skin is a uniform

mix of water, chemicals, and air [Figure 2). This skin is responsible for transforming the properties of chemicals in the garment [J^^nol ogia, 2024b). The nanobubble carries the liquour on the surface of the fabric and ensures uniform effect after wash.

An academic study investigated the impact of several softening agents on the elasticity of denim fabric. Silicone-based softeners enhanced the fabric's smoothness, softness, and warmth. Non-ionic softeners demonstrated excellent water vapor permeability^. Thermal conductivity was reduced in both non-ionic and anionic softeners during compression and recovery in comparison to silicone-based and cationic softeners [Mohsin et al., 2022). The researchers investigated the natural and induced convective heat transfer properties of the rib-knit fabric. They discovered that a decrease in rib number reduces heat loss due to higher air entrapment. As the cloth tighitens, heat loss decreases owing to limited airlfk^vA The study discovered that conductive heat loss from fibres and air gaps is more relevant than convective heat loss. A recent article claims that ozone-based denim washing is more environmentally friendly than conventional methods since it uses less water, chemicals, and processing time, generates less waste, and has a lesser impact on the environment. With less of an effect on the environment and ETP, this denim finishing method is twice as productive as earlier ones. Additionally, it produces twice as much as traditional washing [Nayak, George, Jajpura, Khandual, & Panwar, 2022). A separate investigation studied the impact of different enzyme treatments on denim clothing, such

e-flow

Air from atmosphere

reactor

Nanobubble (106 bubbles/ cm3)

-i- Denim

Revolving tumbler

Processed denim

Figure 1 - Schematic diagram of e-flow softening

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F

Water Water Water

Chemical Chemical Chemical Chemical Chemical Chemical

Water Water Water Water Water Water

Chemical Chemical Chemical Chemical Chemical | Chemical

Water Water Water Water Water Water

Chemical Chemical Chemical Chemical Chemical Chemical

Water Water Water Wator Water Water

Chemical Chemical Chemical

Figure 2 - Nanobubble skin

as acid and neutral cellulases. Combining laccases with cellulases resulted in enhanced brightness and decreased discoloration on the garment's back and white pocket, according to the study [Montazer & Sadeghianmar^y/an, 2009). Researchers explain how the latest washing methods like laser, waterjet, nanobubble, ozone, NoStone, potassium permanganate substitutes, etc. can help achieve sustainability/.

The denim washing business has seen a significant transformation due to the advent of new technology, resulting in reduced use of chemicals, water, and power while also enhancing quality/. Thus, it is indisputable that the latest advancements in denim washing technology are essential to the sustainability of the sector. Additionally, this article presents the concept of digitally printed denim and the software that is already available for assessing sustainability in the denim washing process. However, it also demonstrates that further advancements must be made to show that the wash is sustainable for the industrial sector. Researchers treated samples of denim fabric with ozone to enhance the impact of the washing conditions on the look and physical properties of the textiles [Khan & Jintun, 2021). The intended outcome was obtained by analysis and investigation of the rubbing fastness assessment, shrinkage, force at break, bag resistance, spectroscopic testing, and Fourier transforminfrared analysis of the treated and untreated denim textiles. However, there's a downside. Denim has to be treated for only a short amount of time with a moderate

concentration of ozone to protect the environment and satisfy consumer demands [Ben Fraj & Jaouachi, 2021). Researchers studied the long-term sustainability of denim finishing's nebulization process using environmental impact measuring software. They assessed its effectiveness in terms of water usage, chemical usage, energy consumption, and labor implications. Results showed low energy and water demands, resulting in less waste and pollution. Despite its restricted use, potassium permanganate is a dangerous compound whose use contributes to the chemical's high EIM score. An exhaustive examination of the chemical effects on nebulized finishing was not done in this study [Hasan, Nahid-Ull-Islam, Hassan, Chowdhury, & Sakib, 2024).

EIM [D^x^ii^onmental Impact Measuring) software stands out because it is the sole software capable of quantifying the ecological consequences of garment finishing techniques. Additionally/, it serves as a powerful self-validation instrument that allows manufacturers, brands, and retailers to monitor the amount of energy, water, and chemicals utilized in the creation of their products, as well as any potential health hazards for personnel. Our objective is to enhance EIM by converting it into a user-friendly platform that integrates another venture. A working group comprising various EIM users integrates further industry initiatives into the tool management, enabling brands and garment finishers to upgrade EIM software according to their interests. The environmentally friendly features of EIM solve problems

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by reducing the need for energy, water, and less polluted chemicals for easier decision-making. The resolution of a moral dilemma is an additional factor. Removing potentially harmful chemicals and physical labour has a detrimental effect on the health of employees. Avoiding rising product manufacturing costs enables rapid adoption. We will introduce new technology, procedures, or services only when we can produce the ideal product at a cost--neutral rate. This disruptive approach paves the way for genuine progress [Jeanologia, 2024a). The study aims to explore the possibilities of implementing nanobubble technology to obtain eco-friendly denim softening with an analysis of product qualities after e-flow softening.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Materials

Six denim pants of large size are collected from a well-established factory in Bangladesh. Table 1 shows the specifications of the materials and methods used for the experiment. The e-flow machine was paired with an industrial washing machine to carry out dry and wet processes.

Denim finish with e-flow softening

Whether made of denim or another type of fabric, the use of a softener smooths and adds a pleasing touch to an article of clothing. The consumer can immediately see the increased value that this provides. Softeners not only enhance the fabric's properties but also prevent clothes from adhering to each other. Figure 3 shows the operation flow chart for e-flow softening. The laser recreates the whisker and the natural ageing process. The finishing was performed with e-flow softening at 50 % NBP [nanobubble percentage), a room temperature of 25 °C, a nanobubble flow of 120 litres per hour, and an 80 rpm centrifuge. Base OT concentrate [highly concentrated softener for natural and synthetic fibres) was used to soften denim. E-flow humidifies the residual ash from the laser. Still, the presence of high moisture levels and

Laser burning

I

Manual scrapping

I

e-flow softening

I

Tumbler drying

I

laser burning

I

Manual breaking

I

localised pigment staining

I

e-flow softening

I

Tumbler drying

I

G2 Ozone treatment

Figure 3 - Operation of the flow chart of denim with e-flow softening

the surface wearing down can lead to back staining. The application of ozone treatment can effectively resolve this issue [Garcia, 2015a). The primary action of transferring nanobubble to the garment surface is carried out by the micronization method with an optional heating system for better performance.

2.2 Maehodd

EIM (Environmental Impact Measuring) Software

To evaluate the sustainability of e-flow processes, a comparative study was carried out using the EIM software. The impacts on workers, chemicals, water, and energy are divided into separate categories by the EIM score. The program pre-sets an environmental criterion against

Table 1 - Materials and methods with specification

SL. Materials and Methods Specification

1 Fabric construction 3/1 warp-faced twill

2 Fibre composition 99 % Cotton, 1 % Elastane

3 Primary machine e-flow

4 Primary operation Softening

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which the outcomes of each category are assessed. The overall influence of the process is sorted from low to high once each category has been classified separately. We understandably present the results using colour coding. While assessing the sustainability of denim washing, Table 2 displays the categories, values, and ranges of water consumption, energy consumption, chemical impact, workers, and health of EIM software. The range of EIM values is low impact [0-33], medium impact [33-66], and high impact [+ 66].

Test Methods

Various testing procedures can be used to ascertain specific characteristics which must meet quality standards. Table 3 displays the various tests and accompanying instruments used in this research study to measure those characteristics. The reputed denim industry in Bangladesh conducted the tests at its inhouse laboratory. The spirality of denim was determined maintaining ISO 6330: 2021 standard. The tear force was measured according to ISO 13937-1: 2000 standard. Seam force and seam slippage were measured using ISO 13934-2: 2014 and ISO 13936-2: 2004 standards respectih^ey. The study experiments were carried out on the instruments mentioned in the table.

3 Results and Discussion

3.1 SSutainabil ity of e-flow softenin g

E-flow significantly decreases water usage and allows for the efficient utilization of various resources, optimizing their consumption and making a substantial impact on cutting energy expenses. Table 4 provides a brief overview of the importance of nanobubble technology concerning the use of water, chemicals, and energy while using e-flow. The effectiveness of e-flow softening is evident in its ability to reduce water and chemicals per garment by 94.994 % and 84 %, respectR/ely. Additionally^, it indicates that each piece of clothing conserves 0.41 kilowatt-hours [kWh] of energy[ Garcia, 2015b].

Table 5 shows the EIM score of water, energy, and chemical for e-flow softening. We can use the EIM score to measure sustainability throughout the production process. Nanobubble technology has a negligible environmental impact in terms of water, energy, chemicals, and worker effects. Water consumption has an EIM score of 23.2, indicating a low influence on water usage [Nahid-Ull-Islami et al., 2024]. The energy consumption value also indicates a minimal effect on energy utilization. Chemicals and workers' impact values are low because of the reduced need for labor in e-flow softening, resulting in lower impact ranges.

Table 2 - EIM (Environmental Impact Measuring) software result display

EIM V2.0

Category EIM Score Range

Water Energy Chemical Impact Worker Impact

0-45 0-2.5 0-33 0-13 Low impact 0-33

45-90 2.5-3.6 33-66 13-29 Medium impact 33-66

+ 90 + 3.6 + 66 + 29 High impact + 66

Table 3 - Test Methods

Test Name Standard Instrument

Spirality ISO 6330:2021 Spirality tester

Tear force [N] ISO 13937-1:2000 Elma tear testing machine

Seam force [N] ISO 13934-2:2014 Constant Rate of Elongation machine

Seam slippage [mm] ISO 13936-2:2004 Constant Rate of Elongation machine

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Table 4 - Significance of e-flow softening in terms of water, chemical, and energy consumption

Parameters Conventional [without nanobubble) With nanobubble

Water [liter/garment] 33.60 1.682

Chemical [gram/liter] 2 0.32

Energy [kWh/garment] 1.01 0.60

Table 5 - EIM score

Category EIM Score Standard Parameter EIM Score)

Water Energy Chemical Impact Worker Impact

Water consumption 23.2 Low impact 0-45 0-2.5 0-33 0^13

Entergy use 2.3 Medium impact 45-90 2.5-3.6 34-66 14-29

Chemical consumption 4 High impact + 90 + 3.6 + 66 + 29

Workers' impact 5

3.2 Product quality after e-flow softening

Fgure 4 shows the visual appearance of the sample before and after e-flow softening. Figures 4(a) and 4[c] depict the front and back of the denim sample before e-flow softening, while Figures 4[b) and 4[d) illustrate the front and back of the denim sample after e-flow softening, showing a modification in the sample's perspective. The degree to which a product meets customer expectations performs as intended, and complies with industry standards is referred to as its quality. This study looks at the way various washing techniques impact product quality and customer preferences.

Spirality is a frequent issue where yarn tends to twist in reverse direction on fabric due to fabric structure, yarn count and finishing of denim.Table 6 illustrates the evaluation of the spirality test after multiple wash cycles of denim after e-flow softening. It can be observed that the spirality percentage of denim after e-flow softening does not exceed the maximum requirement. According ly, after

1.2 and 3 wash cycles, the spirality is 10 %, 2.0 % and 3.0 % which lies with the requirement. Additionally maintaining spirality helps to prevent creases and wrinkles in the denim fabric, resulting in a smoother finish.

Table 7 demonstrates the tear force of denim after e-flow softening. Tearing force is the average force necessary to continue a tear that has already started in a fabric. Six samples are examined, and the minimum tear force in both the warp and weft directions is 30 and 24, respective^. The results showed that the samples' tear force was within the specified range. For example, in sample 5, the tear force in the warp and weft directions is 37 N and 26 N, respective^, which is within the standard value but greater than the minimal value since the higher the tear force, the better the material can survive the consequences of tearing [Nizam et al., 2023).

Table 8 shows the seam force[N) of denim after e-flow softening the case of an inseam and side seam, the seam force is within the standard range and exceeds the minimum of 260 N. In sample 1, the inseam and side seam values are 266.6 N and 295.4 N, respectively/, which are greater than the minimal values. In addition to the inseam and side seam tear force of the seat, the back and front rises are measured. Seam force for the seat, back rise, and front rise are within the range and exceed the minimal amount. The higher the seam force of the sample, the greater the resistance to seam breaking at the inseam, side seam, seat, back rise, and front rise. A

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W

(s)

(c)

(b)

Figure 4 - The visual appearance of the sample before and after e-flow softening: (a) Before sample (-front), (b) After sample (front), (c) Before sample (back), (d) After sample (back:)

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Table 6 - Spirality Test

Left side seam (cm) Left fold at the bottom hemmed (cm) Spirality (%) Requirement (%)

Af^er 1wash 49.0 0.5 1.0 3

After 3 washes 48.8 1.0 2.0

After 5 washes 48.8 1.2 2.5

Table 7 - Tear force(N) of denim after e-flow softening

Standard(N) Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Sample 4 Sample 5 Sample 6

Warp 30 min 40 33 43 32 37 34

Weft 24 min 26 26 32 25 26 26

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Table 8 - Seam force (N) of denim after e-flow softening

Stan/ar/(N) Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Sample 4 Sample 5 Sample 6

Inseam 260 min 266.3 267.4 265.9 265.9 266.0 261.4

Side seam 295.4 296.5 294.0 296.5 296.5 292.3

Seat 459.5 460.9 454.3 455.4 468.3 464.0

Back Rise 355.0 355.0 350.0 352.7 353.3 350.9

Front Rise 276.9 277.7 273.4 275.3 275.9 274.0

new article demonstrating this outcome supports the findings [Hasan et al., 2024; Nizam et al., 2023).

While an acceptable range of seam slippage was identified for both the inseam and the side seam [Table 9), the inseam slippage in samples 1, 2, 3, 5, and 6 is zero, with the other samples falling within the maximum range of 6 mm. For the side seam, all of the samples produce acceptable results with a small amount of slippage, but the values are lower than the maximum value. As a consequence, the seam is placed property. Recent papers on the sustainable use of ozone wash and laser fading over conventional denim wash support this seam force and seam slippage test of denim [Hasan et al., 2024).

4 Conclusion

The study revealed that using nanobubble technology for denim softening is an ecologically friendly and sustainable method, primarily due to its exceptional water, chemical, and energy efficiency. The testing

criteria indicated that the use of nanobubble technology is environmentally friendly and efficient, with water, chemical, and energy consumption efficiencies of 95 %, 84 %, and 40 %, respective ly. This process is environmentally friendly because it has no negative effects on water, chemical, or energy usage. Consequently, it is a financially viable and highly effective choice for denim finishing. The treated denim materials now boast a smoother and softer texture, setting them apart from conventionally finished fabrics. The study has revealed the importance of e-flow nanobubble technology in improving denim fabrics' tear force, seam force, and seam slippage. Our study highlights the significant impact of e-flow nanobubble technology on improving sustainable denim finishing methods, as well as maintaining product quality. Researchers can guide toward an approach that is more environmentally attentive and focused on future research by using these sustainable practices.

Table 9 - Seam slippage(mm) of denim after e-flow softening

Stan/ar/(mm) S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6

Inseam 6 max. 0 0 0 0.5 0 0

Side Seam 2 1.5 1.8 2.8 1.5 2.3

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Garcia, B. [2015). Reduced water washing of denim garments, Paul, R. [Ed.), Denim, Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge, US, pp. 405-423.

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Hasan, S.M.M., Nahid-Ull-Islam, M., Hassan, M.K., Chowdhury, M.A. and Sakib, M.S.I. (2024). Core 2.0 Nebulization Tec:ihnique--A Sustainable Denim Finishing Approach. Textile & Leather Review, vol. 7, pp. 582-596.

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Mohsin, M., Sardar, S., Hasan, M., Akhtar, K.S., Anam, W., Ijaz, S. and Hassan, A. [2022). Water Efficient, eco-friendly and Effluent Free Nano bubble Fnishing of Cotton Fabric. Journal of Natural Fibers, vol. 19, no. 16, pp. 12586-12595.

Montazer, M. and Sadeghianmaryan, A. [2009). Influences of Different Enzymatic Treatment on Denim Garment. Applied, biochemistry and biotechnology, vol. 160, pp. 2114-2128. doi:10H1^l^1^/s12l^11^-009-8727-4

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Nayak, R., George, M., Jajpura, L, Khandual, A. and Panwar, T. [2022). Laser and ozone applications for circularity journey in denim manufacturing-A developing country perspective. Current Opinion in Green and Sustainable Chemistry, vol. 38, art. 100680.

Nizam, E., Haque, M.E., Islam, M., Tanvir, M.T.R.B., Hossain, M., Mia, B. and Islam, A. [2023). Effects of O3 Treatment on Different Composition%[Cotton, Polyester, Elastane) of Denim Fabrication [GSM 295, 327, 340, 343, 357, 360, 413) after Random O3 Wash. Journal of Textile Science and Technology,, vol. 9, no. 04, pp. 215-226.

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Информация об авторах

Information about the authors

J

Мухаммад Наид-Улл-Ислам

Аспирант, факультет технологии одежды, Бангладешский текстильный универ^ит^^т^, Бангладеш.

E-mail: [email protected]

Шах Мухаммад Маруф Хасан

Ассистент, факультет технологии одежды, Бангладешский текстильный универ^ит^^т^, Бангладеш.

E-mail: maruf [email protected]

Махмуда Актер

Доцент, факультет технологии одежды, Бангладешский текстильный университет, Бангладеш.

E-mail: mahmu/[email protected]

Мухаммад Камрул Хассан Шоудхури

Ассистент, факультет технологии одежды, Бангладешский текстильный универ^ит^^т; Бангладеш.

E-mail: kamrulr:[email protected]

Мухаммад Шахидул Ислам Сакиб

Директор, Компания Genesis fashion & washing Limited, Бангладеш.

E-mail: [email protected]

Md. Nahid-Ull-Islam

Graduate, Department of Apparel Engineering, Bangladesh University of Textiles, Bangladesh.

E-mail: [email protected]

Shah Md. Maruf Hasan

Assistant Professor, [D^i^^rtmeent of Apparel Engineering, Bangladesh University of Textiles, Bangladesh.

E-mail: [email protected]

Mahmuda Akter

Associate Professor, Depar'tment of Apparel Engineering, Bangladesh University of Textiles, Bangladesh.

E-mail: mahmu/[email protected]

Md. Kamrul Hassan Chowdhury

Assistant Professor, Departrneent of Apparel Engineering, Bangladesh University of Textiles, Bangladesh.

E-mail: [email protected]

Md Shahidul Islam Sakib

Executive, Genesis fashion & washing Limited, Bangladesh.

E-mail: [email protected]

BULLETIN of Vitebsk State Technological University:, 2024, № 4 (50)

ХИМИЧЕСКАЯ ТЕХНОЛОГИЯ

Саббир Ахамед

Аспирант, факультет технологии одежды, Бангладешский текстильный универ^ит^ет^, Бангладеш.

E-mail: [email protected]

Мухаммад Абу Саид Продавец-товаровед, Компания DBL Group, Бангладеш. E-mail: [email protected]

Sabbir Ahamed

Graduate, Departmtent of Apparel Engineering, Bangladesh University of Textiles, Bangladesh.

E-mail: [email protected]

Md. Abu Sayeed

Assistant Merchandiser, DBL Group, Bangladesh.

E-mail: [email protected]

ВЕСТНИК Витебского государственного технологического университета, 2024, № 4 (50)