70Review Article UDC: 338.486.6(497.11)
doi:10.5937/menhottur1901095P
Investments and employment in tourism in the Republic of Serbia
Nemanja Pantic1*, Ivan Milojevic2
1 University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Hotel Mangement and Tourism in Vrnjacka Banja, Serbia
2 University of Defence, Military Academy, Belgrade, Serbia
Abstract: Investments in tourism are crucial for the development of both tourism and other activities that are directly or indirectly related to it. Despite the immense potential of tourism, the insufficient development of infrastructure appears as one of the reasons that diminishes the role of tourism in Serbian economy. It is therefore of great importance to invest in infrastructure development in tourism. The subject of this paper is to compare Serbia with the countries in the region of Western Balkan and with several other European countries (Germany, France, Italy, Austria, and the Netherlands) in terms of the level of capital investments and employment in tourism. The insight into the amounts of investments will show the position and perspective of Serbia in relation to the countries in region and Europe. By adopting the measures of investment policy in tourism and associated incentives, Serbia will create the climate that will increase the amount of capital investments in tourism, which will have a multiplier effect on employment and also the entire economy.
Keywords: tourism, employment, investments, Republic of Serbia JEL classification: Z30, Z32
Investicije i zaposlenost u turizmu u Republici Srbiji
Sazetak: Investicije u turizmu su kljucne ne samo za njegov razvoj, vec i za razvoj svih delatnosti koje su kako direktno, tako i indirektno povezane sa turizmom. Uprkos ogromnom potencijalu turizma, nedovoljan razvoj infrastrukture se pojavljuje kao jedan od razloga koji umanjuju ulogu turizma u srpskoj privredi. Stoga je od velike vaznosti ulagati u razvoj infrastrukture u turizmu. Predmet ovog rada je poredenje Srbije sa zemljama u regionu Zapadnog Balkana i sa nekoliko drugih evropskih zemalja (Nemacka, Francuska, Italija, Austrija i Holandija) u pogledu nivoa kapitalnih investicija i zaposlenosti u turizmu. Uvid u iznose investicija ce pokazati poziciju i perspektivu Srbije u odnosu na zemlje u regionu i Evropi. Usvajanjem mera investicione politike u turizmu i pratecim podsticajima, Srbija ce stvoriti klimu koja ce povecati iznos kapitalnih investicija u turizmu, sto ce imati multiplikativni efekat na zaposlenost, ali i na celokupnu privredu.
Kljucne reci: turizam, zaposlenost, investicije, Republika Srbija JEL klasifikacija: Z30, Z32
*nema n j a. pantic@kg. ac. rs
1. Introduction
The tertiary sector in developed countries is an important generator of GDP creation and, as such, it has been the subject of frequent research aimed at its improvement, which will result in multiplier effects on all spheres of both economic and social life. Tourism is one of the key activities of the tertiary sector. According to Ubavic (2015), at the end of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st, tourism became one of the most massive global phenomenon which, at the same time, offered a great development opportunity for underdeveloped and developing countries.
However, if one takes Western European countries as a benchmark and the reference point to be reached, will see that the situation is very difficult. Being a country of turbulent events, both at the end of 20th and at the beginning of the 21st century, as well as suffering the effects of the global financial crisis, Serbia clearly did not have enough time, will and, above all, financial resources to focus the attention to such issues. Tourism has long been marginalised due to the lack of roads or infrastructure, insufficient accommodation capacities, and the poor quality and out-of-date accommodation facilities. Inadequate marketing activity resulting in the lack of information provided to potential tourists is just one of the links in the chain of insufficient exploitation of tourism potentials.
From the point of view of an average Serbian resident faced with the issue of unemployment and consequent lack of finances, the question arises as to whether the underdevelopment of tourism is really the issue that deserves such an importance. The answer is an unequivocal yes. The reason is simple and most efficiently described through the Win-Win situation, where tourism development directly and indirectly affects many macroeconomic indicators. The impact of tourism on GDP, employment, investment and other macroeconomic indicators has been discussed and proved many times. This paper will provide the insight into where the Republic of Serbia is today, where it was in the past and, most importantly, where it will be in the future and highlight the measures that will be taken to improve the situation related to the employment in tourism.
2. Tourism globally: its position and situation
Tourism has positioned itself as the world's fourth export industry, right after chemistry, fuel and food (Ohlan, 2017). According to Nawaz & Hassan (2016), "Tourism has long been considered as a way of enhancing understanding and peace among nations". Over the past decades, the focus of the intense research has been the relationship between tourism consumption and economic growth for both developed countries and those in developing (Chou, 2013). Onetiu & Predonu (2013) point to the fact that tourism encourages communication and the exchange of ideas and information, broadens cultural horizons, raises the level of education and increases the rate of employment. According to Vetrakova (2000), the importance of tourism is so great that it even managed to solve the problem of unemployment caused by changes in the economic structure, on the one hand, and the global financial crisis, on the other.
Direct employment in tourism implies positions in those establishments which imply direct contact with tourists, e.g. hotels, restaurants, travel agencies, various forms of transport, i.e. the places where tourists' needs can be responded to in a direct way. Accordingly, there are establishments that indirectly meet the needs of tourists. Those would include book-keeping agencies, construction companies, various craft shops that provide products for the tourism market, etc. In other words, these are the professions which a tourist does not have direct contact with; still, they make a necessary part of the chain of meeting tourists' needs. There is a two-way relationship between economic growth and tourism. Understanding the causal
relationship between tourism development and economic growth is of enormous significance and its defining is the basis of relevant policy decision making. (Seghir et al., 2014). Tourism development generates employment in both direct and indirect institutions whose products or services are of crucial importance. For example, the development of construction companies enables civil engineering development which absorbs a share of the unemployed and, at least partially, resolves the problem of unemployment. This mechanism of (inter)dependence and connection between different economic sectors is obvious and clearly points out the importance of tourism development.
Naturally, apart from the classification into direct and indirect employment, a distinction can be made between the qualifications and gender structure of tourism workers. When it comes to this issue, the importance of the development of this branch of economy may be crucial, given that today a large number of unemployed workers are unqualified or semi-skilled. A large part of such workforce can be absorbed by tourism. The seasonal character of tourism and the possibility of seasonal employment is also something that should not be discarded. A gender employment structure is mentioned bearing in mind the fact that a large number of women are dominant in some tourism industry activities. The following table shows the total number of tourism workers worldwide.
Table 1: Employment in tourism in the
period 2007-2018 (in millions)
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
World 273.1 262.4 254.6 251.6 256.7 261.1 265.8 276.8 278.3 280.1 282.4 284.3
Source: World Travel & Tourism Council, 2019
Table 1 provides data related to employment in tourism at the world level given in millions for the period 2007-2018. As a starting point, 2007 was taken as a reference since this is the year preceding the global financial crisis. The number of employed tourism workers was slightly above 273 million, followed by the expected drop in 2008 for just a little under 11 million workers or, more precisely, by 10.7%. This downward trend continued for the next 2 years, ending in 2010, when the minimum number of workers was recorded at 251.6 million, which is 21.5 million less than in 2007. Roughly speaking, the global financial crisis led to job loss for more than 20 million workers worldwide. The policies of countries had to adapt to the newly created situation and the measures undertaken in the forthcoming years were struggling to overcome this situation for a long period of time. The situation significantly changed in the period 2011-2018, when the number of workers in tourism increased from 251.6 million to 284.3 million or, in other words, for 32.7 million work places. The significance and consequences of the global financial crisis is well illustrated by the fact that it took 7 years to reach and slightly overtake the 2007 number of employees - 273.6 million workers in this industry in the pre-crisis year vs. 276.8 million in 2014.
Table 2 gives an insight into the number of employees in tourism. In order to compare the situation on a global level, it is impossible to compare absolute values by countries as they would not provide an insight into the real situation having in mind the variability in the country's population. For this reason, for the purpose of easier comparison, the relative values are used, i.e. the percentage share of the number of tourism workers in relation to the total number of workers.
Table 2: The share of tourism employment in the overall employment (%)
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Great Britain 10.4 10.2 10.0 10.5 10.3 10.4 12.7 12.8 12.8 13.1 13.3
Austria 13.7 14 13.7 13.1 13.3 13.3 14.5 14.5 14.7 14.6 14.9
Germany 4.6 4.5 4.8 4.7 4.7 4.7 11.7 12.0 12.3 12.3 12.8
France 9.7 9.5 9.4 9.5 9.5 9.4 9.9 10.1 10.2 10.2 10.4
Spain 15.8 15.8 15.5 15.9 15.8 15.7 15.0 14.8 14.6 14.7 14.6
Italy 10.6 10.2 10.1 10.1 10.2 10.2 11.4 11.5 11.6 11.7 11.9
Serbia 1.83 1.56 1.6 1.68 1.75 1.73 1.72 1.82 1.84 1.86 1.9
World 9.7 9.5 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.4 9.4 9.5 9.5 9.7
Source: World Travel & Tourism Council, 2019
The observation period is 2008 to 2018. In the observed period of time on a global level, this share hit the bottom of 9.2% in 2010 as the result of a two-year fall due to the 2008 global financial crisis. After the period of slight fluctuations, the highest value of 9.7% was reached in 2018, which equals the value recorded in 2008. The table provides the data in the European countries with a notable relation in tourism share in the total employment. Namely, observed for 2018 only, it can be noticed (with the exception of Serbia that will be discussed in part 3 of the paper) that this share ranges from 10.4% in France to up to 14.9% in Austria. The apparent difference between most countries is reflected in only a few percentage points and is above the world average. Comparing the starting and the final years of the observed period, without making comparisons on individual year basis, it becomes clear that the share grew except for Spain. The largest percentage growth was recorded in Germany, from 4.6% in 2008 to 12.8% in 2018. This boom was first recorded in 2014, when the percentage share of employment in tourism increased by as much as 7%, i.e. from 4.7% in 2013 to 11.7% in 2014.
3. Tourism in Serbia: current state and perspectives
The Republic of Serbia, undoubtedly, has an excellent basis for the development of tourism (Pantic, 2016). The exceptional geographical position, due to which Serbia is a part of the most important traffic routes, its natural beauties, and a moderate continental climate provide all the necessary preconditions for focusing attention to tourism in the future. However, unless followed by attractiveness, accessibility and tourist services, the comparative advantages of a destination are of no practical significance (Dobrivojevic et al., 2017). Since the development of transport infrastructure defines tourism development, special attention must be paid to its renewal, having in mind both keeping it up to date and connecting tourist sites in an efficient way.
Quality in tourism and hospitality means the consistent delivery of products and services to clients in accordance with the expected standards. One of the key challenges that managers face today is service quality assurance, which is one of the basic conditions for achieving business goals in the global tourism market (Redzic, 2018).
Since tourism is a complex economic activity, the competitiveness of tourist destinations is the result of many factors. In addition to the factors specific to tourism, the competitiveness of tourist destinations is also conditioned by a whole range of factors that affect tourism service providers (Ubavic, 2015). According to Stetic (2006), the creation of a tourist offer nowadays significantly differs from those made during the last decades of the 20th century. Tourism development leads to new directions in the development of this industry and different approaches to tourism activity.
Concernig the employment in tourism in the Republic of Serbia, Figure 1 shows that the maximum number of employees was in 2008 when it amounted to slightly less than 42 thousand. After this year, up to date, such a level of employment has not been achieved. Namely, not a single year in the observed period recorded 40 thousand employees; instead, the number of the employed in the period 2009-2018 was rather at the average of 35 thousand.
Figure 1: The number of tourism employees in Serbia (in thousands)
50
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
■ Number of employees
Source: World Travel & Tourism Council, 2019
Absolute values of the number of employees do not provide much information on the significance of this figure in the overall structure of employment. Therefore, relative values are used instead for a more detailed analysis. Varying from 1.56% recorded in 2009 to the maximum of 1.9% recorded in 2018, the percentage share in Serbia is at a significantly lower level than the world average, with even more dramatic contrast compared to the other observed countries. It is obvious that, regardless of some smaller fluctuations, the situation did not change structurally during the given period. The encouraging fact is that since 2014 this share was steadily increasing and it can be concluded that in the observed period it increased by 0.18 percentage points.
Table 2 showed only the employment in those facilities that are directly related to tourism consumption, i.e. in those facilities where tourists can directly meet their needs, as discussed in the introductory part of the paper. In addition to direct employment, the analysis must also include indirect and induced ones in order to consider their overall effect on employment. Figure 2 provides an insight into the three categories. Namely, it is noticeable that indirect employment in tourism is slightly higher than the direct one in the observed five-year period, i.e. from 2013 to 2018.
Figure 2: Direct, indirect and induced share of employment in tourism (%)
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
■ Direct ■ Indirect ■ Induced
Source: World Travel & Tourism Council, 2019
If observed cumulatively in the given period, direct, indirect and induced employment began to increase slightly since 2014, and, in the last four years, they were constantly at above 5%. The only drop was recorded in 2014 when, compared to 2013, it was about 4.5%.
The following figure shows the percentage of investments in the tourism industry in total amount of investments. Investments are the subject of consideration because of their priority in the process of building the necessary infrastructure which will change the status of a certain locality from being only potential tourist destination to becoming an attractive one.
Figure 3: Percentage share of investment in tourism in total amount of investments in the
Republic of Serbia, 2008-2018
5
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
% of investment
Source: World Travel & Tourism Council, 2019
The observed ten-year period shows a range from 2.9% of total investments realised in 2010, up to the maximum of 4.2% in 2014. Comparing the first and the last observed year, the 1.1% growth of the overall investment is noticeable, which is insufficient. So we agree with (Zecevic & Pindzo, 2016) that is necessary to redirect a part of the budget spending to funding infrastructure as a prerequisite for faster tourism development and, furthermore, to investing in its promotion, education, development of small and medium-sized enterprises in order to increase the employment and contribution of tourism to the overall economic development of a country. In addition to the increased state investment activities, it is crucial not only to increase capital investments, but also to direct it towards those activities that can, either directly or indirectly, contribute to the necessary infrastructure as an indispensable condition for tourism development. (Tornjanski, 2015). Its development will generate new employment, reduce unemployment and attract additional capital.
The following table gives an overview of the amount of capital investments in tourism in the countries of Western Balkan.
Table 3: Capital investment in tourism in the countries of Western Balkan in the _period 2008-2018 (in € mill.)_
Bosnia Bulgaria Croatia N. Macedonia Slovenia Montenegro Serbia
2008 148,632 1.489,234 1.750,166 50,324 823,652 414,743 360,532
2009 128,028 1.324,035 1.261,937 50,125 638,953 221,356 291,342
2010 133,805 1.270,716 983,750 51,021 644,624 222,234 224,659
2011 123,477 1.282,608 944,252 52,247 703,821 183,452 263,781
2012 113,251 1.277,109 915,998 53,659 703,253 186,538 241,132
2013 106,553 1.379,601 912,223 55,425 702,192 201,426 251,532
2014 127,874 1.413,922 900,004 61,358 700,438 211,358 241,834
2015 127,823 1.308,084 943,820 72,426 691,562 247,623 256,825
2016 157,171 1.424,613 993,894 81,521 634,651 311,538 258,149
2017 163,358 1.577,536 1.049,505 90,325 693,724 374,273 293,415
2018 176,191 1.577,635 1.088,264 90,437 711,815 397,642 315,986
Source: World Travel & Tourism Council, 2019
Table 3 gives an insight into the amounts of capital investments in tourism in Serbia and the surrounding countries. There is a noticeable decline in investment activity after 2008 as a result of the global economic crisis in all observed countries. Only Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria and North Macedonia managed to exceed the 2008 figures. Bulgaria and Croatia were those that invested most in the tourism sector, regardless of the fact that there was a significant drop in investments since the beginning of the observed period. There immediately followed Slovenia, while North Macedonia was far below others in terms of the investment activities in tourism. Investment activity in Serbia was significantly higher in relation to both North Macedonia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. Despite the obvious fact that the level of investment activity from 2008 was not reached, it was steadily rising since 2014, though at a lower level compared to Bulgaria, Croatia, Slovenia and Montenegro. It would be important to make a comparison with the developed countries and their investment activities, the data on which is given in the following table.
Table 4: Capital investment in tourism in European countries, 2008-2018 (in € bill.)
Germany France Spain Austria Italy Netherlands
2008 24,132 22,652 19,324 2,813 17,174 4,234
2009 19,356 26,351 19,672 3,352 11,816 3,415
2010 26,142 27,912 16,826 3,216 12,902 3,381
2011 24,826 38,654 14,735 2,942 10,414 2,871
2012 25,714 31,925 14,316 3,561 11,359 3,384
2013 21,368 37,357 13,628 3,589 9,123 5,218
2014 22,346 36,915 13,631 3,214 7,932 3,764
2015 24,782 30,419 14,856 2,913 9,241 3,684
2016 23,935 33,872 17,128 3,271 9,871 4,192
2017 25,014 35,134 17,838 3,491 10,149 4,253
2018 26,198 36,815 18,692 3,698 10,436 4,396
Source: World Travel & Tourism Council, 2019
Table 4 gives an insight into the amounts of capital investments in the tourism sector in some of the developed European countries in billions of euros. According to the amount of capital investments, Germany and France stand out. There immediately follow Spain and Italy,
while the amounts of capital investment in Austria and the Netherlands are significantly below the abovementioned countries. Only France manages to significantly increase its investment activity compared to 2008, while in the case of Italy it significantly decreases. However, it should be borne in mind that the amounts are expressed in billions of euros, which makes an obvious difference compared to the countries given in Table 3. Thus, it can be concluded that Serbia is well below the developed economies in Europe and even lags behind the amounts of capital investments in relation to some countries in the near surroundings. Next table shows percentage share of capital investment in tourism in total amount of investments in European countries and in the countries of Western Balkan in period 2011-2018.
Table 5: Percentage share of capital investment in tourism in total amount of investments in _European countries and in the countries of Western Balkan, 2011-2018_
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Germany 4,1 4,2 3,5 3,6 4,0 3,7 3,6 3,7
France 8,0 6,3 7,5 7,2 6,1 6,8 6,9 7,0
Spain 6,3 6,7 6,6 6,3 6,7 7,7 7,8 7,8
Italy 3,0 3,6 3,1 2,7 3,2 3,4 3,3 3,3
Netherlands 2,0 2,6 4,3 3,1 2,6 2,7 2,7 2,7
Austria 3,6 4,6 4,4 4,2 3,6 4,0 4,1 4,2
Slovenia 9,0 9,7 9,5 9,3 9,2 9,1 9,2 9,3
Croatia 10,3 10,3 10,2 10,2 10,7 10,9 10,8 10,8
Bosnia 4,6 4,4 4,2 4,7 5,0 5,1 5,2 5,3
Bulgaria 6,1 6,1 6,3 6.,8 7,2 7,1 7,3 7,2
N. Macedonia 1,8 1,9 2,1 2,2 2,3 2,4 2,4 2,5
Montenegro 23,2 25,3 27,1 30,8 32,7 33,6 35,5 36,4
Serbia 3,6 3,2 3,9 4,3 4,2 4,2 4,2 4,1
Source: World Travel & Tourism Council, 2019
It is noticeable that N. Macedonia and Netherland are the only countries with less percentage share of capital investment in tourism in total amount of investments then Serbia. Serbia has similar percentage share as Italy but in total amount of investments Italy has a significantly higher amount. Montenegro is at the first place after Croatia in percentage share of capital investments. In 2012, in Serbia, only 3.2% of investments were invested in tourism. Last years that percentage is higher and stable at the level of 4.2%.
Therefore, if capital investment is taken as a necessary resource for the progress and growth of an economy, especially for the countries in transition, it is clear that Serbia must increase their amount. What should be taken as a bare necessity in the upcoming period is primarily the increase in the share of domestic investments in tourism and the creation of an even more favourable climate for the inflow of foreign capital into this industry. The growth of investments in tourism, through hotel construction, and the growth of investments in transport infrastructure create favourable conditions for employment rate growth in this sector. Such a growth should be fostered at least to the global average of about 10%, as shown in Table 2, since the share of employment at a level which is constantly less than 2% can be described as very low. With such conditions, tourism does not affect the generation of GDP as much as it should, which is necessary, if there are strives to follow the world trends and conditions which they set forward. This necessity will bring about significant positive consequences in the years to come.
4. Conclusion
The significance of tourism development in contemporary society is not a need, but more a necessity. Tourism has a Win-Win effect on one economy, since its development also stimulates the development of other fields of economy, which consequently increases the employment rate. The country should use the policy measures to accelerate tourism development through investments, both domestic and foreign. In Serbia, there is an extremely small share of employees in the tourism sector both in absolute and relative terms comparing with European countries. The share of investments in tourism in total investments is also at the low lever. This makes the circumstances in Serbia behind the world trends and figures, but it certainly should not be a barrier to future progress. It is positive matter that Serbia is a very attractive location for investments. Therefore, additional measures and incentives have to attract foreign capital in those activities which are directly or indirectly related to tourism. This opens the possibility for creating new work places, consequently leading to unemployment reduction. Tendencies were positive in the past years, and, in future, they are certainly going to be even more so.
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Received: 1 May 2019; Sent for revision: 17 May 2019; Accepted: 28 May 2019
