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Arctic
Environmental Research
Arctic Environmental Research 18(1): 21-27 UDC 622.24.053 DOI 10.17238/issn2541-8416.2018.18.1.21
Research Article 3
Investigation of tribotechnical and corrosion behaviour of material for light-alloy drill pipes
AI Shakirova1, RA Ismakov1, AKh Agliullin1, NK Tsenev1
1 Ufa State Petroleum Technological University (Ufa, Russian Federation) Corresponding author: Alina Shakirova ([email protected])
Academic editor: MarselGubaidullin ♦ Received 29 November 2017 ♦ Accepted 16 February 2018 ♦ Published 30 March 2018
Citation: Shakirova AI, Ismakov RA, Agliullin AKh, Tsenev NK (2018) Investigation of tribotechnical and corrosion behaviour of material for light-alloy drill pipes. Arctic Environmental Research 18(1): 21-27. https://doi.org10.17238/issn2541-8416.2018.18.1.21
Abstract
Special aluminum alloys appear to be promising materials for manufacture of high-strength light-alloy drill pipes (HSLADP) that can be used in areas with a severe climate and challenging geology. The effect of using light-alloy drill pipes (LADP) depends directly on the properties of the aluminum alloys from which such pipes are made. As the wells become deeper and horizontal wellbores get longer, use of LADPs becomes more relevant. Since light-alloy pipes are 2.8 times softer than steel pipes, LADPs offer the same performance as steel drill pipes of the lowest strength grade even in the case of rotary drilling. The materials from which such pipes are made have a number of unique advantages: extra light weight in the drill mud, allowing the coefficient of sliding friction between the pipe surface and the borehole wall to be reduced; high corrosion resistance in aggressive media with A high concentration of hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide; and high magnetic inductive capacity that allows LADPs to be used as a housing for MWD (measurement while drilling) and LWD (logging while drilling) telemetry systems during well-drilling operations. This study suggests methods for industrial production of submicrocrystalline (SMC) structure in aluminum alloys with the help of severe plastic deformation. Through the example of model aluminum-lithium alloys 1420 (Al-Mg-Li-Zr) and 1460 (Al-Cu-Li-Zr), the researchers demonstrate that SMC structure helps significantly increase resistance to wear and reduce the rate of corrosion depending on the pH value. The research team also states that severe plastic deformation methods may be used to develop highly promising technologies for manufacture of high-strength LADPs with advanced strain-stress properties for use during operations in the Arctic.
Keywords
light-alloy drill pipes, tribotechnical tests, corrosion of aluminum alloys, Arctic shelf, horizontal drilling
Copyright Shakirova AI et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC-BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Current evolution of drilling technologies and aggravation of geological and climatic conditions for drilling operations caused by the development of hydrocarbon deposits in the Arctic shelf leads to an increase in operating and maintenance costs associated with well-site construction. Reliable performance of drilling equipment and tools, specifically drill pipes, is an essential aspect that well drilling and operating performance indicators depend on. Drill pipes play a key role in the stress behaviour of rock cutting tools. The current trend of increasing the length of wells also leads to a higher probability of complications and accidents, which increases the overall cost of construction. Reliable performance of drill pipes depends on their proper use during drilling and transportation, which is achieved by timely quality control and withdrawal of deficient pipes from service. One effective way of improving performance of drill pipes, including light-alloy drill pipes (LADPs), involves development of advanced technologies for production of improved structure of aluminum alloys used to manufacture LADPs, as well as modification of drill fluids with special doping agents for the entire drilling cycle.
Fig. 1. Diagram of equal channel angular pressing: 1) piston, 2) pipe strip
Implementation and improvement of the techniques used for production of fine-grain materials of such alloys, as well as assessment of the state of light-alloy drill pipes by simulating their performance in the well, is essential for higher credibility and better forecasting of their performance under real-life conditions and for meaningful estimation and planning of construction of long horizontal wells.
Real-life experience shows that such wells cannot be drilled without using high-strength light-alloy drill pipes (HSLADP) manufactured from special aluminum alloys (Fain 1990, Basovich et al. 2003, Basovich et al. 2015, Shammazov et al. 2000). Pipe strips are manufactured by extrusion from the Al-Cu-Mg D16T alloy, with subsequent hardening and natural ageing Where increased strength and corrosion resistance requirements apply, the pipes are manufactured from the Al-Zn-Mg 1953^ alloy subject to hardening and artificial ageing ^1). Based on specific requirements, pipe strips are manufactured from the АК4-1Т1 alloy.
Relying on the existing classification, all pipe materials can be formally divided into three classes: ultra-fine grain (UFG) with grain size of 1 to10 um, submicrocrystalline (SMC) with grain size of 0.1 to 1 um, and nanocrystalline (NC) with grain size below 100 nm. This classification is justified because the strain-stress behaviour of the UFG, SMC and NC alloys varies markedly. For instance, alloys with UFG structure demonstrate structural superplasticity in certain sections of the temperature-strain rate curve, while reduction of the grain size to nanocrystalline values in composite and mechanical alloys leads to the effect of high-strain rate superplasticity (Valiev et al. 1988, Valiev and Tsenev 1990, Tsenev 1996, Valiev et al. 1997). It has been proven that SMC and NC structures can be used to manufacture high-strength materials (Furukawa et al. 1996, Furukawa et al. 1997). Even such structurally insensitive parameters as Curie and Debye temperatures, modulus of elasticity, saturation magnetic moment, etc. are prone to change in these materials. These findings indicate that scientists can develop new advanced technologies for production of aluminum alloys used in the manufacture of HSLADPs with improved mechanical
properties that will demonstrate better performance in longer horizontal leads from the vertical borehole.
This study uses an example of model commercial aluminum-lithium alloys to demonstrate the techniques of producing pipe strips with SMC structure. Experimental results obtained during the research are used to suggest that HSLADP manufacturers jointly develop advanced technologies for the production of such drill pipes with improved mechanical properties and corrosion resistance for use in different geological settings, including in the Arctic.
Materials and methods
The material used for the research was represented by model commercial aluminum-lithium alloys 1420 (Al-5.5% Mg-2.2% Li -0.12% Zr) and 1460 (Al-2.5% Cu-2.2% Li -0.12% Zr). Originally, after casting and prior to severe plastic deformation (SPD), the alloy had a coarse-grain structure. Mean grain size in the alloy was 5 mm (Fig. 4a)
Submicrocrystalline structure was obtained by equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) method (Wang et al. 2003, Kaibyshev et al. 1984). The diagram of the pressing process based on this method is provided in Figure 1. The method relies on shear deformation, with severe plastic deformation along the surface of channels intersection. To obtain the SMC structures, the ECAP process must be repeated eight times on one sample.
Transmission electron microscope (TEM) JEM-2000 EX was used for optical microscopic evaluation of samples produced with the help of this technique.
Experiment results
Shaping of alloy structure during severe plastic deformation
Fig. 2 presents the findings of investigation into the structure of alloy 1420. You may see that the original microstructure of a strained bar of aluminum alloy 1420 shows severe inhomogeneity. Its structure
is made up of coarse grains elongated along the direction of pressing, with clusters of fine recrystallised grains around them (secondary phase). The mean size of the fine grains is approximately 5 um. The size of coarse elongated grains is 168 um lengthwise and 19 um crosswise (Fig. 2a).
The ECAP process at 325°C to the true deformation degree (~8) creates an almost recrystallised structure, meaning that the secondary phase dissolves in the grain, and we no longer see the clusters of recrystallised grains at the boundaries of the coarse grains (Fig. 2b). In most grains, the boundaries have a distinct outline, which means that we have obtained an equilibrium recrystallised structure. The mean density of dislocations in the grain body is small (approximately 6x1014).
Wear testing of aluminum alloy
Tests on the friction machine showed interesting results with regard to the influence of SMC structure on wear processes (Valiev et al. 1986, Shakinova et al. 2017). Laboratory tests were carried out at room temperature (T=293K). The base material (used for reference) was represented by a coarse-grain alloy with an original grain size of D0=5mm. The reference piece was made from steel 40X. The alloys were subject to tests on a specialised test bench allowing a rocking motion of the samples to make sure the process of wear on casings and drill pipes in laboratory conditions resembles the real-life wear process during RIH/POH operations. Lubrication and cooling was achieved by immersing the friction zone in a bath with a drill fluid made from a polymer mud solution with different concentrations of lubricating additives: Lubriol, Eco Lube, FK200, AKS303. The results of tribotechnical tests of the alloy with different structures are provided in Fig. 3.
Fig. 3 shows that the wear rate for alloy 1420 largely depends on the grain size and condition of the grain boundaries. The wear on the reference piece was not taken into account. You may see that reduction of grain size to 0.5 um makes the alloy over two times more (on average) wear-resistant in all the tested media compared to the original coarse-grain alloy (D0=5mm).
10KV X500 SOjJm 10 48 SEI
Fig. 2. Structure of alloy 1420: a) macrostructure of original sample; b) alloy's microstructure after ECAP severe plastic deformation
Mud (Water + Mud + Lubriol Mud + Eco Mud + FK2QG Mud + 4%Bent + Lube AKS303
0,2%PHPA +
0,1% NaOH) ■ 1 - Before ECAP ■ 2 - After ECAP
Fig. 3. Wear rate for alloy 1420 samples with coarse grain and SMC structure at T=293 K in drill fluid with different lubricating additives (confidence intervals established at 80% probability). (These results were obtained on friction machine UMT-2168)
Corrosion test
The gravimetric (visual) method was used to assess the alloy's corrosion in the laboratory using the following test sample: aluminum alloy 1460 (Al-Cu-Zr) before and after treatment, and pure aluminum. The pH rate of the test medium to which the surface
of the samples was exposed varied from 7 to 11. The test medium was represented by a biopolymer drill mud (BDM) with the following formula: Water + Na2CO3 0.1% + NaOH 0.1% + Bactericide 1.5% + PAC LD 0.4% + Xanthan gum 0.8% + Lubricating additive 5%.
1) ph=7 - BDM;
2) ph =8 BDM + NaOH 0.1 ml;
3) ph =9 BDM + NaOH 0.2 ml;
4) ph =10 BDM + NaOH 0.5 ml
5) ph =11 BDM + NaOH 1 ml.
The following curves of weight loss versus time of exposure to aggressive media were obtained for the corresponding samples (Fig. 4).
You may see that aluminum alloy 1460 after treatment by severe plastic deformation shows a higher resistance to corrosion in alkaline medium.
Discussion
The study demonstrated that the severe plastic deformation technique (ECAP method) can be used not only to make the structure of alloys significantly (by several orders of magnitude) more compact, but also to obtain grains with different states of grain bound-
aries. Detailed studies of the structural changes that occur during the severe plastic deformation process showed that fragmentation of the alloy's structure takes place as a result of formation of an equilibrium recrystallised structure.
Preliminary tribotechnical and corrosion tests proved a substantial increase in wear and corrosion resistance of the material with the finer structure. It is important to note that resistance to wear and corrosion also depends markedly on the state of the grain boundaries. Fig. 3 shows that the alloy's wear immediately after severe plastic deformation is at its minimum. A metallographic examination of the alloy's structure indicates that this is caused by high inner stresses, non-equilibrium of the grain boundaries, and the size of the grains. Fig. 4 demonstrates that the alloy becomes more resistant to corrosion if appropriate material treatment methods are used to make the material suitable for service in aggressive media with a high pH value. Numerous studies
, 3
f— —. 4 1 6
/ 1 > 9
/ f
i 8
\ 1 2
/
J J- t 5
f1 ——J U/--1- J---i- : 4 ! 7
—i- \ 10
1——'" 1
30
5(i 70 90 110 130 1»
time (t), days
170
190
210
230
-1 - pH=7 all samples -2-pH=ll Al alloy
-3-pH=ll Alloy 1460 Al+Cu+Zr
-4- pH=l lAlloy 1460 after ECAP
-5- pH=10 Al alloy
-6-pH=10 Alloy 1460 Al+Cu+Zr
-7-pH=10 Alloy 1460 after ECAP
-8- pH 9 Al alloy
■9- pH 9 Alloy 1460 Al+Cu+Zr
-10- pH 9 1460 after ECAP
Fig. 4. Weight loss vs. time of exposure to aggressive media curves
Table 1. Mechanical properties of existing aluminum alloys D16^ 1953^ and АК4-1Т1 in as-delivered condition
Properties
Unit
Alloy grade
D^
1953^
АК1-4Т1
Tensile stress, minimum Yield stress, minimum Brinnel hardness (500 kg, 10mm)
Design density Percentage elongation, minimum
- Young modulus
- Shear modulus Working temperature, maximum
Linear expansion coefficient
MPa MPa HB
kg/m3 %
MPa*105
°C °C-1
460 325 120
12 0.72 0.26 160
530 480 120-130
2800
7 0,71 0,275 120
410 340 120-130
8
0,72 0,26 220
22.6x10
have proved that hardness, breaking strength, hot strength, microstructure and corrosion resistance are the key criteria for the material's wear resistance (Makarov and Korshunov 2004, Luzhnov et al. 2016).
Thus, the study used model alloys 1420 and 1460 to demonstrate the prospects for controlling the structure of materials with the help of one of the methods of severe plastic deformation. Combining SPD methods with subsequent heat treatment, we can formulate technologies for production of light-alloy drill string elements that can be successfully employed in a variety of challenging climatic and geological conditions.
Today, aluminum alloys D16T, 1953T1 and AK4-1T1 are widely used in the production of light-alloy pipes. The mechanical properties of these materials are described in Table 1. We believe that different combinations of SPD and heat treatment techniques can help increase corrosion resistance of aluminum alloys by a factor of five and wear resistance by 30%.
To summarise the above, the relevance of the matter described in this study is growing. The authors made an assumption concerning the prospects for development of new domestic substitutes of technologies for production of high reliability light-alloy drill pipes that can be used in different geological settings, including in the Arctic.
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