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УДК 159.9.072/796
Investigation of mental endurance levels of athletes in different branches
Unal Turkcapar1, Dzhibarkul O. Abdyrakhmanova2*, Burhan Basoglu3
1 Oniki§ubat/Kahramanmaras ORCID: 0001-0001-9498-671X, [email protected] 2 Kyrgyz-Turkish Manas University Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan ORCID: 0000-0002-4569-1286, [email protected]. kg * 3 Nevsehir Haci Bektas Veli Universty Faculty of Sport Sciences
Nev§ehir, Turkey ORCID: 0000-0002-4205-6446, [email protected]
Abstract: Psychical endurance is an important component of athletic performance, determining an athlete's ability to cope with competitive pressure, stress, and physical fatigue. However, the peculiarities of psychical endurance formation in athletes engaged in different sports remain insufficiently studied. Its purpose is to determine the level of formation of psychic endurance in athletes engaged in different sports. Method: The study employed a screening method with both descriptive and inferential analyses. The sample consisted of 251 athletes engaged in Taekwondo, Boxing, Football, and Swimming in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan, in 2023. The participants were selected through randomization, including 112 females and 139 males. Data were collected using a demographic information form and the Mental Endurance Scale developed by the researcher. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 25.0. Parametric tests used for analysis were t-test for pairwise comparisons, ANOVA for comparing more than two groups, and Post Hoc Tukey's posterior multiple comparisons test for detecting differences between groups. Results: The study showed significant differences in the levels of mental endurance and its sub-parameters in athletes depending on gender: men showed higher mean values than women. Significant differences were also found in mental endurance indices depending on the level of athletic training and the type of sport. Analysis by sports disciplines showed differences across all sub-dimensions of psychical endurance. However, no significant differences were found in the levels of mental endurance depending on the athletes' place of residence. Conclusion: The obtained results emphasize the importance of taking into account gender differences and training level when developing psychological programs for athletes. The identified features of mental endurance in different sports disciplines indicate that psychological training and support strategies should be adapted to the specific demands of each sport. These data can be useful for sports psychologists and coaches when planning the training process. Scientific Novelty: For the first time the research of psychical endurance in athletes of different sports taking into account their specificity was conducted. The work reveals gender differences and the influence of the training level on psychological endurance. The study fills a gap in the Central Asian context by providing unique regional data on psychic endurance. Practical Significance: The obtained results can be used for the development of specific psychological training programs taking into account the peculiarities of different sports and the level of athletes' training.. Coaches and sports psychologists can apply these data to improve the psychic resilience of athletes under stressful situations in competition and to optimize the training process.
Keywords: Endurance, Mental Endurance, Sport.
For citation: Unal Turkcapar, Dzhibarkul O. Abdyrakhmanova*, Burhan Basoglu. Investigation of mental endurance levels of athletes in different branches. Russian Journal of Physical Education and Sport. 2024; 19(3): .
Исследование уровня психической выносливости у спортсменов, занимающихся разными видами спорта
Унал Туркчапар1, Абдырахманова Дж.О.2*, Бурхан Башолу3
1 Кахраманмараш университет Сутчу Имам, факультет спортивных наук Оникишубат/Кахраманмараш, Турция ORCID: 0000-0002-4205-6446, [email protected] 2Кыргызско-Турецкий унивеситет «Манас», факультет спортивных наук г. Бишкек, Республика Кыргызстан ORCID: 0000-0002-7569-1286, [email protected]* 3Невшехируниверситет Хаджи Бекташ Вели, факультет спортивных наук
Невшехир, Турция ORCID: 0001-0001-9498-671X, [email protected] Аннотация: Психологическая выносливость является важным компонентом спортивных достижений, определяя способность спортсмена справляться с соревновательным стрессом, усталостью. Однако особенности формирования психологической выносливости у спортсменов, занимающихся разными видами спорта, остаются недостаточно изученными. Настоящее исследование направлено на устранение данного пробела. Его целью является определение уровня формирования умственной выносливости у спортсменов, занимающихся разными видами спорта. Методы исследования. В исследовании использовался метод скрининга. Он носит описательный и логический характер. В выборку вошли 251 спортсмен, занимающиеся тхэквондо, боксом, футболом и плаванием. Среди них методом рандомизации были отобраны 112 женщин и 139 мужчин. Исследование проводилось в Бишкеке, Кыргызстан, в 2023 году. Для сбора данных использовались демографическая анкета и шкала психологической стойкости, разработанная исследователем. Данные были обработаны с использованием статистической программы SPSS 25.0. Для анализа применялись параметрические тесты: t-критерий для парных сравнений, ANOVA для сравнения более, чем двух групп и апостериорный тест множественных сравнений Post Hoc Tukey для выявления различий между группами. Результаты. Исследование показало значительные различия в уровнях психологической выносливости и её подпараметрах у спортсменов в зависимости от гендера: мужчины продемонстрировали более высокие средние показатели, чем женщины. Также были выявлены существенные различия в показателях психологической выносливости в зависимости от уровня спортивной подготовки и вида спорта. Однако не было обнаружено значимых различий в уровнях психологической выносливости в зависимости от места проживания спортсменов. Заключение: Полученные результаты подчёркивают важность учёта гендерных различий и уровня подготовки при разработке психологических программ для спортсменов. Выявленные особенности психологической выносливости в разных спортивных дисциплинах указывают на необходимость адаптации методов тренировки и психологической поддержки с учетом специфики каждого вида спорта. Эти данные могут быть полезны для спортивных психологов и тренеров при планировании тренировочного процесса. Научная новизна: Впервые проведено исследование психологической выносливости у спортсменов разных видов спорта с учётом их специфики. Работа выявляет гендерные различия и влияние уровня подготовки на психологическую устойчивость. Исследование восполняет пробелы в контексте Центральной Азии, предоставляя уникальные региональные данные о психологической выносливости. Практическая значимость: Полученные результаты могут использоваться для разработки целевых программ психологической подготовки с учётом особенностей различных видов спорта и уровня подготовки спортсменов. Тренеры и спортивные психологи могут применять эти данные для повышения психологической устойчивости спортсменов при стрессовых ситуациях на соревнованиях и для оптимизации тренировочного процесса.
Ключевые слова: выносливость, психологическая устойчивость, спорт.
Для цитирования: Унал Туркчапар, Абдырахманова Дж.О.*, Бурхан Башолу. Исследование уровня психической выносливости у спортсменов, занимающихся разными видами спорта. Педагогико-психологические и медико-биологические проблемы физической культуры и спорта. 2024; 19(3): .
Introduction
With the rapid rise and development of sports sciences in this direction along with technological developments around the world, athletes can rely on better performances, increase in sports competition, increase in environmental temperatures, break records and improve physical performance (endurance, strength, speed, agility, stamina, technique, tactics, etc.) This indicates an achievement of high-performance levels. At this point, mental endurance, which is one of the important psychological effects in distinguishing between athletes and successful athletes, cannot be preserved.
Mental Endurance (Mental Endurance) is one of the most explanatory concepts in the field of sports psychology, and many definitions of this concept have been put forward to date. Loerh (1982) defined it as mental knowledge, motivation, self-confidence, attention control, attitude, positive energy and imagination. This definition originates from Loerh's practice studies with elite athletes and has not been tested empirically, but has been effective in attracting attention to events and studies in better level fighters [8]. One of the most recent definitions of Mental Endurance was provided by [9]. According to this definition, mental resilience is a person's capacity to consistently produce high levels of subjective and objective performance in the face of daily stressors and challenges.
The addition of unexpected and unpredictable situations (war, economic difficulties, disability, death, divorce, birth, marriage, illness, etc.) to developmentally predictable and normal situations can bring about a stressful life, which is a natural result of interaction with the environment. Courage is required to deal with these situations. The emphasis on the importance of courage has been effective in the conceptualization of resilience. Hardiness and Mental Endurance are close but different concepts. What distinguishes Mental Endurance from endurance is that Mental Endurance is suitable for coping with life experiences that are interpreted both negatively and positively [14].
Coaches and others in the field of sports are aware that the athlete must improve his physical and mental sports skills in order to be successful [25]. One of the important characteristics that athletes must have in order to achieve high performance is mental endurance. Mental Endurance is the most used but little understood concept in the field of sports psychology, so many studies have been put forward to define this concept.
Individuals who state that their mental endurance is strong; Individuals are able to keep their lives under control, to participate more effectively in daily activities and social environments, to be ready for dangerous situations that may occur, and to see sudden changes and new situations as
competition material [13]. Mental Endurance; It can be expressed with concepts such as strong will and belief, high concentration ability, the power to cope with difficulty, pressure and negative conditions, commitment and the ability to become stronger with increasing pressures [21].
In this direction, the aim of the study is to examine the mental endurance levels of participants who do sports in different branches.
Materials and methods
Research Model
The research is descriptive and the mental endurance levels of participants who do sports in different branches were examined.
In this study, the research model was created considering the "scanning model". Screening models are research models that aim to describe a past or present situation as it is. The event, person or object that is the subject of the research is tried to be conveyed in its own conditions and as it is. It is not intended to change or affect these conditions in any way [11].
Study Group
The study group of this research consists of 251 athletes engaged in sports in Teakwando, Boxing, Football and Swimming branches in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan in 2023. These athletes were selected by randomization method, 112 are female and 139 are male.
Data Collection and Tools Used
Data was obtained through Google Forms. Two different data collection tools were used in the research.
Descriptive Information Form
Personal Information Form" developed by the researcher was used to determine the demographic characteristics of the individuals participating in the research. This form consists of questions about gender, age, place of residence, sports branch and athlete level.
Mental Endurance Inventory in Sports (MTiS)
To examine the mental endurance of the athletes participating in the study during training and competitions [20]. The Turkish adaptation of the (Sport Mental Endurance Questionnaire-SMTQ-14) scale developed by (2009) and the 14-item Mental Endurance Inventory in Sports were used [1]. This scale used is a 4-point Likert type (1 = Completely False; 4 = Completely True), consisting of three sub-dimensions (Confidence, Continuity and Control) as well as general mental resilience. Cronbach Alpha values determined for the sub-dimensions of the main scale are 0.81 for the Trust subdimension; 0.74 for the continuity subscale; For the control sub-dimension, it was found to be 0.71 (Sheard et al. 2009). In the scale, the 2nd, 4th, 7th, 8th, 9th and 10th items are reverse items. High scores obtained after reverse-coded items are translated indicate a high level of mental endurance.
The explanation of the three sub-dimensions in the Sports Mental Endurance Inventory is given below [21].
Confidence: Believing in abilities to achieve the goal in difficult situations that require struggle and thinking that you are better than your competitors (Items 1, 5, 6, 11, 13, 14).
Control: Maintaining composure, being controlled and comfortable under pressure or in the face of unexpected situations (Articles 2, 4, 7, 9).
Continuity: Taking responsibility, concentrating and struggling in line with the determined goals (Articles 3, 8, 10, 12).
Analysis of Data
Data analysis was performed with the IBM SPSS Statistic 25 program. Percentage and frequency values were taken for the demographic variables of the participants (gender, age, place of residence, sports branch and athlete level).
Table 1 shows the normality test analysis results according to the skewness and kurtosis values of the scores regarding mental endurance in sports. Tabachnick & Fidel (2013) [22] stated that the distribution can be interpreted as normal if the skewness and kurtosis values are between +1.5 and -1.5. According to the test results in Table 1, it can be stated that the data is normally distributed. Parametric tests were used on the data, t test was applied for pairwise group comparisons, ANOVA test was applied for comparison of more than two groups, and Post Hoc Tukey multiple comparison test was applied to detect the difference between groups. All analysis results were based on a p<0.05 value. Table 1
Normality Test
Scale/ Шкала Skewness/ Ассиметрия Kurtosis/Эксцесс
Confidenœ/Уверенност ь -,390 1,075
Control/Контроль -,021 -,161
Continuity/Непрерывность ,152 ,162
Mental Endurance in sports general/ Психическая устойчивость в спорте ,322 ,796
Finding
Table 2
Frequency Distribution Regarding Socio-Demographic Characteristics
Demographic Changes/ Демографические изменения Frequency/ Частота Percentage/ Процент (%)
Age/Возраст 16-18 Age/16-18 лет 63 25,1
19-21 Age/19-21 лет 42 16,7
22-24 Age/22-24 года 71 28,3
25 Age and Above/ 25 лет и 75 29,9
выше
Total/ Всего 251 100
Male/Мужчины 139 55,4
Sex/ Пол Female/Женщины 112 44,6
Total/ Всего 251 100
Teakwando/Таэквандо 86 34,3
Boxing/Бокс 34 13,5
Sports Branch/Вид спорта Soccer/Футбол 74 29,5
Swimming/Плавание 57 22,7
Total/ Всего 251 100
Place of residence/MecTO Center of city/Центр города 185 73,7
Town/Город 53 21,1
жительство Village/Село 13 5,2
Total/ Всего 251 100
Athlete Level/Квалификация Amateur/Любители 181 72,1
Professional/Профессионалы 70 27,9
Total/Всего 251 100
When the demographic values are examined in Table 2, 44.6% of the participants in the study are women, with 112 people, 55.4% are men, with 139 people, and a total of 251 athletes. According to the age variable, it is observed that 25.1% of the athletes are 16-18 years old, 16.7% are 19-21 years old, 28.3% are 22-24 years old and 29.9% are 25 years old and over. According to the sports branch, they stated that 34.3% were interested in Teakwando, 13.5% were in Boxing, 29.5% were in Football and 22.7% were in Swimming. In addition, the participants mostly; He stated that 73.7% of them resided in the city center and 72.1% of them were amateur athletes.
Table 3
T-test results of Mental Endurance scores in sports according to gender
General and Sub-
Dimensions of the Scale/
Общие и Sex/Пол N x ss t sd p
дополнительные
измерения шкалы
Confidence/Уверенност ь Male/Мужчины 139 17,62 2,73 3,415 249 ,001**
Female/Женщины 112 16,46 2,63
Control/Контрол ь Male/Мужчины 139 10,67 2,19 2,312 249 ,022*
Female/Женщины 112 10,05 1,98
Continuity/Непрерывность Male/Мужчины 138 12,19 1,89 3,968 249 ,000***
Female/Женщины 112 11,27 1,74
MTiS General/ Общий Male/Мужчины 139 40,47 4,59
показатель психической Female/Женщины 112 37,78 4,31 4,747 249 ,000***
устойчивости в спорте
***p<0,001, **p<0,01, *p<0,05
When Table 3 is examined, the difference in Mental Endurance scores and sub-dimensions in sports according to the gender variable of the participants was found to be significant (p <0.05).
A significant difference was detected in trust subscale scores according to gender (p<0.05). When the average values were examined, it was determined that men had a higher average than women (x =16.46), with a value of (x =17.62).
A significant difference was detected in control subscale scores according to gender (p<0.05). When the average values were examined, it was determined that men had a higher average than women (xx =10.05), with a value of (XX =10.67).
A significant difference was detected in continuity subscale scores according to gender (p<0.05). When the average values were examined, it was determined that men had a higher average than women (XX =11.27), with a value of (XX =12.19).
A significant difference was detected in SZDE General scores according to gender (p<0.05). When the average values were examined, it was determined that men had a higher average than women (XX=37.78), with a value of (X=40.47).
Table 4
T-test results of Mental Endurance scores in sports according to athlete level
General and Sub-
Dimensions of the Scale/ Общие и дополнительные Athlete level/Уровень спортсмена N x ss t sd p
измерения шкалы
Confidence/Увврвнност ь Amateur/Любитель 181 17,07 2,67 -,309 249 ,757
Professional/Профессионал 70 17,19 2,94
Control/Контрол ь Amateur/Любитель 181 10,15 2,12 - 249 ,003**
Professional/Профессионал 70 11,03 1,97 3,002
Continuity/Непрерывность Amateur/Любитель 180 11,73 1,84 -,576 249 ,565
Professional/Профессионал 70 11,89 1,99
MTiS General/ Общий Amateur/Любитель 181 38,94 4,39
показатель психической устойчивости в спорте Professional/Профессионал 70 40,10 5,22 1,772 249 ,078
**p<0,01
According to the athlete level of the participants, no significant difference was found except for the mental endurance scores in sports and the control sub-dimension from its sub-dimensions (p>0.05).
A significant difference was detected in control subscale scores according to athlete level (p<0.05). When the average values were examined, it was determined that professional level athletes had a higher average than amateur athletes (XX =10.15), with a value of (XX =11.03).
Table 5
ANOVA results of Mental Endurance scores in sports according to age variable
General and SubDimensions of the Scale/ Общие и дополнительные измерения шкалы Age/Возраст N x ss F P
Confidence/Уверенность 16-18 Age 63 16,89 2,64 ,812 ,488
19-21 Age 42 16,67 3,65
22-24 Age 71 17,39 2,06
25 Age and Above 75 17,24 2,81
Total/ Всего 251 17,10 2,74
Control/Контроль 16-18 Age 63 10,30 2,05 1,035 ,378
19-21 Age 42 10,05 2,56
22-24 Age 71 10,73 1,80
25 Age and Above 75 10,35 2,17
Total/ Всего 251 10,39 2,11
Continuity/Непрерывность 16-18 Age 63 11,73 1,91 ,964 ,410
19-21 Age 42 11,37 1,95
22-24 Age 71 11,97 1,84
25 Age and Above 75 11,85 1,85
Total/ Всего 251 11,78 1,88
MTiS General/ Общий показатель психической устойчивости в спорте 16-18 Age 63 38,92 4,45 1,850 ,139
19-21 Age 42 38,07 5,33
22-24 Age 71 40,10 3,86
25 Age and Above 75 39,44 5,01
Total/ Всего 251 39,27 4,65
According to the age variable of the participants, the difference in mental endurance scores and sub-dimensions in sports was not found to be significant (p>0.05). When the general average values of athletes' mental endurance levels in sports are examined; The highest (XX=40.10) value was observed in the athlete group between the ages of 22-24, while the lowest (XX=39.44) value was observed in the athlete group between the ages of 19-21.
Table 6
ANOVA results of Mental Endurance scores according to sports branch
General and SubDimensions of the Scale/ Общие и дополнительные измерения шкалы Sports Branch/Вид спорта N x ss F p Meaningfulness/ Осмысленность
Confidence/Уверенность Teakwando (яУТаэквандо 86 16,57 2,58 3,001 ,031* a<b
Boxing (Ъ)/Бокс 34 17,82 2,88
Soccer ^/Футбол 74 17,61 2,68
Swimming ^/Плавание 57 16,81 2,83
Total/ Всего 251 17,10 2,74
Control/Контроль Teakwando (яУТаэквандо 86 11,08 1,76 7,301 ,000*** d<a
Boxing (Ь)/Бокс 34 10,35 2,48
Soccer ^)/Футбол 74 10,34 2,17
Swimming ^/Плавание 57 9,46 1,96
Total/ Всего 251 10,39 2,11
Continuity/Непрерывность Teakwando (яуТаэквандо 86 11,39 1,71 6,476 ,000*** a<b,c d<b,c
Boxing (Ь)/Бокс 34 12,65 2,00
Soccer ^)/Футбол 74 12,19 1,80
Swimming ^/Плавание 57 11,30 1,88
Total/ Всего 251 11,78 1,88
MTiS General/ Общий показатель психической устойчивости в спорте Teakwando (яуТаэквандо 86 39,03 4,22 4,979 ,002** d<b,c
Boxing (Ь)/Бокс 34 40,82 5,42
Soccer ^)/Футбол 74 40,14 4,62
Swimming ^/Плавание 57 37,56 4,35
Total/ Всего 251 39,27 4,65
"*p<0,001, **p<0,01, *p<0,05
When Table 6 is examined, the difference in mental endurance scores and all sub-dimensions of the participants according to their sports branch was found to be significant (p <0.05).
The difference in the confidence sub-dimension according to sports branch was found to be significant (p <0.05). As a result of the difference tests between groups, branch; The difference was found to be significant between the Teakwando athlete group (XX =16.57) and the Boxing athlete group (xx =17.82). In addition, it was observed that the athlete group whose branch was boxing had the highest average value in the relevant sub-dimension scores.
The difference in the control sub-dimension according to sports branch was found to be significant (p <0.05). As a result of the difference tests between groups, branch; The difference was found to be significant between the group of athletes in Teakwando (XX =11.08) and the group of athletes in Swimming (XX=9.46). In addition, it was observed that the athlete group whose branch was taekwondo had the highest average value in the relevant subscale scores.
The difference in the continuity sub-dimension according to sports branch was found to be significant (p <0.05). As a result of the difference tests between groups, branch; The difference was found to be significant between the group of athletes in Teakwando (XX =11.39), the group of athletes in Boxing (XX =12.65) and the group of athletes in Football (XX =12.19). In addition to intra-group differences, branch; The difference was found to be significant between the swimming (XX = 11.30) athlete group, the boxing (XX =12.65) athlete group and the football (XX = 12.19) athlete group. In addition, it was observed that the athlete group whose branch was boxing had the highest average value in the relevant sub-dimension scores.
Table 7
ANOVA results of Mental Endurance scores by place of residence
General and SubDimensions of the Scale/ Общие и дополнительные измерения шкалы Age/Возраст N x ss F p
Center of City/Центр 185 16,97 2,79
Confidence/Уверенность города
Town/Город 53 17,49 2,66 ,824 ,440
Village/Село 13 17,38 2,22
Total/ Всего 251 17,10 2,74
Control/Контроль Center of City/Центр города 185 10,49 2,14
Town/Город 53 10,06 2,06 ,872 ,419
Village/Село 13 10,38 1,94
Total/ Всего 251 10,39 2,11
Center of City/Центр 184 11,69 1,80
Continuity/Непрерывность города
Town/Город 53 11,87 2,03 1,562 ,212
Village/Село 13 12,62 2,22
Total/ Всего 250 11,78 1,88
MTiS General/ Общий Center of City/Центр города 185 39,15 4,64
показатель психической Town/Город 53 39,42 4,93 ,463 ,630
устойчивости в спорте Village/Село 13 40,38 3,80
Total/ Всего 251 39,27 4,65
There was no significant difference in mental endurance scores and sub-dimensions in sports according to the participants' place of residence (p>0.05). When the general average values of athletes' mental endurance levels in sports are examined; The highest value (XX=40.38) was observed in the group of athletes residing in the village, while the lowest value (XX=39.15) was observed in the group of athletes residing in the city center.
Discussion and conclusion
According to the gender variable of the participants, the difference in Mental Endurance scores and sub-dimensions in sports was found to be significant. A significant difference was detected in the trust subscale scores according to gender. When the average values were examined, it was determined that men had a higher average than women. A significant difference was detected in control subscale scores according to gender. When the average values were examined, it was determined that men had a higher average than women. A significant difference was detected in the continuity subscale scores according to gender. When the average values were examined, it was determined that men had a higher average than women. A significant difference was detected in SZDE General scores according to gender. When the average values were examined, it was determined that men had higher averages than women. Nicholls et al. (2009) [16]; Orhan (2018) [17] concluded that
there is a statistically significant relationship between gender and Mental Endurance level. Considering the findings of Masum's (2014) [15] study on tennis players of Pakistani origin, a significant difference was seen between the gender variable and the level of Mental Endurance. It was stated that this difference was due to the fact that male athletes had a higher Mental Endurance total score average than female athletes. The findings obtained in these studies regarding the relationship between gender and Mental Endurance are similar to the findings obtained as a result of our research; These studies concluded that male athletes have a higher level of mental endurance than females. In the study conducted by Pehlivan (2014) [18], no significant relationship was found between the gender variable and Mental Endurance. The fact that there were athletes under the age of 18 who were interested in both individual and team sports in [18] study is likely to lead to a different result than our study. In the study conducted by [26] with basketball players, it was determined that the average Mental Endurance scores of female athletes were higher than the average Mental Endurance scores of male athletes. Although this result is the exact opposite of the result we obtained in our research, the reason for this situation may be due to individual differences in the research groups, but it is also likely to be due to the fact that the level of competition in the branches is not the same due to the difference in the branches examined in the studies. Sari et al. (2020) [19] in their study on taekwondo athletes, no significant difference was found between Mental Endurance and gender variable. According to the participants' athlete level, no significant difference was found except for the mental endurance scores in sports and the control sub-dimension. A significant difference was detected in control subscale scores according to athlete level. When the average values were examined, it was determined that professional athletes had higher averages than amateur athletes. In the study conducted by [4] with 136 amateur, semi-professional and professional athletes, they found that the group doing sports professionally was mentally more resilient than the semiprofessional and amateur group. Crust and Keegan (2010) [7] stated that there was a positive correlation between the Mental Endurance and risk-taking levels of 69 amateur athletes engaged in combat sports at the national level, and that athletes with high Mental Endurance scores were very likely to choose professional sports life. According to the age variable of the participants, the difference in mental endurance scores and sub-dimensions in sports was not found to be significant.When the general average values of athletes' mental endurance levels in sports are examined; It was determined that the highest value was observed in athletes between the ages of 2224, while the lowest value belonged to the athletes between the ages of 19-21. Similarly, [12] concluded that there was no significant difference in the Mental Endurance level depending on the age variable in their study on table tennis branch athletes and [10] on professional wrestling branch athletes. However, [23] found in his study with professional football players that their mental endurance levels increased as the age of the football players increased. As a result of their study with
football players in different leagues, [2] stated that there was a significant difference in the confidence and control sub-dimensions of Mental Endurance according to the age variable. Crust et al., (2014) [6] stated that age is an important factor in determining Mental Endurance.
It was concluded that there was no significant difference in the participants' mental endurance scores and sub-dimensions in sports according to their age variable.According to the participants' sport branch variable, the difference in Mental Endurance scores in sports and all its sub-dimensions was found to be significant. The difference in the confidence sub-dimension according to sports branch was found to be significant. As a result of the difference tests between groups, branch; The difference was found to be significant between the Teakwondo athlete group and the Boxing athlete group. In addition, it was observed that the athlete group whose branch was boxing had the highest average value in the relevant subscale scores. The difference in the control sub-dimension according to sports branch was found to be significant. As a result of the difference tests between groups, branch; The difference was found to be significant between the Teakwando athlete group and the Swimming athlete group. In addition, it was observed that the athlete group whose branch was taekwondo had the highest average value in the relevant sub-dimension scores.The difference in the continuity subdimension according to sports branch was found to be significant. As a result of the difference tests between groups, branch; The difference was found to be significant between the Teakwondo athlete group, the Boxing athlete group and the Football athlete group. In addition to intra-group differences, branch; The difference was found to be significant between the swimming athlete group, the boxing athlete group and the football athlete group. In addition, it was observed that the athlete group whose branch was boxing had the highest average value in the relevant subscale scores. It was conducted by [16]. When the research results were examined, it was seen that, unlike the current study, there was no significant difference between team and individual sports. According to [3], Mental Endurance is having the mental qualities necessary to succeed in a certain sports context. In different types of sports, Mental Endurance is exhibited through different behaviors. For example, the mental endurance required to maintain self-control in order to achieve the "last shot" in golf, the mental endurance required to take unexpected risks due to high speed to win in Formula 1, and the ability to sustain high-intensity training and push the body's limits in endurance sports. The mental endurance qualities required differ from each other. In the interviews conducted by [5] with athletes to understand how Mental Endurance develops, it was suggested that the development may be affected by the type of sport and teammates. Vealey (1988) [24] suggested that team athletes would score higher on Mental Endurance than individual athletes.
According to the participants' place of residence variable, the difference in Mental Endurance scores and sub-dimensions in sports was not found to be significant. When the general average values of athletes' mental endurance levels in sports are examined; While the highest value was observed in
the group of athletes residing in the village, it was concluded that the lowest value belonged to the group of athletes residing in the city center.
Studies can also be conducted to identify and increase the skills and knowledge levels of athletes, sports psychologists and coaches regarding mental endurance. Having sports psychologists in sports clubs and conducting training programs with both athletes and their families at regular intervals can positively contribute to the performance of athletes. There is a difference in sports endurance scores and sub-dimensions according to the gender variable that can participate in the research, women have a higher average according to their characteristics compared to male changes, there is a significant difference in Control sub-dimension scores according to the variability of the sport level, there is a significant difference in the mental endurance scores in sports and all subdimensions according to the variability of the sports branch. Although there is a difference in sports endurance scores and sub-dimensions according to the place of residence variable, there is a significant difference.
Recommendations
Psychological skill training can be added to increase athletes' motivation for success and thus their mental endurance can be increased.
Training seminars can be given to coaches and sports managers to improve the success and psychological skills of athletes in the field of mental endurance.
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Submitted: 06.10.2024
Unal Turkqapar - PhD doctor, Professor, Kahramanmara§ Sutcu Imam University Faculty of Sport Sciences, 46050, Turkey, Oniki§ubat, West Ring Road Boulevard, House 251/A, e-mail: [email protected]
Abdyrakhmanova Dzhiparkul Omushevna - Candidate of Biological Sciences, Associate Professor, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Kyrgyz-TurkishManas University, 720001, Kyrgyz Republic, Bishkek, pr. Mira, House 56, e-mail: jiparkul.abdyrahmanova@,manas.edu.kg
Burhan Basoglu - Dr., Nevsehir Haci Bektas Veli University, Faculty of Sport Sciences, 50300, Turkey, Nevsehir, Nevsehir Center, Zubeyde Hanim street, 2000 Evlere, e-mail: hiirhanhasogliiane vsehir.edu.tr
Унал Туркчапар - доктор PhD, профессор. Факультет спортивных наук Университет Кахраманмараш Сутчу Имам; бульвар Вест-Ринг-Роуд, 251/A, 46050 Оникишубат/Кахраманмараш, Турция. e-mail: [email protected], ORCiD: 0000-00024205-6446, +90 505 626 68 87
Абдырахманова Джипаркуль Омушевна, доктор биологических наук, профессор. Факультет спортивных наук, Кыргызско-Турецкий Университет «Манас», пр. Мира, 56, г. Бишкек, Кыргызстан, 720001. Email: jiparkul. abdyrahmanova@manas. edu. kg, ORCID: 0000-0002-7569-1286, +996552854566
Бурхан Башолу, Невшехир университет Хаджи Бекташ Вели факультет спортивных наук, 2000 Эвлер, ул. Зюбейде Ханым, 50300 Невшехир Центр/Невшехир, Турция. burhanbasoglu@,nevsehir.edu.tr, https://orcid.org/0001-0001-9498-671X
