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ОБЗОРНЫЕ СТАТЬИ
MSC 47A10 DOI: 10.14529/mmp190201
INVERSE SPECTRAL PROBLEMS AND MATHEMATICAL MODELS OF CONTINUUM MECHANICS
G.A. Zakirova, South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation, zaki rovaga@ susu.ru
The article contains results in the field of spectral problems for mathematical models with discrete semi-bounded operator. The theory is based on linear formulas for calculating the eigenvalues of a discrete operator. The main idea is to reduce spectral problem to the Fredholm integral equation of the first kind. A computationally efficient numerical method for solving inverse spectral problems is developed. The method is based on the Galerkin method for discrete semi-bounded operators. This method allows to reconstruct the coefficient functions of boundary value problems with a high accuracy. The results obtained in the article are applicable to the study of problems for differential operators of any order. The results of a numerical solution of the inverse spectral problem for a fourth-order perturbed differential operator are presented. We study some mathematical models of continuum mechanics based on spectral problems for a discrete semi-bounded operator.
Keywords: inverse spectral problem; discrete operator; fourth order operator; self-adjoint operator; eigenvalues; eigenfunctions; ill-posed problems.
Dedicated to the 60-th birthday of outstanding mathematician Jacek Banasiak.
Introduction
Let
Q = {x = (xi,x2,... ,xN) : 0 < Xj < aj,j = 1,..., N}, aj > 0
be a N-dimensional parallelepiped with lateral surface r. Let L is a discrete semibounded operator on separable Hilbert space H with domain L2 [Q]. Consider spectral problem
Lu = ^u, u G L2[Q],
Gu
= 0.
г
We assume that the properties of some functions included in operator L are known but their functional dependencies are not. Let us also know the eigenvalues of operator L belonging to segment [c, d]. We set the following inverse spectral problem: to restore the functions included in operator L in case, when eigenvalues Щ=1 of operator L belonging to segment [c, d] are known.
Today we know quite a few methods for solving the inverse spectral problem. The detailed description of these methods and their applicability can be found in review [43]. Let us dwell only on the method not mentioned in this review, later called the method of regularized traces. This method formed the basis for many of the studies mentioned later in
this article. The ideas of the method were first formulated in the work of V.A. Sadovnichii and V.V. Dubrovskii [34]. Later, in articles [8,9] the theoretical justification of the method was given applied to inverse spectral problems for the perturbed Laplace operator. The theory of inverse problems for the Laplace operator with potential were further developed in works of V.A. Sadovnichii, V.V. Dubrovskii and their students [11,12,35,36]. For example, in article [38] there were developed the algorithms of the approximate solution of the inverse spectral problem generated by the perturbed degree of Laplace operator. The inverse problem for perturbed degree 3 > 3/2 of Laplace operator was solved [39]. In [13] the inverse problem for degree 3 > N/2 of the Laplace operator was considered. In articles [47,48] the inverse spectral problem for mathematical models with fractional degree of Laplace operator was considered.
The method of regularized traces formed the basis for studies of spectral problems carried out by S.I. Kadchenko. In [17] the method was developed that allows to calculate the eigenvalues of discrete semi-bounded operators of form T + P. Here T is discrete semibounded operator and P is restricted operator, given in separable Hilbert space H. The main idea of the method is as follows. Let eigenvalues (An}^=1 of operator T, numbered in non-decreasing order of their values taking into account the algebraic multiplicity, and orthonormal eigenfunctions {vn}^=1 of operator T corresponding to An be known. Denote by vn multiplicity of eigenvalue An, and by n0 the number of all unequal eigenvalues of Xn, which are lie inside circle tno of radius pno = lAno+i+Anol centered in the origin of the complex plane. Let {pn}c^=1 are the eigenvalues of operator T + P, numbered in non-decreasing order of their real parts. If for all n E N inequalities qn = .. < 1 are
satisfied then {^n}m=1 can be calculated by formulas
= Ara + (Pvn,vn) + 5i(n), n=l,m0, (1)
where for i1(n) the estimates are valid
2 no
\Si(n)\ < (2n-l)pn--, q = maxqn, m0 = y^un.
1 — q n&N L—'
n=1
It is worth noting that all of the above results are fair when there are some restrictions on the norm of perturbing operator P. So, equations (1) are obtained under the condition
||P|| < 0,5|An+vn - An|, Vn G N.
This narrows down the class of problems to which the results can be applied. For research of applied problems it is necessary to develop such methods of analytical and numerical study of inverse spectral problems that would allow us to solve problems not tied to specific types of operators, and construct their solution for a sufficiently wide class of discrete semi-bounded operators. The development of such research methods will allow to conduct the study not only of existing problems, within the directions, but also of new problems described by differential or integro-differential equations.
In addition to the introductory part and the list of references, the article contains six paragraphs. The first section is devoted to finding eigenvalues of discrete semibounded operators. The second section provides a method for solving inverse spectral problems generated by discrete semibounded operators, which is based on the formulas obtained in the first paragraph. In the third paragraph the inverse spectral problem for the Sturm-Liouville operator generated by a fourth order differential equation is considered. In the
fourth and fifth paragraphs, all abstract results are illustrated by concrete examples. The sixth section is devoted to the review of applications of inverse spectral problems.
Abstract methods developed by the author are applied to research of the following mathematical models:
1. Mathematical Model of Longitudinal Vibrations of the Rod with Variable Cross-Section Equation
m-
94 UEF(2)
dt2 dx\ dx>
with some homogeneous boundary conditions, describes the longitudinal or torsional vibrations of an elastic rod with a variable cross section. Here m = m(x) is the mass of the rod length unit; m = p; p = p(x) is the material density distributed along the rod; E = E(x) is the Young module; F = F(x) is the cross-sectional area of the rod. Inverse spectral problems for the mathematical model of elastic rod oscillations in various formulations were considered in [1,4,31].
2. Mathematical Model of Antiplane Vibrations of Elastic Layer Antiplasma fluctuations of the elastic layer is described by following boundary problem
[4] 2
1 „/^n F p d2u , .
+ g = <3)
Uy |z=0 = Uy |z=H = 0, (4)
where U = (ux,uy,uz) is a displacement vector, H = const is a layer thickness, 6 = Vu, (x,y,z) is Cartesian coordinate system, F = (Fx,Fy, Fz) is volume force, G = const is a shear modulus, a is Poisson's ratio, p(z) is a material density.
All mathematical models discussed above can be reduced to an operator equation of form
Lu = pu, (5)
where L is a discrete lower semibounded operator in separable Hilbert space H. The study of these mathematical models is carried out in the framework of the following inverse spectral problem for equation (5). Let approximate eigenvalues }n=1 of operator L be known. It is necessary to restore operator L using its known eigenvalues.
1. Computation of Eigenvalues of Discrete Lower Semibounded Operators by Modified Galerkin Method
Definition 1. Operator L acting in separable Hilbert space H is called discrete if there exists some complex number Ao such that R\0 = (L — X0E)-1 is a completely continuous operator in H.
Definition 2. Operator L is called semibounded from below (on top), if there exists such real number c, that inequality
(Lf,f) > c(f,f), ((L/,/) < c(f,f))
is satisfied for all / G dom L.
Consider discrete semibounded operator L given in separable Hilbert space H with dom L C H. Denote by r the boundary of dom L. If L is a differential operator, eigenvalues p are determined by finding nontrivial solutions of equation
Lu = pu, (6)
that satisfy homogeneous boundary conditions
Gu|r = 0. (7)
To calculate them, we use the Galerkin method. We introduce sequence {Hn}^=1 of finite-dimensional spaces Hn C H, which is full in H. Let the orthonormal basis of space Hn be known and consist of functions {^k}n=1. Functions must satisfy boundary conditions (7). Following the Galerkin method, the approximate solution of the spectral problem (6), (7) is found as n
Un = ^ ak (n)^fc. (8)
k=1
Write equation (6) as
4 v y (L - AE V = (p - A)<£ (9)
for discrete operator L, there exists resolvent operator Ra(L) = (L — AE)-1, which is
completely continuous at H. Acting left on both parts of equation (8) with Ra(L) operator,
we get
= (p - A)Ra(L)^.
Based on [18] the Galerkin method applied to the problem of finding eigenvalues of the equation (9), a hence, equations (6) converges. Thus, the statements are fair
Theorem 1. [18] Let L be a discrete semibounded from below operator acting in a separable Hilbert space H. If the system of coordinate functions {^k}£=1 is a basis in space H, then the Galerkin method applied to the problem of finding the eigenvalues of spectral problem, (6), (7), constructed on this system of functions, converges.
Theorem 2. [18] Let L be a discrete semibounded from below operator acting in separable Hilbert space H. If the system of coordinate functions {^kis an orthonormal basis of H, then approximate eigenvalues pn of operatorL can be found by
pn(n) = (L^n, ^n) + ¿n, (10)
n- 1
where ¿n = [pk(n-1)-pk(n)], pn(n) are n-th Galerkin approximations to corresponding k=1
eigenvalues pn of operator L.
If operator L can be represented as L = T + P, where T is a discrete semibounded operator and P is a bounded operator in H, then operator L = T + P is also discrete semibounded in H. Therefore, if coordinate function system {^kin Theorem 2 consists of orthonormal eigenfunctions vk of operator T and satisfies boundary conditions (7), then for discrete semibounded operator L = T + P formula (10) will take form (1). But in this case, it is not necessary to impose any restrictions on the norm of operator P.
Remark 1. Linear formulas (1) and (10) for calculating eigenvalues pn of L = T + P operator are obtained on the basis of the regularized trace method and the Galerkin
21| P ||
method. When conditions qn = —-—- < 1 for \/n G N are met then (1) and (10)
|An+v„ - An|
are equivalent.
Theorem 3. Let L be discrete semibounded from below operator acting in separable Hilbert space H. If the system of coordinate functions {pk}fc=i is an orthonormal basis in H, then the Galerkin method in application to the problem of finding eigenvalues of spectral problem, Lu = ju, built on this system of functions, converges.
N.A. Polskiy introduced the so-called (A)-condition, or Polskiy condition of convergence of projective methods. He also noted that for a positive operator this condition in the Galerkin method is automatically. Thus, under the conditions of Theorem 2 and on the basis of the results of [26-28], the eigenvalues of (9) can be obtained as limits of their own elements. Therefore, we have a result
Theorem 4. If L is a discrete semibounded operator acting in separable Hilbert space H, then there exists a unique solution of the problem of finding the eigenvalues of operator L. Approximate values of eigenvalues can be found by the Galerkin method.
If jlk(n) is the n-th approximate eigenvalue for k-th eigenvalue of jk of operator L is found using Galerkin method, then, on the basis of Theorem 2 and 3 have
lim jlk (n) = jk, k G N. (11)
Since for any k G N lim (jlk(n — 1) — jtk(n)) = 0, for any k G N and for any e > 0 there
exists number Ne, for all n > Ne that inequalities are hold:
e
|Hk(n- 1) - Hk(n)| <
Then
n— 1 n— 1 n— 1 -,
£ sr^ 1
k2 ^ k2 fc=1 fc=1 fc=1
2 ^ n2
< £-
6
Here ^(1,n) is a polygamma function. Therefore, lim 6n = 0. Thus, the next Theorem holds.
n
n^œ
Theorem 5. Let L be a discrete semibounded operator acting in separable Hilbert space H. If the system of coordinate functions is orthonormal basis H and satisfies
the homogeneous boundary conditions of spectral problem (6), (7), then the limit of the sequence of numbers 5n included in formulas (10) at n ^ œ is equal to zero
lim 8n = 0. (12)
Formulas (10) allow us to find approximate values of discrete semibounded operators eigenvalues with a high computational efficiency. In contrast to the classical methods of computing the eigenvalues for discrete semibounded operators formulas (10) have several advantages: they drastically reduce the number of computations; solve the problem of finding eigenvalues of matrices of high order; allow us to find the eigenvalues of regardless of whether the eigenvalues with smaller numbers are known or not; solve the problem of calculating all the required points of the spectrum of the discrete semibounded operators. All of the above significantly increases the computational efficiency of (10) formulas compared to the classical Galerkin method.
2. Solution of Inverse Spectral Problems Generated by Perturbed Self-Adjoint Operators
Using linear formulas (10) obtained on the basis of the Galerkin method, we construct a numerical method for solving inverse spectral problems generated by discrete semibounded operators.
Let operator L in equation (6) be in form
L = T + P,
where T is a self-adjoint operator and P is a bounded operator of multiplication by function p(s), s G [a, b] in separable Hilbert space L2(a,b). Assume that eigenvalues {Akand orthonormal eigenfunctions {^k}£=1 of operator T are known. Consider the problem of restoring potential P by eigenvalues {pk}n=1 of operator T + P in space L2(a, b).
Using (10), we construct an integral Fredholm equation of the first kind
f K(x,s)p(s)ds = f (x), C < x < d, (13)
J a
where functions f (x) and K(x, s) are such that f{xk) = Jik- Afc - / T{tpk{s))tpk{s)ds + K(xk, s) = fl(s), c < xk < d, k=l,n.
a
If kernel K(x, s) of integral equation (13) is continuous and closed in rectangle n = [a, b] x [c, d] and p(s) G Wg(a,b) and f (x) G L2(c, d), then as it is known, the solution of equation (13) is unique. Based on the function definition f (x), its values at points xk are known approximately. Denote through /(xk) approximate values of function f (xk) such that |f (xk) - /(xk)|| < £, Vxk G [c, d]. This estimate is used in the preparation of the algorithm of numerical solution of the problem.
Finding the solution of Fredholm integral equation of the first kind (13) is an ill-posed problem. The approximate solution p(s) can be found using the Tikhonov regularization. Numerical solution of equation (13) will determine an approximation p(s) of function p(s) at nodal points Si, i = 1,1, a = si < < ... < s/ = b. To get good accuracy at interpolation functions p(s), the number of node points I it is possible to choose large enough. Segment [c, d] is chosen as follows, to find the accuracy of eigenvalues pn found by formulas (10) belonging to this segment, met the specified requirements. Thus, using formula (10) managed to construct integral equation (13), which solution allows you to find approximate values p(s) operator p(s) at node points Sj of discretizations of segment [a, b].
The developed method formed the basis of the numerical method of solution inverse spectral problems for discrete semibounded operators and set out in works of [19,20]. It should be noted that the method described above allows us to recover discrete semibounded operator L in boundary value problem (6), (7) in case when L is a differential expression of form
Lu = po(s)u(n) + p1(s)un-1 + ... + pn (s)u. (14)
Here n is an order of differential operation.
3. Inverse Spectral Problem for the Sturm—Liouville Operator Generated by Fourth Order Differential Equation
To illustrate that the modified Galerkin method is applicable to the operators of a high order, we consider the spectral problem generated by the operator of the Sturm-Liouville problem of the fourth order
uIV + p4(s)u = ^u, 0 < s < 1, (15)
u(0) = u'(0) = 0, u(1) = u'(1) = 0.
Function p4(s) is twice differentiable in L(0,1). Let us compare the results of numerical calculations of eigenvalues of spectral problem (15), found by modified Galerkin method by formulas (10) and Galerkin method. For the system of coordinate functions {pk(s)}n=1 in the Galerkin method, we take the eigenfunctions of spectral problem
</V = Ap, p(0) = p'(0) = 0, p(1) = p'(1) = 0,
(16)
which, as it is not difficult to show are following
(s) = Cfc{ sh[qk(1 - s)] + sin[qfc(1 - s)] - ch(qfcs) sinqk+ + di(qk) sm(qks) + sh(qks) cos(qk) - sh(qk) cos(<?fcs)j, k= l,oo. Numbers qk are the roots of transcendental equation
1 - ch q cos q = 0.
The eigenvalues of spectral problem (16) are calculated by formulas
Ak
q4,
к = 1, oo.
In the Table we give approximate eigenvalues }lk=1 of spectral problem (15), found by formulas (10), and by the Galerkin method in the case when p4(s) = s2 + s + 4 — sin(s) + cos(3s). A feature of the spectral problems under consideration (15), (16) is a sharp increase in eigenvalues with increasing their numbers, which creates computational difficulties when using the Galerkin method. This is due to the condition number of matrix which eigenvalues are found. If the condition number of the matrix a (cond (A) = ||A||- ||A||-1) is greater than 103, it is assumed that the matrix a is ill-conditioned. At the same time the accuracy of the problem is not enough to trust it. In this example, cond (a) = 1,67 ■ 108. In order to avoid errors, the calculation was carried out in
(17)
(18)
(19)
Table
к А к 1Й - ßk \
1 500 6 504 9 1 7538 10- -5
2 3803 5 3807 9 1 1298 10- -5
3 14617 6 14622 0 3 5086 10- -6
4 39943 8 39948 2 1 7538 10- -6
5 89135 4 89139 8 1 3203 10- -7
6 173881 3 173885 7 3 0283 10- -7
7 308208 5 308212 9 1 7017 10- -7
8 508481 5 508486 0 1 0278 10- -7
9 793403 1 793407 6 6 5676 10- -8
10 1184013 6 1184018 0 4 3907 10- -8
11 1703691 1 1703695 5 3 0464 10- -8
12 2378151 6 2378156 1 2 1819 10- -8
13 3235449 0 3235453 5 1 6134 10" -8
14 4305974 9 4305979 4 1 2903 10- -8
15 5622458 8 5622463 2 5 0973 10" -8
the mathematical package Maple. The length of the mantissa for operations with real numbers was taken equal to 191. Such problems do not arise when using the modified Galerkin method to find eigenvalues by formulas (10).
The considered example, calculations of eigenvalues of semibounded discrete operators by the modified Galerkin method and its comparison with the results obtained by the classical Galerkin method confirm the validity of formulas (10).
4. Mathematical Model for Determining the Anomaly of Water Density on the Resonant Frequencies of the Oscillations Antiplastic
In the recent years there is the possibility of remote sensing the thickness of the ocean with artificial satellites. Free on top the ocean's internal waves are manifested in the form of light reflections moving with the phase velocity of internal waves. With artificial satellites can be fixed these highlights and measure the speed of their movement on the free surface of the ocean. Determining the phase velocity of propagation by photos from space internal waves and their length, density distribution can be calculated by depth and thus determine the location of the anomalous density (any objects in the deep ocean). Such objects can be jambs fish, submarines, bathyscaphe, divers, wrecks and so on.
Consider the problem of restoring the distribution of water density deep in the ocean for specific regions on the phase characteristics internal waves at the free surface, using conventional Oceanographic productions [24]. Initial works known to us in the field of inverse problems of wave motions inhomogeneous liquid are the works by S.A. Grodsky, V.N. Kudryavtsev, L.V. Cherkesov, I.T. Selezov. Currently, actively studying such tasks are engaged in E.N. Potetyunko (for example [29]).
Consider the elastic layer with thicknesses H = const, fixed at both boundaries z = 0 and z = H and extending to infinity along the horizontal destinations [30]. The origin is taken on the bottom base of the layer, axis z is directed vertically upwards, axis x,y are directed horizontally. In the Oceanological formulation of the problem of free oscillations of the stratified ocean in Boussinesq approximations and "solid covers" for amplitude function of vertical oscillations of fluid particles the problem is reduced to following boundary value problem [24]
Here W is a function of the amplitude of oscillations of fluid particles in the direction of Oz axis; 3(z) is a square of the frequency buoyancy (Brent-Vaisala frequency). Brent-Vaisala frequency is introduced for stable stratification (fluid density increases with increasing depth) and characterizes the frequency of small free oscillations of water particles near z level; p0 (z) is the density of the fluid in the equilibrium state( density of undisturbed ocean); u is circular frequency of free oscillations of an inhomogeneous liquid; k is the wave number corresponding the frequency in the vertical oscillations of the particles of inhomogeneous fluid; g is the acceleration of gravity; p0(z) is the density of the fluid in the
k2W(z) = 0, -H < z < 0,
(20) (21) (22)
W(-H) = 0, W'(0) -
p0 (z)-
equilibrium state, corresponding to the state of rest of the liquid; f = 2Q sin ^ is Coriolis force; Q is the angular velocity of the earth's rotation; ^ is latitude of the area in which the internal waves are considered; H = const is water depth. The mathematical model with different boundary conditions was also considered in the Boussinesq approximation when the boundary value of the problem is fell, and in approximation of a "rigid cover", when the boundary condition on the free surface is replaced by condition W(0) = 0. We also consider the problem in the Boussinesq approximation and "hard cover" at the same time.
Take the origin on the undisturbed surface of the liquid, Oz axis is directed vertically upwards against the force gravity [3]: compared to other members of equations
в (Z)
(20), summand--W' little, therefore, in the future we will use the Boussinesq
g
approximation [24]. For this case, equation (20) is written as:
W'\z) + ^ ~^k2W(z) = 0. ш - f 2
For any stratification and sufficient depth of the liquid, there is a surface wave propagating under the law of homogeneous liquid [3]:
2 ~/2 + V/4 + 4ff2fc2
W "-2-' (23)
0J = Vgk, / = o.
When processing the measured spectral characteristics from consideration should exclude frequencies that are close to designated relations (23) and non-carrying information on inhomogeneity liquids. Elimination of such frequencies can be carried out by replacing boundary condition in (20) for z = 0 with condition
W (0) = 0.
As a result of simplifications we come to the boundary value problem
W"(z) + Kf ~^k2W(z) = 0, (24)
ш2 - f 2
W (0) = W (-H) = 0. (25)
The values of function в(z) found based on the solution of the inverse spectral problems
(24), (25) are compared with background distribution of buoyancy frequency and
deviations from background density perturbations are determined in a given ocean area
[24]. Denote ш2 _ f2
Po(z) = 1 2, (26)
в (z) — ш2
and write spectral problem (24), (25) as
Po(z)W" = -k2W, -H < z < 0, (27)
W (0) = W (-H) = 0. (28)
z
By entering dimensionless variable £ = — + 1, we have
H
Po(£)W"(£) = pW(£), 0 <£< 1, (29)
W{ 0) = W{ 1) = 0, (30)
where ^ = — H2k2.
Known pairs (kn, ajn), n = 1, Ns, lying on different dispersion curves using the solution of inverse spectral problem (29), (30), are determined by the values of function po(z) in the nodes of the discretization. Knowing p0(z), using (26), we can find the values of function ^(z) and water density po. To do this, use equation from (22)
dpo ft(z)
dz g
in equation (31) let's replace with variable z = H(£ — 1), then
dpo H£ (£)
po (31)
- 1) , then Po- (32)
g
The general solution of a differential equation with separating variables (32) is
-B- f l3(()d(
Po(0 = Ce 9 Jo , 0 < £ < 1. Using initial condition po(1) = p*, we obtain
i
fsmdc Po(C )= p*e 5 ,
where p* is the density of the liquid at its upper boundary at £ = 1. Expressing ^ from formula (26), we write
f
po(£) = p*e 5 - (33)
Thus, the problem of restoring the anomalous distribution of water density in the ocean for its specific areas by the phase characteristics of internal waves manifested on the free surface is reduced to inverse spectral problem
po(£)W''(£) = ^W(£), 0 <£< 1, (34)
W (0) = W (1) = 0, (35)
where ^ = — H2k2.
The found distribution of function ^(z) will solve the problem on free oscillations of a vertically stratified fluid, which, in disregard of dissipative effects (viscosity, thermal conductivity, diffusion), reduces to Sturm-Liouville problem relative to the amplitude function of the vertical velocity component liquid particles.
5. Mathematical Model of Physical and Geometrical
Heterogeneities of the Elastic Rod Recovery at the Resonance Frequencies of the Longitudinal Oscillations
We consider the problem of longitudinal vibrations of a rod with variable cross section
[30]
d2 u d / du
mW = ai\EF-5i)< <36)
where m = m(x) is the mass of the rod length unit; m = pF; p = p(x) is the material density distributed along the rod; E = E(x) is the Young module; F = F(x) is the cross-sectional area of the rod. We will search for the periodic solution of equation (36) in the form
u(x,t) = U (x)eiWi. (37)
Substituting (37) into (36), we obtain
Tef
\ I ^n
u"+ ^шг1'1 + ЁРШ'u = (38)
7-T Г-Т , Hh у i- . .
Ei< = ф, = — = —, m = mo + mi(i),
Denote
m p 1
EF ~ Ё ~ ^
P = Po + Pi(x), po = moF, mi = piF, po,m0 = const, (39)
mo po 1
EF E
„2 •
Here c = c(x) is the local speed of sound for the derivative of density p(x) and an arbitrary Young's module of E(x); c0 = c(x) is the local speed of sound for constant density p0 and an arbitrary young's module of E(x); mi(x) is the mass deviation from the constant; p0(x) is deviation of the density from a constant. In equation (38) replace variable U:
U(x) = ^
and find U' and U"
, = 2y'j) - yip' = 2y,,i) + y'j)' -yj)" _ 3 ,
2ip% 2 V
Substituting the found values of derivatives into equation (38), we obtain
2y"ip + y'jj' - yjj" i\)' m 2 y -5--- — U H--rU + TTT^ -= U,
or
or
•фъ 2 ф ф EF
2у"ф + у'ф' - уф" ф' 2у'ф - уф' т 2 у
-з--—-я--Ь -^ш —ft = О,
Since
ф-2 2 ф 2 ф-2 EF
га га0 + mi р0 + pi 1 pi
that
EF EF E c0 E
In the resulting equation, we replace x = and y(x) = y(/£) = f (£) (here / is the length of the rod)
2/2 PW, ,2/2 1 ,. 2 f
; +1Т + "Г + 4Ш ~~ 2ф)
0
V co E 4 V ф/ 2ф/"
Hence
1 /" + тЩ?-J =
i + ^) i + ^)
E 4 V ф) 2ф' c
o
The spectral problem is considered for the construction of algorithms for the reconstruction of physical and geometric inhomogeneities of the elastic rod by resonant frequencies at longitudinal oscillations
1 W, , P (£) , 02
(40)
f (0) = f (1) = 0. (41)
We consider special case E = const. Let area F of cross section of the rod and its mass m change according to the laws
F = Fo[1 + n(£)], m = mo[1 + <(£)], £ £ [0,1]. (42)
Then from equations (39), we have
4[l + r?(e)P 2[1 + V(0Y ^
(n = mocl go = mo EF ((C) =
^ EF0l + v(0 EF0m0l + v(0
We write spectral problem (40), (41) as
-po(£)f''(£) - p2(£)f (£) = f (£), 0 < £ < 1 f (0) = f (1) = 0,
here
(44)
PoK). _L_ P2(e) = , = „, (45)
Functions po(£), p2(£) are continuous on the segment [0,1] and in this case po (£) = 0 for V£ £ (0,1). Get the equation for finding the values of function n(£), specifying distribution of the cross-sectional area of the rod. Using equals (45), find
m = p2(£) V(£)2 ?/'(£)
po(£) 4[1 + n(£ )]2 2[1 + n(£ )]■ Hence
2[1 + v(0W'(0 - v'(02 + + v(0? = 0. (46)
Assume that the values of n(0), n(1) are known
n(0) = no, n(1) = ni. (47)
As a result, for finding n(£) a nonlinear boundary value problem (46), (47) is obtained which solution can be found by numerical methods. Consider two special cases where F = Fo = const and p = po = const. In the first case, the density distribution of the material along the rod is as follows
P = ^[ 1+ ((£)]• (48) __
In the second case, the cross-sectional area of the rod is calculated by formula
F=—[ 1+ ((£)]• (49)
Po
It is shown that the developed method for solving inverse spectral problems makes it possible to determine the physical and geometric inhomogeneities of an elastic rod by resonant frequencies at its longitudinal and torsional vibrations.
6. Applications of Inverse Spectral Problems
As it is known, the inverse problem of spectral analysis means restoration of differential operators by some their spectral characteristics. Due to the need to address new feedbacks spectral problems, and describe complex technical processes the interest in this subject is constantly increases.
The results in the inverse spectral problems theory are applicable in many industries natural science. Developed by G.A. Sviridyuk the relative spectral theory [16,49] allows us to investigate those mathematical models to which the classical methods of spectral operator theories are not applied. Relevance of the spectral problems for discrete semibounded operators are due to not only a fundamental interest in this issue, but also to the need to study important applications, in particular, in mechanics, physics, electronics, Geophysics, Metrology, seismic exploration, identification of composite materials and other areas of science and technology. We constantly face with the phrase "spectral problems have wide application in various fields of natural science". Let finally bring the disparate facts in a more or less coherent whole.
For example, in solid mechanics inverse spectral problems allow us to determine the anomalous density in the depths of the ocean on the speed of propagation of internal waves and their length [7,32]. The problems of non-destructive control of building structures can be reduced to inverse spectral problems too [4]. In this tasks it is necessary to determine the density and structure of the material in the entire construction, when resonant oscillation frequencies of individual building elements are known. In optics, problems of this kind arise in determining the refractive index profile, which provides equidistantly spectrum of waveguide models [40]. Moreover, inverse problems are widely used in radio electronics in the synthesis of parameters non-uniform transmission lines with specified technical specifications [22,23], in the theory of elasticity in determining the size of cross sections beams at given frequencies of its own oscillations [44].
Inverse spectral problems have a wide application in such sections of physics, as quantum chromodynamics, molecular physics, the theory of the nucleus, where the model potentials are widely used. For example, the problem of determining the scattering phases from the observed experimental data in scattering reactions of [6]. The solving of inverse spectral problems in quantum mechanics allows to determine the atomic forces according to the known energy levels (i.e. spectrum), control the transparency of quantum systems, tunneling [37,45].
In Geophysics such problems arise when you search for natural mineral deposits in the measured vibrations of soil, rocks, water masses on the surface, in determining the density and Lame parameters, describing the properties of the Earth, in determining the electrical permeability and conductivity, magnetic permeability by measurements electromagnetic fields, or acoustic velocity by measurements sound [2,21], in determining
the temperature profile of the measured thermal spectrum atmospheric radiation by thermal sensing of the atmosphere [33], etc. The tasks in different issues of observability and identification controlled systems, issues of computer diagnostics of technical natural oscillation frequencies and control systems frequency-resonance characteristics of various technical devices described by linear dynamic systems also reduce to inverse spectral problems [5,14,15,25,41,42,46].
Acknowledgements. The work was supported by Act 211 Government of the Russian Federation, contract no. 02.A03.21.0011.
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Received November 23, 2018
УДК 519.642.8 DOI: 10.14529/mmp190201
ОБРАТНЫЕ СПЕКТРАЛЬНЫЕ ЗАДАЧИ И МАТЕМАТИЧЕСКИЕ МОДЕЛИ МЕХАНИКИ СПЛОШНЫХ СРЕД
Г.А. Закирова, Южно-Уральский государственный университет, г. Челябинск,
Российская Федерация
Статья носит обзорный характер и содержит результаты в области спектральных задач для математических моделей с дискретным полуограниченным оператором. В основу теории положены линейные формулы вычисления собственных чисел дискретного оператора и редукция рассматриваемых спектральных задач к интегральному уравнению Фредгольма первого рода. Разработанный на основе метода Галеркина вычислительно эффективный численный метод решения обратных спектральных задач для дискретных полуограниченных операторов позволяет с высокой точностью восстанавливать коэффициентные функции краевых задач. Полученные результаты применимы при исследовании задач для дифференциальных операторов любого порядка. Приведены результаты численного решения обратной спектральной задачи для возмущенного дифференциального оператора четвертого порядка. Проведено исследование некоторых математических моделей механики сплошной среды на основе спектральных задач для дискретного полуограниченного оператора.
Ключевые слова: обратная спектральная задача; дискретный оператор; оператор четвертого порядка, самосопряженный оператор; собственные числа; собственные функции; некорректно поставленные задачи.
Литература
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Галия Амрулловна Закирова, кандидат физико-математических наук, доцент,
кафедра «Уравнения математической физики>, Южно-Уральский государственный
университет (г. Челябинск, Российская Федерация), [email protected].
Поступила в редакцию 23 ноября 2018 г.
