CC BY
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INTERPRETATION AS THE WAY OF CULTURAL INTERACTION
Sharipova A.R.
Sharipova Albina Romanovna - Assistant teacher, DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGES, BUKHARA BRANCH
TASHKENT INSTITUTE OF IRRIGATION AND AGRICULTURAL MECHANIZATION ENGINEERS, BUKHARA, REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN
Abstract: the article is devoted to the business, diplomatic and simultaneous interpretation. The research includes some historical facts about diplomatic and simultaneous interpreting, specific details in work of business and escort interpreters and defines the ways to solve the problems. In conclusion, the investigation shows scientific approach to the organization of labor, allowing to join the process of simultaneous interpreting and, the importance of such specialists.
Keywords: interpretation, interaction, communication, bilingual, negotiations, to be equipped, investor, to convey, liaison, simultaneous, challenges, unseen, preparation, in advance, pre-translated, to perceive, intensive study, quality.
Since the very beginning of taped history, there appeared the necessity in communication and business interaction between people of different cultures. The possibility to speak in foreign language has always been special among people. Thus interpreters have constantly been of a huge significance in international communication throughout the centuries. Historical documents show that the profession of the interpreter had already been existed in ancient Egypt, Middle East, Greece, Rome and, Eastern Turkey. The oldest references found in ancient Egypt literature, refer to the period of approximately 3000-4000 years ago. Those translators, called dragomen, served pharaohs and, seem to be the first political interpreters. They considered to be bilingual dwellers of the boundary district between Egypt and Nubia [1].
The duty of escort interpreter is to companion foreign visitors who can't talk native language in the host country and promote the dialogue with the patron. Business interpreters contribute the connection between partners speaking various languages. They participate in conversations, presentations, negotiations, invest meetings, corporate parties. Such specialists need to be well possessed with the competence in business management, financial marketing and, many other spheres, to understand the matter and flash the ideas.
Either escort or business translators belong to the rank of interactive relations with a person or a group of people. As any other profession, this one, has its own pros and cons. The first excellence of this employment is that it widens the potential to admire journey. The majority traveling are of an upper-level entity. One more benefit is that the working conditions are far less messy or, even, chaotic, than those of conference or medical interpreters. Concerning the disadvantages, the first is that it may be difficult to search work. Business interpreters have to work hard for long sessions and, be smart in business concepts [2].
Interpreting in diplomatic environment includes not only language, but also a wide spectrum of factors which provide intercourse. Diplomatic settings embrace such national institutions as Ministries, Presidential Offices, Houses of Parliament, international institutions as the United Nations Organization and its agencies, the European Union, WTO, NATO and, international or inter-regional organizations.
It is considered, that diplomatic interpreters are ensnared in the making-history process; though, franchise like this, induces a lot of hardships. Such work treats with record and following the etiquette rules and, claims special background in lexis, speech skills and content in this sphere.
Like many other aspects of interpreting, diplomatic translation demands special preparation and professionalism. Diplomatic interpreters need training in liaison and
conference interpretation as well as craftsmanship in consistent and synchronous translation, though whispering interpretation is used more often. These specialists need to own proper knowledge and keep pace of world political, social and economic setup.
Vast amount in possession of two or more working languages, the mental ability to express ideas clearly and cultural information are very significant qualities for the interpreter, working in diplomacy. Voice staging, sounds articulation and modulation are demanded because whispered interpretation is used frequently. One of the principles of diplomatic interpreter is confidentiality.
Interpreters must implement several complex objectives at the same time: listen, perceive, understand, translate into his native language, observe, match, compare, make synthesis and analyze the message comprehensively and, finally, render it into target language, paying attention on the culture the receiver belongs to. Diplomatic settings open that the interpreter is, in fact, a critical link providing connection by overcoming linguistic and cultural barriers. Interpreters must be neutral, unbiased and, invisible. Subjects like dress code, etiquette, demeanor, the correct forms of address with dignitaries and, general good social graces are rarely taught at interpreting schools, but they are studied at courses in cross-cultural communication offered by many educational institutions and included in interpreter training curriculums. Nowadays ethics is of great importance in competence of interpreter.
It should be mentioned that diplomatic speech is a specialized discourse. Interpreters use terminology referred to plenty of different fields of economy and culture to natural sciences. The better the interpreter knows the discourse, the easier it will be for him to process the information. One of the stressors involved into diplomatic interpreter's work is a fact that he must avoid failures in communication.
This difficulty is diminished by time and experience. Sound interferences can also cause stress and problems. Another stressor is the fact that no hesitation is allowed and, it causes a time constraint. Decisiveness and experience can help interpreters to cope with this problem. Fatigue causes stress too. In such settings interpreters often work alone for plenty of time and, the work day is often beyond the working hours. Understatements are an important characteristic of diplomatic jargon. Interpreters must pay attention to pragmatic strategies and cultural aspects and, convey the message across linguistic and cultural barriers [3].
As to the translation itself, simultaneous interpreting, also makes some difficulties. And what are the competencies to overcome the challenges? Simultaneous interpretation is a type of translation when the interpreter, equipped with headphones and microphone, sits in a soundproof booth, listens to and, reproduces the oral interpretation at the same time as the speaker is pronouncing [4]. The delegate in the meeting room selects the relevant channel to hear the interpretation in the language of his choice. An interpreter is a person who converts a thought or expression in a source language into an expression with a comparable meaning in a target language [5]. This is a very hard work. Sometimes there may be two translators in the booth, who change each other every half hour. This type of translation is used at conferences, symposiums and other official prestigious events. It may be used in simultaneous interpreting of lectures, movies, theatre performances.
Resourcefulness, savvy, the ability to turn into a joke some negative moments, being kind to people, readiness to come and be useful, the desire to be active for the society, being full of sincere and genuine humor will, certainly, assist in any lay. Simultaneous interpreters, undoubtedly, are specialists making communication between people from different countries easier and more enjoyable.
References
1. Linda Brown «The role of the political interpreter in bilateral relations: an overview».
2008.
2. [Electronic resource]. URL:http://www.lingholic.com/best-interpreter-jobs/ (date of access: 05.05.2020).
3. Maria Rosaria BURI."Interpreting in diplomatic settings" 2015.
4. [Electronic resource]. URL:http://www.mastertranslating.com/faqs.htmI/ (date of access: 05.05.2020).
5. [Electronic resource]. URL:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_interpretation/ (date of access: 05.05.2020).
6. The history of simultaneous interpreting [Electronic resource]. URL:http://sinhroperevod.ru/node/36/ (date of access: 05.05.2020).
7. Types of simultaneous interpreting [Electronic resource]. URL:http://sinhroperevod.ru/htm/ (date of access: 05.05.2020).
ГИГИЕНА И ОХРАНА ГОЛОСА ДЕТЕЙ МЛАДШЕГО
ШКОЛЬНОГО ВОЗРАСТА
1 2 Калабаева О.А. , Евстафьева Е.Г.
1Калабаева Оксана Алексеевна - магистрант; 2Евстафьева Екатерина Геннадьевна - магистрант, департамент музыкального искусства, Институт культуры и искусств, Московский городской педагогический университет, г. Москва
Аннотация: в статье анализируются принципы, задачи и условия работы с начинающими вокалистами, методические основы обучения детей пению. Рассмотрены психолого-педагогические аспекты голосовой нагрузки у младших школьников, выбор репертуара, режим занятий, техника пения.
Ключевые слова: голосовой аппарат, звукообразование, охрана голоса, гигиена, условия, методы, природосообразность, оптимизация обучения.
Учитывая возросший интерес к пению не только у взрослых, но и у детей, задача охраны голоса и гигиены голосового аппарата в процессе возрастных изменений и проблема обучения детей вокалу становится все более актуальной. Цель настоящей статьи - рассмотреть вопрос гигиены и охраны детского голосового аппарата. Эта тема сегодня интересует не только педагогов, но и родителей, поскольку здоровье ребенка - для них самое главное. Детские педагоги вокала и фониатры еще с начала 30-х годов ХХ века поставили перед собой задачу, изучить, как развиваются детские голоса в процессе обучения вокалу во время индивидуальных и групповых уроков. Ученым было трудно отнести развитие голоса к определенной науке: «голос не является достоянием какой-либо науки - фониатрии, вокальной педагогики, логопедии и т.д.», это явление чрезвычайно сложное, междисциплинарного характера [6, с. 10].
Очень важное решение было принято в 1925 году на 1-м методическом совещании «Охрана детского голоса», на котором присутствовали педагоги-вокалисты, отоларингологи и фониатры. Они пришли к общему решению, что преподавание вокала у детей в домутационный период должен использовался только фальцетный механизм звукообразования, потом это направление в вокальной методике получило название «щадящей».
Педагогами-вокалистами Е.М. Малининой и С.И .Гиммельфарб совместно И.И. Левидовым была издана в 1936г. книга «Воспитание детского голоса», в которой
