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10INTELLIGENT AGENT FOR WEB WATCHING: LANGUAGE AND BELIEF SYSTEM
A. G. Kolonin
Aigents Group 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
УДК 004.896
In this paper we describe pre-requisites for development of an intelligent computer software agent for watching information on the web in favor of human users. First, we introduce an „interlingua" language for textual and verbal communication between a human and an agent, sufficient to upload any user's beliefs into the agent ontology and to convey further interactions between the two. Next, we discuss construction of the agent foundation belief ontology and extend it to a specific web-watching domain. Finally, the language and belief are tested against real-world interaction scenarios.
Key words: artificial language, artificial intelligence, belief system, human-computer interaction, inter lingua, ontology, software agent, web search.
Introduction. There are two complementary trends in the modern information technology development such as creation of artificial general intelligence agents [1] and emergence of the market of intelligent consumer devices or the so-called „Internet of Things" [2]. Both converging technologies mean wide spreading of semi-intelligent artificial software agents embodied in various software services and utilities as well as hardware consumer electronic devices, interacting with each other and human masters. At the same time, the interaction is assumed to be carried out in the context of knowledge structured by means of „Semantic
Web" technology, where each of the agents has its own belief ontology while all communicating
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relationships between them, possibly including other agents. Then, in the beliefs of the peer
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In the following research we describe the requirements for development of a software agent specialized in watching the web and monitoring specific web resources, looking up for the topics of interest provided by a human master. For this work we will be assuming that the
minimum capability of any agent of the kind would be to maintain bilateral conversation with
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Agent Language (AL) transported as a plain text on any protocol such as TCP/IP, HTTP, IRC, email, etc. Having this provided, the same language can be used as a communication protocol to create a top-level graphical user interface or a speech interface using third-party text-to-speech and speech-to-text technologies. Using this language, we construct agent's belief ontology, as a foundation which can be extended and enriched further in the course of communication between
an agent and a human — so that the agent can gradually acquire the world of human knowledge and learn behavioral schemata usable for humans.
Requirements. Such an agent would need to be capable of knowing the list of sites or web pages to watch for the target data, as well as the list of topics to be tracked. The patterns or templates to be used for this can be learned by an agent in the course of experiential learning or be pre-set by a human operator. The agent would also need to have a list of its peer contacts that must be updated with the collected news. There could be also a variable for supplement of reward/punishment, so that templates as well as behavioral patterns can be learned by an agent by the trial-and-fail method with a feedback from the master. The acting capabilities of this agent, besides communication with human peers, would include downloading HTML pages from the list of sites, matching templates in the pages and extracting specific values of interest from the findings. The agent should be capable to carry out the following activities:
— Get familiar with new personalities (human users), represented by names (to personify), email addresses (to send notifications to), some specific information (like date of birth — in order to resolve full namesakes) plus some secret information (to confirm identity),
— Establish verbal (chat) conversations with human users (and possibly other agents of the kind) having the identity of the peer confirmed by secret information provided,
— Provide an ability to recall or reset the secret information (if forgotten) by email (if supplied),
— Accept specification of some number of the web sites of interest provided by a human participant of the conversation,
— Accept specification of some things interesting for a human participant of the conversation, associated with these sites,
— For any thing of interest, optionally specify some textual patterns indicating occurrence of these things in the web site text,
— For the patterns, be able to manually configure indicative combinations of key words/tokens (e, g, „house sale"), variants and lemmas (e, g. large, huge, big, bigger biggest, etc.) and variable placeholders (e.g. [number], [date], [text]),
— Keep monitoring all sites of interests and respective things given by all familiar users and, if any new findings are discovered, provide users with news updates by chat (if there are open conversational sessions) and email, providing information about the time, site, particular thing and textual context of its experience,
— Be able to obtain feedback from a user supplied with the news in respect to applicability
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the information or agree with relevance but deny novelty (e, g, „good, but don't show it again
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— Be able to learn from user feedback and infer the extensions of the user's pattern on its own, so the former can be overridden eventually with the inferred pattern if it provides more relevant and novel news,
— Maintain a conversation with users letting them explore the sites and things of interest being operated by an agent, and let users to amend them — so the user can ask for lists of sites, things and links between them, add, remove or amend sites and things and their properties,
— Maintain a conversation with users retaining specific properties of humans such as notification frequency (hourly, daily, weekly, monthly) and the time to send the news,
— For the operations described above, keep the privacy of the users, isolating their private data from the others' data so all addition, removal and amendment operations are applied to
the image of a human user in the agent's belief system only — for each of the humans the agent is familiar with.
To support all of the above, we need to come up with a language capable to convey interactions between a user and an agent as well as to maintain extensible belief ontology of an agent's self.
Language. There are multiple studies in the area, targeting development of an „interlingua" usable for communication between software agents as well as between humans and these agents [3-7], Currently, the long-term goal of many companies and projects is enabling computer systems to speak real human languages. However, we assume it will not only need substantial time for further research and development, but it will also require enormous computational
resources which are typically not available in case of consumer devices. Respectively, we
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practical short-term approach. Below is a brief list of requirements for such language,
— The language has to possess communication-wise symmetry so that any peer agent of the conversation can transmit any kind of statements (declarative, imperative, interrogative, etc.) referring to the context of earlier statements made by any participant. It would be very different from the existing asymmetric client-server languages such as SQL, SPARQL, XML or JSON (unless bilateral implementations of such technologies are used),
— The language has to be semantically expressive being able to convey fundamental concepts of structured information such as class, object, attribute, value, name, set or array. It would complicate attempts to use synthetic human languages, for instance, simplified English or Lojban [3],
— The language should be semantically open and ontologically transparent, so that description and extension of the schema and object model of the subject area for any domain of communication could be done in the same linguistic structure using the same syntax as declarations, directives and interrogations about the data referring to that schema or model. This requirement cannot be met with XML [7] and JSON [5] since the schema is not expressed in the same medium and to some extent can be met only with RDF [7],
— The language should be compact and easily parse-able so large pieces of information can be transmitted and processed with less computational overhead which is especially important for wireless interactions with low bandwidth and embedded devices with low memory. Here is where XML-based encodings hardly have a promising future,
— The language should have the structure congruent to one of prevailing human languages (for instance, English) so the cost of learning it for humans can be kept to a minimum. Ideally, it should be comprehensible by humans with no special training at all, so that any intelligent consumer device could establish conversation with its owner out-of-the box. There are no good examples of such kind now, except Lojban+ [3] which still requires humans to learn a new natural language,
— The language should be capable of expressing any information contained in „Semantic
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information loss. In addition, it should be possible to express higher-order semantics or hyper-graphs with triples connected not only to the nodes (vertices) of a graph, but to the links (edges or arcs) of the graph as well.
In the following discussion we will consider how the above requirements can be satisfied with the Agent Language that we are suggesting.
Starting from the eases and examples described above and taking many other cases and examples into account, the following language called „Agent Language" (AL) can be developed. Below is the language grammar specification briefly expressed in EBNF [8] form (without going into details such as defining <number>, <date>, <time> and <string>),
<message> := ( <statement> I <acknowledgement> )* <acknowledgement> := ( 'ok' I ('true' I 'yes' I <number>) I
('110' I 'false' I 0) ) '.' <statement> := <interrogation> I <confirmation> I <declaration> I <direction> <interrogation> := 'what' ? <expression> '?' (* "open" incomplete graph *) <confirmation> := 'if' ? <expression-set> '?' (* "closed" complete graph *) <declaration> := ( <expression-set> ) '.' (* "closed" complete graph *)
<direction> := 'do' ? <expression-set> '!' (* "closed" complete graph *) <expression> := <term> (' ' <term>)* (* separated by spaces *)
<expression-set> := <all-set> I <any-set> I <seq-set>
(* different kinds of sets *) <term> := <negation>? ( <anonymous>? I <self> I <peer> I <id> I <name> I
<value> I <qualifier> )
<qualifier> := <expression> I <expression-set>
<any-set> <all-set> <seq-set> <or-list>
= <or-list> I ( '{' <or-list> '>' ) = <and-list> I ( '(' <and-list> ')' )
<then-list> ']' ) I 'or' ) <expression> )* ' I 'and' ) <expression> )* ,' I 'next' ) <expression> )*
= <then-list> I ( ' [ = <expression> ( (', <and-list> := <expression> ( (' <then-list> := <expression> ( ( <negation> := 'not' I 'no' I <anonymous> := ('there' ('is'I'are')) I 'any' I 'anything' ? <self> := 'my'I'i'I'we'I'our' <peer> := 'your'I'you'
<value> := <number> I <date> I <time> I <string>
Here is a brief description of the language, under an assumption that the purpose of the language is to express the full set of operations on a semantic hvper-graph consisting of terminal nodes and typed links between the nodes, links and sets of nodes and/or links,
— Message (Document) — a series of semantieallv consistent statements and optional acknowledgments to the former statements, bounded physically by means of external communication protocol or storage medium,
1) Acknowledgement — used to provide response to the statements other than interrogation. For declarations and directions „ok" is returned. In case of „if-style confirmations „false", „no" or zero can be returned for failed assertions, while „true", „ves" or a number of evidences (count of the applicable subgraphs) satisfying the assertion (operating like COUNT(*) function in SQL) — for successful assertions,
2) Statement (Sentence) — an association of semantieallv connected expressions, separated by delimiters such as commas, exclamation and interrogation symbols ('.', '!', '?') or by external formatting markup (e.g. HTML blocks, list items, table cells, etc.). There can be four kinds of statements, varying in the degree of certainty in respect to the contained expressions. That is, interrogation means a speaker has no idea about the complete matter of an expression being
asked about, confirmation means the matter is guessed and there is a need to have it confirmed, declaration expresses the matter with some confidence while direction is intended to force the listener to accept the matter communicated by the speaker,
a) Interrogation statement is denoted with question mark at the end and can be used to
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of it, effectively representing complementary subgraphs needed to make the expression in the
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b) Confirmation statement is also denoted with the question mark at the end and can be
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or truth value of an assertive expression or expressions encompassing them. It can be preceded
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interrogation without semantic analysis of the query,
c) Declaration statement is denoted with the period mark at the end and is used in conversation purely for the declaration purposes, so the receiver of the message can handle it at
its discretion. It contains a single expression or a set of expressions encompassing complete
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interrogations or can be used to load knowledge into an agent's belief system. It is the default kind of statement to be expected by a language processor, so it is not supplied with a clue keyword,
d) Direction statement is denoted with the exclamation mark. Beyond just declaring the essence of the matter like the above-mentioned declaration does, it is used to force the partner
receiving the message to accept the assertive expression or expressions, so they are incorporated
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— Expression (Phrase or Proposition) — an elementary constituent of a sentence. It is an ordered association of terms separated by spaces and bound to the same semantic entity,
or a subgraph encompassing the entity in the following way, 1, The subgraph represented
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interrogations being asked to resolve these variables, 2, The subgraph can be defined like a locally restricted path in a hvper-graph, most likely a set of mutually interconnected RDF or Turtle expressions, 3, Unlike RDF or Turtle expressions, the length of the single expression path is not restricted, so besides subject, predicate and object arguments, an expression can represent subject-predicate-predicate-,,,-predicate-,,, inference chains of arbitrary length (such as „my favorite bank customer mother maiden name " for instance), 4, Unlike Turtle, which can have multiple predicate-object clauses as well as multiple object arguments, an expression can have multiple subjects and predicate verbs as well, which may be grammatically supported with using implicit or explicit parentheses ('(' and ')'), braces ('{' and '}') and brackets ('[' and '}')
instead of using Turtle's colons and semi-colons (making the „you, and me will work and live
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on themselves, rather than static resources, with some restrictions to be implied by particular
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expression set, qualifying composite semantic entities, or composite qualifiers — as is described further.
— Argument (Term) — an atomic constituent of an expression, denoting either a node or a link in a graph or a whole set of nodes or links representing a respective similar semantic entity. Any term can be preceded with unary negation operator (expressed as 'no', 'not' or '"') inverting the subgraph scoping from inclusion to exclusion. The following terms can be used, 1, Anonymous term denoting an unlabeled entity not unassociated with any prior experiences, to be identified solely by further arguments of an expression, 2, Self-reference grammatically denoted as „My" or „1" (or „We" or „Our"), identifying the first-person of an agent, 3, Peer-reference identified by „Your" or „You", identifying the partner of the communication, 4, Reference by Id or UEI which may be used to refer to any subjects and objects in the course of internal non-human communications between non-human agents, 5, Reference by Name is intended to identify any named entities including persons, classes, properties of objects, verbs and operator symbols such as '+', '-', '=', '>', '<'. 6, Value can be encompassing any semantic terminals such as finite numbers, literal strings, characters, times and dates, 7, Qualifier is intended to refer to a complete semantic entity or a set of entities applying a hierarchy of expressions that restrict the graph down to the target set of relationships in the graph. It could be either singular expression (like „big tree") or a composite qualifier represented by an expression set (like „big green tree on the other .side of the street next to the parking lot").
— There can be three kinds of expression sets or composite qualifiers where each of them can associate a list of qualifying expressions recursively — with different logical and sequential operations implied to associate the expressions in the set, as follows, 1, Disjunctive qualifier representing „OR"-style logical association where any expression in the list can be used to qualify the entire term, 2, Conjunctive qualifier representing „AND"-stvle logical association where all expressions in the list have to be resolved in order to qualify the term, 3, Successive (Ordered) qualifier representing „NEXT"-stvle logical and sequential association where all expressions in the list have to be resolved strictly in the specified order.
Trying to use the grammar of AL language to generate some kind of a human-friendlv speech might get little weird for a native English speaker. This is because the roles of terms in the expressions in English are driven by the grammatical order, prepositions and forms of the verb „to be". However, it might be easier to accept for Portuguese and Russian speakers where the same grammatical statement can have a different mood (interrogative, declarative, imperative) depending on the tonal modulation, as shown in the following table.
Table
English AL (no clues) Russian (with tonal modulation)
What is your feeling? If your feeling is good? Your feeling is good. Have your feeling good! Your feeling? Your feeling good? Your feeling good. Your feeling good! Твое ощущение? (tone up) Твое ощущение хорошее? (tone up) Твое ощущение хорошее, (tone neutral) Твое ощущение хорошее! (tone down)
Use of composite qualifiers can be presented with the following mapping where expressions on the left are proper AL expressions built with use of braces, brackets and parentheses (which might be easier for computer text parser) while the expressions on the right are glued with conventional prepositions (which might be more convenient for human ear). However, it should be noted that the right-side expressions present the ambiguity of the logical term grouping
that cannot be resolved by a simple parser, incapable to detect semantic roles of predicate and object terms,
I (can (eat, sleep), want (dance, sing)). I can eat and sleep and want dance and sing.
I {can (eat, sleep), want (dance, sing)}. & I can eat and sleep or want dance and sing.
I (can {eat, -sleep}, want {dance, sing}). & I can eat or sleep and want dance or sing.
You [eat {rice, meat}, drink {juice, water}] I & You, eat rice and meat next drink, juice and water!
From the perspective of using the language to represent semantic expressions, the following example demonstrates how the AL can be used to express statements in conventional term logic or Turtle syntax. In the last two examples, no conversion to Turtle is applicable at all, AL Term logic Turtle
AC (D,E). & A C D. A C E. & A C D, E.
A (CD, FG). & A CD. A FG. & A C D; F G.
A (C (D, E), F (G,H)). & A C D. A C E. A F G. A F H. & A C D, E; F G,H.
&
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The language by itself defines nothing but the ways to express certainty and 'modality, the structure of statements and the means to refer to the subject in the first person, in the second person or any subject in the third person referred by name, identifier or qualifier. In order to augment communication with the features specific to possession, inheritance, time and place, there is a need for a minimum set of predicate verbs supported by an ontology employed by an agent speaking the language. In the next section we will build up such, a „belief system" for the agent of the purpose.
Belief Ontology. In order to construct agent's domain-specific ontology, first we define a foundation ontology used to express everything else [6]. First of all, we assume any thing (semantic entity) must have a unique id (owned by the entity) and possibly may have one or
more names (potentially shared with other namesake things). Further, we rely on such semantic
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semantic relationships are represented by properties (effectively — typed semantic links or ternary relationships) which can be potentially assumed obligatory for a thing (so the thing must have at least one relationship of a type). Also, some of the properties may reflect others being reverse to them by meaning. Bold text and capitalization in the following statements do not convey syntactic meaning and are used solely for the illustration purposes, distinguishing terms in subject, predicate verb and predicate object roles,
— Thing has Id, Name, Is, Has, Does, Times,
— Id is Property, Owned, Number, Obligatory,
— Property has Type, Source, Target,
— Type, Source, Target is Thing,
— Name is Property, Shared, String,
— Is, Has, Reflects is Property, Shared, Thing,
— Does is Property, Shared, Action,
— Action is Thing, Executable,
— Times is Property, Shared, Time,
— Time is {Today, Yesterday, Tomorrow, Date-time, Date, Month, Year},
— Date-time has Daytime, Date,
— Time has Events,
— Events is Property, Shared, Thing, reflects Times,
In terms of object-oriented design, the is/has/does relationships identify such relationships as inheritance (and opposing instance), attributes (or member variables) and methods (or member functions) — respectively. It should be noted that, unlike many other ontologies, we do not attempt to distinguish different kinds of inheritance (such as inheritance and instance) explicitly, so that instances of classes and objects are all subclasses of one generic abstract thing [6]. Also, we assume the action is just a specific executable kind of thing, with the lifespan restricted by the execution time and runtime variables being member attributes. The meaning of other things such as name, number, string, daytime and date involved below should be obvious. On the basis of the foundation ontology described above, we can construct the following domain ontology,
— Agent is Thing, has Peers (is Property, Agent),
— Agent has Feels (is Property, Shared, {Good, Bad}),
— Self, User is Agent,
— User has Surname, Birth date, Email, Secret question, Secret answer, Update time, Update period, Things, Shares, Likes,
— User has Sensitivity threshold (is Percentage (is Number, is {0, 1, ,,,, 99, 100})), Seeing shares (is Toggle (is {On, Off})), Keeping days (is Number), Basic privacy (is Toggle), Check cycle (is {Hour, Day, Week, Month}), Update time (is Daytime), Telling news (is Toggle), Emailing news (is Toggle),
— Surname, Email, Secret question, Secret answer is Property, Shared, String,
— Birth date is Property, Shared, Date,
— Update time is Property, Shared, Time,
— Update period is Property, Shared, Period,
— Email is Property, Shared, String, Obligatory,
— Things is Property, Shared, Thing,
— Shares is Property, Shared, Thing,
— Site is Thing, has Links (is Property, Shared, Site),
— Thing has Users (is Property, Shared, User, reflects Things),
— Thing, Site has Patterns, Times, Users,
— Patterns is Property, Shared, Pattern, Obligatory, {String, Lemma, Frame, Thing},
— Pattern, Lemma, Frame has Patterns,
— Site has Topics (is Thing),
— Things has Origins (is Site),
— Topics reflects Origins,
— User things Site,
There are some key points in the ontology worth specific mentioning. Fist of all, we will assume that an agent would be able to maintain internal belief of a peer (be it a human or another computer agent) it is interacting with, so the things property is used to connect a user (representing an agent's peer) to any thing in the agent's self mind. That is, the belief subgraph of a user can be built using that property. Next, for the simplicity of further implementation, we will associate the context of communications between an agent and its peers into a belief sub-graph having it to keep all what is typically maintained in communication sessions (it means that no more than one communication session can be established between an agent and
its peer). Specifically, the interaction graph for a user would be represented by a behavioral schema of its does subgraph, described in the implementation section below.
The part of the agent's ontology dedicated to operations with text can be described as pattern, which is a fundamental entity connecting things in the ontology with their textual representations or templates. In general, pattern can be anything starting with an individual symbol or glyph and ending with a complex hierarchy of other patterns. In our design, we consider that pattern could be either a text string (of 1 or more characters or glyphs), a lemma (either linguistic lemma representing a base word plus all its inflections or psveholinguistie lemma representing a set of synonyms conveying some particular meaning), a frame (a set of patterns to be stated in order, as defined per [9]) or any thing placed in the parent pattern as a variable to be resolved by pattern instance in a real text. Notably, the lemma and frame can have patterns so hierarchical textual templates are possible.
Testing Language and Belief Together, When an agent possesses the belief system described above, it enables support to the following communication scenario, expressed with the Agent Language grammar. The following dialogues denote a human user as H: and an agent as A:, Italic text is used to mark omittable parts of textual communication, which can be inferred by the conversational context. On the right side, comments after double slashes indicate what is going on during the conversation, H: My login, // Login
A: Your name, surname, birth date, email? // ,, .possible identifiers asked H: My name John, email [email protected], // ,,, unique ones supplied
A: Your secret question, secret answer? // Registration
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A: Ok.
... 11 Conversation
H: My things site http://www.weather.com, http://www.accuweather.com . A: Ok. // .. .sites retained
H: My things site no http://www.accuweather.com, http://weather.vahoo.com . A: Ok. // .. .sites updated H: My things site?
A: Your things site http://www.weather.com, http://weather.vahoo.com/. H: My things temperature, storm. // ... adding new things to belief A: Your things temperature, storm has, patterns? // ... asking for unresolved details H: Temperature has value (is number), scale (is {'°C ', '°F'}), patterns [temperature scale Novosibirsk Russia],
A: Ok, Storm has, patterns? // ,,, keep resolving details
H: Storm has region. Region is {Northwest, Southwest, Midwest, North Ural, South Ural, Northwest Siberia, Southwest Siberia, Northeast Siberia, Southeast Siberia, North Far East, South Far East},
A: Ok, Ok, Storm patterns? // ,, .keep resolving details
H: Storm patterns [{'storm', 'storms'}, {approach, move} region]. Approach is {'approach', 'approaching', 'approaches'}]. Move is {'move', 'moving', 'moves'},
A: Ok, Ok, Ok, // ,,, resolving is complete
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A: Your things 3, H: My things name?
A: Your things name site, name temperature, name storm, H: Temperature patterns?
A: Temperature patterns [{'storm', 'storms'}, {approach, move} region], ... 11 Conversation
H: My things site http://www.weather.com, http://weather.vahoo.com topics temperature. A: Ok.
H: My things storm origins http://www.weather.com . A: Ok.
H: My things site http://weather.vahoo.com topics?
A: Your things site http://weather.vahoo.com topics temperature, storm.
H: My things storm origins?
A: Your things storm origins http://www.weather.com . ... 11 ... pushing news
A: Storm times today, region Southwest Siberia, origins http://www.weather.com? H: Yes. // ... positive feedback, true belief A: Your feels? // ... indirect feedback polled H: My feels good. ... 11 Conversation
H: Storm times yesterday, region Southeast Siberia. // .. .authoring news, true belief A: Ok.
H: Storm times today, region Southwest Siberia, origins http://www.weather.com! A: Ok. // .. .learning pattern
H: Storm times yesterday, region? // ... polling news A: Storm times yesterday, region Southeast Siberia. H: Ok. // .. .positive feedback, true belief H: Storm times today, region, sources? // ... polling news
A: Storm times today, region Northeast Siberia, origins http://www.weather.com. H: No. // ... negative feedback, false belief H: You feels good? A: Yes.
H: You feels bad! // ... indirect feedback pushed A: Ok.
H: No storm times today, region Northeast Siberia. // .. .false belief, decrement evidence A: Ok.
H: My things site http://www.weather.com time today, yesterday topics? A: Your things time http://www.weather.com time today, yesterday topics storm times today, region Northeast Siberia, Southeast Siberia.
The presented level of human — agent communication will not only enable a human user to control an agent monitoring the web for the user's benefit, but will also let the agent possibly learn new text patterns and semantic associations and evolve a behavioral schemata made of elementary actions instead of having them explicitly specified by the user.
Conclusion. The AL language suggested for communication between a computer software agent and a human user seems compact enough for transmission and visual comprehension, easy to read and write for an average human (without special computer knowledge) and easy to parse
into semantic graph operations for computer programs. In the written form, the ambiguity can be easily resolved with use of clue keywords and braces and parentheses. In the spoken form, however, should one be implemented, or while being typed in by a human, there may be a need for ontologv-based disambiguation techniques so only expressions valid in terms of the current ontology are accepted by the parsing process using the underlying ontology while building the parse tree.
Given the proposed foundation belief ontology, it seems possible to extend it to any complex beliefs in various practical domains, enabling users to specify the targets to watch on the web as well as explicit matching templates and provide feedback to an agent — so the latter can use artificial general intelligence techniques to evolve the desired behavioral schemata in the course of experiential learning.
The claims above are expected to be practically verified in the further work, with real implementation and testing of the designated agent.
References
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Kolonin Anton Germanovich — Ph.D., Aigents Group, e-mail: [email protected]
Дата поступления — 28.04-.2015
