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ECONOMICS
INTELLECTUAL CAPITAL AS THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTOR IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF A MODERN INNOVATIVE ECONOMY Abuzjarova M.I. (Russian Federation) Email: [email protected]
Abuzjarova Maria Ivanovna - Candidate of Economic Sciences, DEPARTMENT OF MARKETING, SAMARA STATE UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS, SAMARA
Abstract: the relevance of the problem under study is due to the issues of the innovative economy, focused on the formation and development of domestic intellectual capital, determining the system characteristics of intellectual capital in the framework of the reproductive approach. The emphasis is on revealing the essence and content of intellectual capital as a key factor in the development of a modern market economy. It is determined that the use of intellectual resources as a factor of production is complementary and leads to a decrease in the consumption of other factors of production.
Keywords: intellectual capital, innovative economy, efficient use, reproductive approach, sources of investment.
ИНТЕЛЛЕКТУАЛЬНЫЙ КАПИТАЛ КАК ВАЖНЕЙШИЙ ФАКТОР РАЗВИТИЯ СОВРЕМЕННОЙ ИННОВАЦИОННОЙ ЭКОНОМИКИ Абузярова М.И. (Российская Федерация)
Абузярова Мария Ивановна - кандидат экономических наук, кафедра менеджмента, Самарский государственный экономический университет, г. Самара
Аннотация: актуальность исследуемой проблемы обусловлена вопросами инновационной экономики, ориентированной на формирование и развитие отечественного интеллектуального капитала, определения системных характеристик интеллектуального капитала в рамках воспроизводственного подхода. Акцент сделан на раскрытии сущности и содержания интеллектуального капитала как ключевого фактора развития современной рыночной экономики. Определено, что использование интеллектуальных ресурсов как фактора производства носит комплиментарный характер и ведет к уменьшению потребления других факторов производства.
Ключевые слова: интеллектуальный капитал, инновационная экономика, эффективное использование, воспроизводственный подход, источники инвестиций.
For the first time, the term "intellectual capital" was used by K. Galbraith in 1973 and was understood as the process of mental activity of company employees.
However, this term owes T. Stuart its new birth, who published an article in 1991 entitled "The Power of the Mind: How Intellectual Capital becomes America's key asset," expanding the content of intellectual capital to the totality of the organization's intellectual material formalized and used to create higher added value.
Subsequently, many definitions of intellectual capital were proposed that encompassed various aspects of its functioning in a market economy and which can conditionally be combined into three large groups of approaches — economic-theoretical, balance, and resource approaches [1].
The effective use of intellectual capital contributes to the innovative development of the enterprise in two directions:
• on the one hand, intellectual capital provides direct informational support to the innovation process, including both directly innovative ideas and corporate skills for their commercialization;
• on the other hand, the successful use of intellectual capital leads to additional profit that can be reinvested in the development of new products and processes.
Intellectual capital is the most important resource for innovative development.
A review of the literature in the field of the essence of intellectual capital and its elements made it possible to identify the following main specific features:
1. The intangible nature of intellectual capital. In accordance with the definitions of intellectual capital that are most often found in modern literature, it is a combination of enterprise knowledge, obviously devoid of material embodiment. So, according to accounting rules, one of the groups of elements of intellectual capital - intangible assets - includes only those assets that do not have a "material (physical) structure" and can be separated from their tangible carrier. With a certain degree of conditionality, equipping an enterprise with modern hardware for information processing can serve as an indirect characteristic of the development of the level of intellectual capital, however, these hardware can in no way be considered its elements.
2. The long-term and probabilistic nature of the return on investment in intellectual capital. The intangible nature of intellectual capital and the subjectivity of the category of "knowledge" almost completely exclude the possibility of a functional or clearly determined relationship between investments in intellectual capital and the return on these investments, which means that such a relationship can only be stochastic. At the same time, the absence of the effect of investments in knowledge in the short term does not at all mean that this effect will not occur in the future, since most modern researchers in the field of intellectual capital recognize the long-term nature of the return on investment in intellectual capital.
3. The intellectual capital has features of a complex system. It is advisable to consider intellectual capital as a complex system, due to the presence of the main features of a complex system: multi-element, the variety of possible types of connections and high dynamism.
4. Decrease, through intellectual capital, uncertainties in the enterprise. Intellectual capital includes components of knowledge of the enterprise. This knowledge, in turn, is nothing more than structured sets of information, the main characteristic property of which is the ability to reduce uncertainty. It means that intellectual capital also reduces the uncertainty of the enterprise.
5. The rapid obsolescence of intellectual capital. Elements of intellectual capital have the property of losing their value due to the fact that elements of intellectual capital appear on the market space that reduce the same type of uncertainty. Moreover, the faster rate of decline in the value of intellectual capital due to obsolescence compared to physical capital is due to the following reasons. Firstly, a shorter time frame for the creation of new knowledge compared with the time to bring this knowledge to the final product. Secondly, at a more dynamic rate of dissemination of new knowledge compared to the rate of spread of physical capital due to the presence of features of the public good and the use of modern information and communication technologies.
6. A differentiated mechanism for creating added value by elements of intellectual capital. Various elements of intellectual capital lead to an increase in the added value created by the enterprise due to the action of various mechanisms. Thus, T. Stewart and B. Och identify a number of intermediate factors through the influence of intellectual capital on which its positive effect on the value added of the enterprise is realized. These factors include profitability, cost, labor productivity, customer loyalty to the company's products, its reputation, the uniqueness of innovation and the risks that the company faces. E. Esendu complements this list with factors of growth in managerial activity and acceleration of the process of creating added value [2].
7. Differentiated dynamics of the return of various structural components of intellectual capital. So, the famous specialist in the field of intellectual capital G. Ruz expresses an opinion about the different nature of the return for each of its components: human, organizational and relative capital - in particular, human capital is characterized by increasing return, which is also emphasized in the work of Darena Acemoglu, and for relative and organizational capital, the return increases first, and then decreases.
However, in our opinion, everything is not so unambiguous, and each of the structural components of intellectual capital, depending on specific conditions, may, separately from other components, exhibit both positive and negative dynamics of return. This can be given, in particular, the following explanation.
In our opinion, the structural components of intellectual capital tend to exert mutual influence on each other, which is not always positive. Thus, the development of organizational capital to a sufficiently high level and the corresponding increase in returns on structural capital can lead to the degradation of human capital and negative dynamics of returns from this structural component.
The content of intellectual capital is a system of creative noospheric knowledge, skills, abilities of employees reproduced within a specific organization through developing exchange-communication and used to create intellectual values [3].
Noospheric knowledge is understood as such knowledge that contributes to the creation of intellectual values solely through the use of reproducible factors of production, taking into account the implementation of labor changes.
This requires the development of special measures in the field of development of a specific industrial enterprise.
A need is being formed for managing the corresponding space and expanded reproduction of the latest knowledge, skills, abilities of workers within the framework of an industrial enterprise.
The intellectual capital of an industrial enterprise is genetically divided into endogenous and exogenous.
The first is a system of updated knowledge on how to produce creative knowledge.
The second is knowledge of how to create and highly efficiently implement the final product of an enterprise.
The latest knowledge system is designed to "work" on intelligent end products.
In this regard, the functional forms of the intellectual capital of an industrial enterprise are considered: technological, institutional and social capital.
Materialized in the intellectual values created and recognized by society, the specific functional forms of intellectual capital form the tangible assets of an industrial enterprise.
These assets should be understood as real achievements in the market use of the intellectual capital of the company. Intangible assets increase the market value of an industrial enterprise and are subject to quantification and calculation.
The development of endogenous intellectual capital of an industrial enterprise is a necessary, but not sufficient condition for the comprehensive development of an industrial enterprise, since it is associated only with the improvement of transactions in its economy, which has little to do with the competitive market space.
Intellectual capital becomes a factor in the competitiveness of an industrial enterprise in the event that the latest knowledge materializes in the system of non-material assets as key functional creating values.
Intellectual capital is characterized by the following specific features:
• intellectual capital is a priority development factor and a determining condition for economic growth trends;
• the formation of intellectual capital is accompanied by significant and increasing costs;
• intellectual capital in the form of knowledge, skills, experience can be accumulated;
• the nature and types of investments in intellectual capital are determined by historical, national, cultural features and traditions;
• investments in intellectual capital should provide its holder with a higher income;
• investments in intellectual capital give a rather significant in volume, long in time and integral in nature economic and social effect;
• intellectual capital is a non-current asset;
• use of intellectual capital is controlled by the individual regardless of the source of investment for its development.
Intellectual capital develops on the basis of interaction and synergistic effects of its components - human, emotional, organizational, consumer capital. Each capital individually represents a combination of interconnected elements, the nature and quantity of which determine the structure of their relationship [4].
Within the framework of intellectual capital, its structural components such as human (knowledge, education, qualifications, experience, skills, personal acquaintances and connections), structural (databases, software, information technology, patents for inventions, industrial designs and varieties, copyrights, know-how) and organizational (relational) capital (brands of goods, contracts and agreements, business cooperation, portfolio of orders, relations with financial circles, goodwill, trademark and company name), each of which may include individual elements.
Thus, the essence of the reproduction of intellectual capital is to maintain, accumulate and update the creative intellectual potential of innovative personnel, thereby ensuring the competitiveness and economic growth of the country, the company and its personnel.
References / Список литературы
1. Odintsov S. V. The place and role of the intellectual capital of an enterprise in the modern world // Science and Industry of Russia, 2012. № 10. P. 87-94.
2. Seleznev E.N. Assessment of the effectiveness of the use of intellectual capital. // Financial management. 2015. № 6. P. 54.
3. Stuart T.A. Intellectual capital. A new source of wealth for organizations. M: Generation, 2007. P. 207.
4. Lukicheva L.I., Salikhov M.R. Approaches to assessing the value of the intellectual capital of organizations // Management in Russia and abroad, 2016. № 4. P. 12.
