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INSTITUTIONAL MECHANISMS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF KNOWLEDGE-INTENSIVE PRODUCTION Andreev O.S. (Russian Federation) Email: Andreev558@scientifictext.ru
Andreev Oleg Stanislavovich - PhD in Economics, Associate Professor, DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS, ORGANIZATION AND STRATEGY FOR ENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT, SAMARA STATE ECONOMIC UNIVERSITY, SAMARA
Abstract: the article deals with the dynamic development of the knowledge-intensive sector of the national economy, including elements of state science and technology policy and the use of market mechanisms to stimulate scientific research activities. The leading approach to the study of this problem was the strengthening of the influence of science on the economy, with the result of rethinking and revision of theoretical concepts reflecting these events. The main components of the scientific novelty are directions that contain elements of the real increment of scientific knowledge. The main results of the article will contribute to the generation of tools for obtaining and applying information, knowledge, use of abilities. Keywords: science, high-tech production, knowledge economy, innovative technologies, critical technologies.
ИНСТИТУЦИОНАЛЬНЫЕ МЕХАНИЗМЫ РАЗВИТИЯ НАУКОЕМКОГО
ПРОИЗВОДСТВА Андреев О.С. (Российская Федерация)
Андреев Олег Станиславович - кандидат экономических наук, доцент, кафедра экономики, организации и стратегии развития предприятия, Самарский государственный экономический университет, г. Самара
Аннотация: в статье рассматриваются вопросы динамичного развития наукоемкого сектора национальной экономики, включающие элементы государственной научно-технической политики и использование рыночных механизмов стимулирования научно-исследовательской деятельности. Ведущим подходом к исследованию данной проблемы явилось усиление влияния науки на экономику, в результате чего происходит переосмысление и пересмотр теоретических концепций отражающих данные события. Основными составляющими научной новизны являются направления, содержащие элементы реального приращения научного знания. Основные результаты статьи будут содействовать формированию инструментария на получении и применении информации, знаний, использования способностей.
Ключевые слова: наука, наукоемкое производство, экономика знаний, инновационные технологии, критические технологии.
With the development of innovation processes and the increasing influence of science on the economy and society as a whole, the theoretical concepts reflecting these events are being rethought and revised.
The fundamental role of scientific and technical achievements in the development of society and the individual is reflected in various socialist and technicalist areas of the humanities.
Different types of scientism formed the basis of the concepts of the industrial and information society, which in the second half of the 20th century successively replaced each other.
The ideas of the new industrial society (J. Galbraith) [1] and the post-industrial society (D. Riesman, D. Bell)were gradually modified in the concept of the information society and the network society, which is also called the new economy.
Describing theoretical approaches to the analysis of modern society from the standpoint of strengthening the role of science and new technologies, it is necessary to emphasize the difference between the concepts of "information" and "knowledge".
The term "information society" draws attention to the role of information in society.
M. Castells considers information as a transfer of knowledge [2].
The term "information society" refers to the specific features of modern society, when the generation, processing and transmission of information have become fundamental sources of productivity.
American sociologist R. Crawford assigns a key role in the development of human society to knowledge and calls modern society "knowledge society".
French economist J. Sapir proposes to consider information "any information extracted, which can be taken from the signal and added to the already existing knowledge."
V. Inozemtsev in relation to the modern economic system uses the term "knowledge economy".
D. Kua focuses on knowledge as a fundamental element of modern transformations [3].
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Some Western scientists call modern society not informational, but the society of science (R. Kreibich) in their work "Society of Science: from Galileo to the High-Tech Revolution" [4].
D. Tapscott emphasizes that a new type of society, a new enterprise and a new technology are inseparably related concepts.
The appearance of the term "post-industrial society" is sometimes attributed to the American sociologist D. Riesman, who used it in the title of his famous article [5].
In other cases, it is attributed to another American sociologist, D. Bell, who first used this concept in 1959 in the sense in which it is used today.
A number of authors draw attention to the characteristics of an emerging technological civilization.
The theory of the information society is gradually being formed, within which scientific knowledge and technological progress are emphasized in an even more expressed form.
The American economist V. Martin defines the information society as "... a society in which the quality of life, like the possibilities of social change and economic development, increasingly depend on information and its use."
He cites the five criteria of the information society [6]:
• economic: as a movement towards an information society, and secondly, as an integral part of modern economic life;
• technological: this criterion shows how technology penetrates into all spheres of activity of individuals;
• social: changing social behavior of individuals under the influence of information technology;
• political: a kind of global forum is being formed in which ordinary citizens can directly participate in governance;
• cultural: there is interaction and interpenetration of cultures on a global scale.
Thus, the formation of the theory of the information society, in which the production of an information product turns out to be more important than the production of material values, becomes quite natural.
All the problems and prospects associated with the emergence of new information technologies indicate global changes in macroeconomic parameters under their influence.
Before proceeding directly to the consideration of this controversial issue, we define the concept of "new economy".
This term is currently used mainly in two meanings:
• first, the new economy is understood as that part of the economy, which consists of high-tech industries (aerospace industry, computer production, creation of communication tools, software, biotechnology). In this sense, the new economy is defined as a set of industries that are distinguished by high-tech elements as opposed to the old, traditional economy.
• in its second meaning, this is the impact of high technologies on the economic environment, which leads to a change in individual macroeconomic parameters. We suppose to rely more on the second definition of the new economy, because it emphasizes the features of modern economic development much more strongly. A number of economists also use the term "network economy" to describe this economic phenomenon [7]. Such an approach seems to be quite justified, since the high-tech industries listed above are engaged in the production of network benefits; it is the networks, possessing a number of fundamental unique characteristics, that determine the features of the new economy.
A feature of the current technological revolution is, according to M. Castells, not the central role of information, but the application of "information to the generation of knowledge and devices that process information and carry out communication in the cumulative feedback loop between innovation and directions for using innovations" [7].
M Castells identifies five distinctive features of the new economy [7]:
• productivity increasingly depends on the use of science and technology, as well as on the quality of information and management;
• in developed capitalist countries, there is a shift in the attention of producers and consumers from material production towards informational activities;
• deep transformation of the organization of the production process (from standardized mass production towards flexible customized production and from a vertically integrated organization towards horizontal network relationships between departments);
• global nature of the economy, in which capital, production, management, markets, labor, information and technology are organized regardless of national boundaries;
• revolutionary nature of technological change, based on information technologies that transform the material basis of the modern world.
Thus, a number of fundamental differences are inherent in the new economy, which makes it possible to speak of a change in individual macroeconomic parameters both in the domestic market and internationally.
Let us turn to the discussion around the model of the new economy, the central element of which is the
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attitude of various economists to the degree of technological change and the rate of economic growth in modern conditions.
In the traditional models of economic growth developed in the 1950s, their authors in their constructions gave key importance to such factors of production as labor and capital. Technological variables were considered solely as exogenous factors.
In the 1980s, a new theory of economic growth, developed by P.Romer and other scientists, appeared, in which technological progress is viewed as a central link in economic growth.
The new growth theory treats technological change as an endogenous process that depends on the activities of firms and the government.
P. Romer maintains that there is an increase in economic incentives for technological change: the share of R & D expenditure in the total volume of GDP is growing. He also maintains that about 90% of all scientists that have ever existed live in our time [8].
We first analyze the arguments in support of the concept of economic growth.
First of all, it is necessary to assess the pace of technological change. One of the assessment methods is the analysis of the price dynamics for the products of a new technology.
In recent years, there has been a marked decline. The real price of computer productivity is reduced by approximately 35% per year, the cost of telephone calls by approximately 10% per year. So, we can say that the pace of innovation does not just look high - it really has increased.
In addition to directly participating in the creation of GDP, information technologies increase the use of resources, which is reflected in the acceleration of productivity growth, which contributes to the growth of GDP.
Studies conducted by UNCTAD indicate that the potential impact of electronic exchange on GDP through improved use of resources is 1% in developed industrial countries and 0,3% in developing countries [9].
The argument in favor of the development of a new economy can also be considered the pervasive nature of information technologies, which contribute to improving efficiency in almost all economic sectors.
The Internet makes it possible to find the most advantageous price for a product or service, reduces the transaction costs of communication between potential partners, eliminates excessive barriers to new market participants. Online trading allows you to save administrative costs, displacing unnecessary intermediaries, reduces excess inventories.
This is what K. Kelly notes in her work: "... communications, which, after all, are what we mean by digital technologies and means of communication, it is not just a sector of the economy. Communication is the economy itself "[10].
The new economy does not eliminate the need for the regulatory role of the state.
It increases competition in the market, makes access to information more open, but does not eliminate the function of the state to regulate it.
First of all, we are talking about the need for public investment in education and innovation.
The public benefit from investing in research is much more private, since the positive externalities from their introduction extend to other firms.
Hence the idea that private companies may not invest enough in development, not hoping to take advantage of their results in the long term [11].
Therefore, the state should be involved in the process of investing new developments, especially in basic and advanced industries. The government can use the system of grants and scholarships to increase the supply of scientific services. In addition, we should not forget about the importance of the role of the state in protecting intellectual property rights and developing a legal regime for regulating the information technology market.
The new economy is global.
Modern global processes are unthinkable today without information technology. The high rate of dissemination of information technologies allows various countries to participate in the global economic and socio-political space. This interconnection and interdependence of information technologies and globalization trends will give a greater economic effect than previous technological revolutions.
References / Список литературы
1. Galbraith J. New Industrial Society. M.: Progress, 1969. P. 480.
2. Castells M. Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture / Edited by O.I. Shkaratana. M.: State
University Higher School of Economics, 2000. P. 39
3. Sapir J. Towards an economic theory of inhomogeneous systems: Experience in the study of decentralized
economics. N.A. Makasheva. M.: State University - Higher School of Economics, 2001. P. 150.
4. Inozemtsev V.L. Paradoxes of the post-industrial economy (investment, productivity and economic growth
in the 90s) // World Economy and International Relations, 2017. № 3. P. 3.
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5. TapscottD. Digital Society. K.: "INT-press". M.: "Relf-Book". 1999. P. 83-87.
6. Riesman D. Leisure and Work in Post-Industrial Society // Mass Leisure / E. Larrabee, R. Meyersohn, eds., 1958. P. 363-385.
7. Martin W.J. The Global Information Society. Aldershot: Aslieb Gower; Brookfield, Vt. USA: Gower, 1995. P. 3.
8. Romer P.M. Endogenous technological change // Journal of Political Economy, 1990. V. 98. № 5. P. 97-103.
9. Frolov I.E. Potential development of knowledge-intensive, high-tech sector of the Russian industry. - // Problems of forecasting, 2002.
10. StrelezI.A. New economy and information technology. - M.: Publishing House "Exam", 2016. 256 P.
11. Kreibich R. Die Wissenschaftsgesellschaft: von Galilei zur High-Tech-Revolution. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1986. P. 803.
THE ROLE OF TRANSPORT SERVICES IN TOURISM INDUSTRY
OF THE REGIONS Allayarov S.F. (Republic of Uzbekistan) Email: Allayarov558@scientifictext.ru
Allayarov Sardor Frunzeyevich - Researcher, TOURISM AND ECONOMICS FACULTY, URGENCHSTATE UNIVERSITY, KHOREZM, REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN
Abstract: the article briefly gives information about the role and importance of transport services in tourism industry in the regions of Uzbekistan. Because of the fact that it is nearly impossible to imagine tourism industry without transportation, that is to say, an adequate infrastructure of transport system is a key factor in satisfying the needs ofpeople who are from foreign countries. And also, it analyzes current state of transport services, main available means of transportation in tourist destinations and gives recommendations, proposals and also effective solutions to existence problems in the sphere nowadays.
Keywords: transport services, GDP(Gross domestic product), transportation, tourism industry, transport infrastructure, international tourist arrivals.
РОЛЬ ТРАНСПОРТНЫХ УСЛУГ В ТУРИСТИЧЕСКОЙ ПРОМЫШЛЕННОСТИ РЕГИОНОВ Аллаяров С.Ф. (Республика Узбекистан)
Аллаяров Сардор Фрунзеевич - научный сотрудник, факультет туризма и экономики, Ургенчский государственный университет, г. Хорезм, Республика Узбекистан
Аннотация: в статье кратко представлена информация о роли и значении транспортных услуг в сфере туризма в регионах Узбекистана. Из-за того, что практически невозможно представить индустрию туризма без транспорта, то есть адекватная инфраструктура транспортной системы является ключевым фактором для удовлетворения потребностей людей из других стран. А также анализируется текущее состояние транспортных услуг, основных доступных транспортных средств в туристических направлениях и даются рекомендации, предложения, а также эффективные решения существующих проблем в сфере туризма в настоящее время.
Ключевые слова: транспортные услуги, ВВП (Валовой внутренний продукт), транспорт, индустрия туризма, транспортная инфраструктура, международные туристские прибытия.
INTRODUCTION
Tourism has already become an important industry in the economy of developing countries. It is definitely true that the role of tourism industry in the economy of the world is continuously growing . International tourist arrivals grew by a remarkable 7% in 2017 to reach a total of 1,322 million, according to the latest UNWTO World Tourism Barometer [3].
