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Dialectology. Geographical linguistics. Areal linguistics (UDC 8128)
DOI: 10.18454/RULB.6.13 Малыхина Т.М.1, Писарева Л.Е.2, Праведникова Т.В.3
1,2,3Курский государственный университет ГИДРОНИМИЧЕСКАЯ НОМИНАЦИЯ ВОДНЫХ ОБЪЕКТОВ ПОСЕМЬЯ
Аннотация
Авторы статьи показывают, что русские народные говоры лежат в основе формирования гидронимии. Диалектные и этимологические словари предлагают несколько версий толкования отдельных номинаций. Для установления истины необходимы точные знания реалий, связанные с исследуемыми гидрообъектами. В статье сделана первая попытка распределения гидронимов Посемья по группам, имеющим разные мотивационные признаки.
Ключевые слова: гидронимика, гидронимы, гидрообъекты, номинация, этимология, мотивационные признаки.
Malykhina T.M.1, Pisareva L.E.2, Pravednikova T.V.3
1,2,3Kursk State University HYDRONIMIC NAMING OF WATER BODIES OF POSEMYE
Abstract
The authors show that Russian folk dialects are the basis for the formation of hydronimy. Dialectal and etymological dictionaries offer several versions of interpretations of the individual categories. To establish the truth accurate knowledge of the realities associated with the studied hydro objects is required. The article made the first attempt of distribution of the Posemye hydronyms into groups with different motivational characteristics.
Keywords: hydronimy, hydronyms, hydro objects, naming, etymology, motivational charateristics.
Почта авторов / Author Email: etnolingv@mail.ru
We continue the series of scientific publications on hydronimy of Posemye [Malykhina 2009: 115-117; Malykhina 2010: 317-326; Malykhina 2014: 108111; Malykhina 2015: 122-123; Malykhina 2015: 188-192; Malykhina 2015: 81-86].
Posemye is an ancient Russian historical region on the river Seim with the town of Kursk in the 9th-14th centuries, from the 11th century the lot of the Chernigov Principality. The archaeologist, writer, author of historical novels about ancient Russia ("Kudeyarov Camp", "Svarog Tribe", "In the Crucible"), lecturer at Kursk state pedagogical institute Yuri Lipking (1904-1983) participated in archaeological expeditions which conducted excavations on Kursk land for many years. He explored the settlements on the territory of Posemye. Alexander Yashchenko, a philologist, created "Hydronimic dictionary of Posemye". He taught at the Kursk state pedagogical institute in the 50-60ties of the 20th century and was a leading expert on the Kursk regional toponymy. His investigations on etymology of toponyms and hydronyms are still widely used by historians, archaeologists and educators of the regional centre. Great work related to deciphering of the Chronicles of ancient acts (14th-17th centuries), cadastre, census and estimated books of Kursk province (manuscript) of the 17th century, materials of the General land-surveying (handwritten) of the 18th century, historical, geographical, topographical and agricultural maps and plans, and to the study of materials on archaeology of Russia in provinces and counties (1884), materials from the "Expedition for the exploration of the sources of the main rivers of European Russia" (1894) and to many other problems was done by A. Yashchenko [Yashchenko 1974: 2].
In the dictionary of hydronyms there are 740 hydronyms and 500 variants of the names to which linguistic review, etymological reference are given.
It is known that hydronyms are a kind of synchronic and diachronic, cultural, historical and linguistic indices. The study of hydronyms, constituting a unique and extremely rich lexical category in the language system, is of great theoretical and practical importance. The names of hydronimic objects are embodiments of not only linguistic but also geographical, historical and cultural information that becomes an important auxiliary tool in solving many problems of related sciences. Hydronyms are extremely resistant. The names of rivers, streams, sources of rivers are known for centuries, and even millennia. This makes hyronimy extremely interesting for a historian, linguist and geographer, because it allows to look at the distant past, about which written sources are silent. Russian folk dialects are the basis for the formation of hydronimy. Many of the names of hydronyms cannot be explained from the point of view of modern Russian language. Dialectal and etymological dictionaries offer several versions of interpretations of the individual categories. To establish the truth accurate knowledge of the realities associated with the studied hydronimic objects is required. In this article we will confine ourselves to the information
reflected in the "Hydronimic dictionary of Posemye", and try to distribute hydronyms into groups according to the following motivational features: 1) size, shape and configuration of the channel of hydro object; 2) relief features of the area.
The size, shape and configuration of the channel of hydro object
Banskay - rechitsa, village Banishi, Lgovsky district. Perhaps, from banka - 'submerged shoal' [Dal I: 46], according to the river channel with underwater shoals, which were used to cross the river. Vetk - river (right tributary of the Seva), it originates in the village Vet of Khomutovsky district, from vetka - 'arm of the river'. Vet -river (right tributary of the Seim), it originates in the plot of land of Bunino of Solntsevsky district, from vet - 'arm of the river'. Vilna -river (left tributary of the Rogozna), it originates in the village of Shuklinka of Oktyabrsky district, according to the configuration of the channel, in the meaning of 'winding'.Volchik - brook (left tributary of the Seim), it originates in the farm yard named after Kalinin, Glushkovsky district, from kur.dial.volchik - 'gulley, semicircular in the souce and extending to the mouth'. Vorobzha -river (right tributary of the Psel), it originates in the village Rastvorovo, Sudzhansky district; at the confluence the channel is divided into two arms: the right arm flows on the territory of Sudzhansky district and the left arm-on the territory of Belovsky district, apparently, from vorob in the meaning of 'razvilka, rassokha', according to the configuration of the channel. Volzhok -brook (left tributary of the Krepna), it originates in the gulley Volgy, Korenevsky district, from volozhka - 'arm, tributary' [Murzaeva 1959: 58]. Giriak - brook (left tributary of the Psel), it originates in the plot of land of Girijana, Belovsky district, from Ukr.girlo -'arm, narrow water canal, the mouth of the river'. Gubnoy - brook (left tributary of the Seim), it originates to the south of the village Bolshie Ugoniy, Lgovsky district, from a geographical term guba -'bay with the river mouth in its deep waters' [Murzaeva 1959: 68]. Glushitsa - brook (right tributary of the Seim), Glushitsa village of Lgovsky district, from glushitsa - 'armlet, wild lentic are'. Glushka - river (right tributary of the Nadejka), it originates on the south edge of Khomutovsky district, from glukhoy- 'having no outcome, source' [Sreznevsky I: 522; Dal I: 358]. Dolgaya - river (right tributary of the Svapa), Skovorodnevo village of Khomutovsky district, fromdolgy - 'long' [Sreznevsky I: 757]. Dolzhanka - river (left tributary of the Kosorzhi), it originates in the gulley Dolgy, Cheremisinovsky district, from dolgy - 'long'. Zayaruzhka-brook (right tributary of the Lubach), farm land Zayaruzhka, Medvensky district, from yaruga-'gulley, rostoch, deep water cut, krutoboky hollow' [Dal IV, 680]. Kleshonka - river (left tributary of the Apochka), it originates in the gulley Kleshnya, Gorshechensky district, from kleshnya - ' fork', according to the configuration of the ravine. Kluykva - brook (right tributary of the Seim), village Konarevo, Kursky district, from kluyka - ' sharp bend of the river' [Yashchenko 1974: 42]; according to the configuration of the channel. Kruyk - river (right tributary of the Pselts), village Bolshie
Kruyki, Pristensky district, from kruyk - 'bend, turn of the river' [Murzaeva 1959: 121]. As a geographical name kruyk is known since the 16th century [Sreznevsky III: 216]. Krutaya - river (left tributary of the Dajmenka), it originates in the gulley Ovcharnoy, Zolotukhinsky district, from krutoy - 'cliff, steep' [Sreznevsky I: 1337]. Lavichnaya - river (right tributary of the Seim), it originates in the plot of land of Lavochnoe, Rylsky district, from lavitsa(lava)
- 'rapid, river ridge, rolling' [Dal II:231]. Lobach - river (left tributary of the Reut) in farm land Rozhnovka, Medvensky district, from lob - 'steep bank' [Murzaeva 1959:138]..Loknya - river (right tributary of the Sudzha), it originates to the south of Yunakovka of Sumy region, from ancient Russianlockot in a metaphorical meaning
- 'bend of the river'. Ma/iy-brook (right tributary of the Kosorzhy), it originates in the gulley Mordvinov, Schigrovsky district, from adj. maliy - 'small, short, slight [Sreznevsky II: 106; Dal II:293]. Mo/otiych - river (left tributary of the Svapa), it originates in the village Molotiychy, Fatezhsky district, from mol and tiych -'mound, shaft, dam, boating, barrier beach' [Dal II: 340, 344], the second part of the word tiych - 'milestone to denote rod' [Mashtakov 1931: 211] or 'mark, milestone' the same as tiychka. In Kursk dialect stiychka is generally referred to any object appearing on the surface of the soil: rocks, stumps, etc. Apparently, according to the features of the banks and countryside, which is scattered with big rocks sticking out on the surface and exposed out of the water [Kudryavtsev 1892: 183-184]. Partochky - brook (right tributary of the Rechitsa), it originates to the south of the village Fitizh, Lgovsky district, from dial. Portky - 'meadow, flowing into the field with two arms', according to the configuration of the channel in a metaphorical meaning. Pristen - brook (l. tributary of the Obisty), it originates in the gulley Pristen, to the south-east of the village Kozino, Rylsky district, from pristen - 'steep bank of the river, bank cliffs' [Murzaeva 1959: 182], according to the features of the banks. Sazhenka - right arm of the Seim between the village Malaya Zuevka and Knayzhay, Soltsevsky district; communicates with the main channel of the Seim only during floods, from dial. Sazhen -'dam pond, zagorod'. Sukhorebrik - brook (left tributary of the Tuskar), it originates in the gulley of Sukhorebra, Zolotukhinsky district, from Kur. Sukhorebrik - 'deep gulley on the bottom of which flows a stream, formed by the gradual deepening of the ravine by spring waters and coming out on the surface of ground waters'. Such gullies are older than the streams flowing there. Trubachy -brook (right tributary of the White Nemeda), it originates in the plot of land of Osinnik-Trubachy on the east outskirts of Zheleznogorsky district, from truba - 'narrow creek, river channel'. Trubezh-brook (right tributary of the Psel), it originates in the plot of land of Trubezh, Oboyansky district, from truba - 'narrow creek, river channel'.Uznik - brook (right tributary of the Vablya), it originates in the plot of land of Otreznoye, to the north of the village Uznik, Koniyshevsky district, from geographical term uzen - 'small river' [Murzaeva 1959: 160-161].
Re/ieffeatures of the area
Vo/ochny - brook (left tributary the Vinogrobal), it originates in the gulley Volochny, Kursky district, from volok - 'water parting are between the upstream of two rivers' [Murzaeva 1959: 58]. Gorodishenka - brook (right tributary of the Podmostisha), it originates in the plot of land of Gorodishe, to the west of the village Serovka, Khomutovsky district, according to gorodishe on which the remains of ancient towns and earthworks are situated. Grunya -river (left tributary of the Seim), it originates to the east of the village Verkhnaya Grunya, Korenevsy district, from west Ukr. Grun
- 'hill covered by forest'. Gustomoyka - river (left tributary of the Seim), it originates in the village of Iznoskovo, Lgovsky district and is lost in the swamps area called Shirokaya Obloga of the same district. Var.: Guznomoya, Gustomoya, Gustomoy. The ancient name of the river reflected the features of the area through which it flows. Guznomoya is a river, washing the bed of the Seim in this place, which resembles guz, guzno, guziyr. Var. Gustomoya-as a result of false etymology from thick and wash. Du/a - river (left tributary of the Seim), it originates in the village of Lebayazhje, Kusky district, from a geographical term dula - 'river gulf, connecting with it separated from it by alluvial sand' [Mashtakov 1931: 211]. Endovische - brook (left tributary of the Marmizhy), it originates to the south of the village Yandovishe, Konishevsky district, from endovishe (yandovishe) - 'hollow glade or meadow, vast flat cavity' [Dal I: 519]. Zhirovaya - brook (left tributary of the Beryoza), it originates to the north of the village Fateevka, Dmitrievsky district,
is correlated with dial.Zhirovishche - 'swampy place' [Mashtakov 1931: 23], according to the features of the area. Kamsu/ya - river (right tributary of the Svapa), it originates in the gulley Korchy, to the north of the village Kamsulya, Dmitrievsky district. Perhaps, from Tyr. Kom, kum - 'sand' and sulau - 'place, rich in water, where several rivers flow' [Radlov, II: 686: IV: 772]. Lapuga -brook (left tributary of the Obista), it originates on the western edge of the Rylsky district, possibly from dial. Lapa - 'rut' [Kulikovsky 1898: 48], according to the relief of the area: it is high here and has deep hollows, ravines and dips [Kudryavtsev 1892: 254]. Krepenets - brook (left tributary of the Krepna), it originates to the north of the village Novaya Ivanovka, Sudzhansky district, from krep - 'wild places' [Dal II: 207]. Mokva - brook (right tributary of the Seim), it originates to the north of the village Pervaya Mokva, Kursky district, from ancient Russian moknuti [Sreznevsky II: 164], according to marshy and low place of the Seim. Mochovoy - brook (right tributary of the Savinets), it originates in the plot of land of Dubrava to the south of the village of Besobrasovo (formerly village Mochovaya) Cheremisinovsky district, from moch - 'place overgrown with moss' [Sreznevsky II: 213-214; Dal II: 352] according to the features of the area. Muzhitsa - brook (left tributary of the Snagost), it originates in the hollow to the north-west of the village Sergeevka, Glushkovsky district, from muzhi - 'deep hollow' [Murzaeva 1959: 150], according to the features of the area.P/osky - brook (left tributary of the Seim), it originates in the plot of land of Verch Plosky, Solntsevsky district, from plosky -'flat, not high' [Dal III: 127], according to the features of the surrounding area. Po/evoy - brook (right tributary of the Rzhavets), it originates in the plot of land of Morkostnoy, Zolotukhinsky district, from pole - 'open space, meadow, field' [Sreznevsky II: 1125-1126], 'bare space'. Po/yanka - brook (right tributary of the Tim), it originates in the plot of land of Pozhar, Cheremisinovsky district, frompolyana - 'an open place in the forest, shrubs, meadow on the flood plain' [Murzaeva 1959: 179-180]. Popadya - brook (right tributary of the Lochnaya), it originates in the gulley Srednaya Popadya to the south-west of the village Lochnaya, Sudzhansky district, from dial. Popadya - 'extensive deep ravine with steep walls', according to the features of the area.Raspadnya - brook (right tributary of the Snagost), it originates to the north-west of the village Lyubimovka, Korenevsky district, from the geographical term raspadok - 'small creek, waterless valley' [Murzaeva 1959: 189], according to the relief of the area.Raschovets - river (left tributary of the Kshen), it originates to the west of the village Rachovets, in the plot of land of Rachovets, Sovetsky district, from rossokha - 'place,where the sources of several rivers and streams are situated'. Rovniy - brook (right tributary of the Snova), it originates to the south-west of the village Rvanoye Boloto, Ponirovsky district, from rovniy - 'plain', according to the features of the area. Rozhnaya - brook (right tributary of the Belichka), it originates in the gulley Ugolniy, Konishevsky district, from rog-'gulley', according to the relief of the area. Ryasnik - river (right tributary of the Chern), it originates in Oryol region, to the south of the village Ignatievo, from dial. Ryasnoy - ' swampy', according to the features of the area.Stre/itsa - brook (right tributary of the Nestrunka), it originates in the plot of land of Strelitsa, Khomutovsky district, from ancient Russian strelitsa - ' sharp cape at the confluence of two rivers'. Su/a - brook (right tributary of the Nemcha), it originates in the gulley Solonets, to the west of the village Sula, Sudzhansky district, from Turk.Sulau - ' place rich in water, where several rivers flow' [Radlov IV: 772]. Sukhodo/ -brook (left tributary of the Holchy), it originates in the gulley Sukhodol, Fatezhsky district, from sukhodol - ' dry draw with a wide bottom', according to the relief of the area.Us/anka - river (right tributary of the Psel), it originates to the south of the plot of land of VerchnyUslan, Oboyansky district, from the dial. Uslan - ' downhill or uphill, sloping height' [Dal IV: 512], according to the relief of the area. Uspert - brook (left tributary of the Svapa), it originates in the gulley to the east of the village Novaya Pershina, Dmitirievsky district, apparently from sperty - ' compressed', Uspert originates in the ravine, its flow is blocked by crumbling sand and marl. Shigor -river (right tributary of the Kosorzha), it originates to the south of the village Prigorodnoje, Schigrovsky district, from local geographical term schigry - ' forestless crests of dry interbalka paps', according to the features of the area: the area in Schigrovsky district is crossed, gullies and ravines occupy about 14.000 hectares. Busets - brook (left tributary of the Svapa), it originates to the south
of the village Stary Busets, Zheleznogorsky district, from dial. Buza Thus, the study of regional hydronimy and, particularly, hydronimy of Posemye helps to penetrate more deeply into the semantics and etymology of many words of toponymie system. A variety of the meanings of hydronyms speaks about their complex
- ' swamp, bog' [Dal I: 137
historical path. Further study of hydronyms as a reflection of the language world picture will be able to show the perception of reality that was developed in the earlier periods of the language development in society.
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