10HISTORY OF ECOLOGICAL DOCTRINES
Shakhnoza Erkinovna Khamrokulova
Faculty of Social Sciences, National University of Uzbekistan, teacher of the department Pedagogy and General Psychology
ABSTRACT
The content of this article is devoted to the history of environmental teachings. The development of ecological doctrines in ancient Greece, Central Asia, Russia and European countries, the scientific heritage of scientists were discussed. The periods of development of ecological science, ancient times, the Middle Ages, modern ecology are given. In modern ecology, the emphasis is on environmental education.
Keywords: environmental education, environmental awareness, environmental culture, relations between man and nature, environmental crisis, natural environment, environment, environmental scientists
АННОТАЦИЯ:
Мазкур макола мазмуни экологик таълимотлар тарихдга баFишланган. К,адимги Юнонистон, Урта Осиёда, Россия ва Европа давлатларида экологик таълимотлар ривожланиши, олимлар илмий меъроси хдкида суз борган. Экология фанининг ривожланиш даврлари, антик давр, урта асрлар, хозирги замонавий экологияга оид маълумотлар берилган. Х,озирги замон экологиясида экологик тарбияга ахдмият бериш масалалари берилган.
Калит сузлар: экологик таълимотлар, экологик таълим-тарбия, экологик онг, экологик маданият, инсон-табиат муносабатлари, экологик муаммолар, табиий мух,ит, экологик таълимотлар тарихи, атроф-мухдт
АННОТАЦИЯ:
Содержание статьи посвящено истории экологических учений. Речь шла о развитии экологических учений в Древней Греции, Средней Азии, России и странах Европы, о научном наследии ученых. Анализируются данные о периодах развития экологической науки, древности, средневековье, современной экологии. Освещается важность экологического образования в современной экологии.
Ключевые слова: экологическое образование, экологическое сознание, экологическая культура, отношения человека и природы, экологический кризис, природная среда, среда, учёные экологи
27-mart, 2024
144
Although the term "ecology" was introduced to the science for the first time in 1886, the history of ecological teachings, the first information about ecological education dates back to the 6th- 1st centuries BC in the ancient Indian treatises Mahabharat and Ramayana epics. 50 species of animals are described in Mahabharat epic. Ideas related to cattle breeding, animal husbandry, healthy lifestyle, respect for labor, moral and environmental education are described.
Ancient Greece was the cradle of science, education and culture. In ancient Greece, the first ecological views can be seen in the writings of Hippocrates (460-377 BC). Hippocrates expressed his views on environmental education in terms of factors affecting human health.
Aristotle (384-322 BC) in his "History of Animals" classified animals that live in water and on land, swim, fly and crawl. He paid attention to the issues of the living environment of creatures, the structure of organisms, and nutrition. He gave the characteristics of about 500 animals. Insects are called bloodless creatures.
Theophrastus Eresius - (371-280 BC) student of Aristotle, one of the founders of botany. He left a lot of information about the type of plants, the influence of climatic conditions on the development of plants, and the history of plants.
Another source of environmental education is the Avesta. The first information about environmental education in Central Asia is found in Avesta. Information about the irrigation system, medical information about human health, and moral education are given a lot of emphasis. Appreciation of work, glorification of goodness is the main idea of the book.
The Holy Qur'an and hadiths are one of the world-wide important works not only for environmental education, but also for moral education. Hadiths call people to cleanliness, purity, moral and spiritual beauty. Food culture, healthy lifestyle, attitude towards living and inanimate nature, ideas of not harming even the smallest insect are inculcated.
Ecological teachings were further developed in the Middle Ages with the great geographical discoveries. Traveling scientists such as Christopher Columbus, Vasco da Gama, Fernan Magellan, Alexander Humboldt not only discovered the "new world", but also studied the unique features of the flora, fauna, soil and nature of the regions during their travels.
It is worth mentioning the great contributions of Central Asian and Russian scientists to ecological studies. Ibn Sina - (980-1037 years) a famous physician known to the world as a follower of the teachings of Aristotle, Hippocrates, Plato, studied plants and their healing properties, natural environment, conditions, where they grow and made a great contribution to the development of world medical
27-mart, 2024
145
science. Beruni's work "Mineralogy" and Zahiriddin Muhammad Babur's "Boburnoma" should be mentioned here. These works also contain information about place names, geographical and hydrographic objects, minerals, plants, and caves.
Russian scientists A.T. Bolotov, I.I. Lepekhin, P.S. Pallas made a great contribution to the development of ecological studies and natural sciences in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. A.T. Bolotov (1738-1833) researched the cultivation of Russian agricultural products, medicinal herbs, and grafting. I.I. Lepekhin (17401802) left a scientific heritage on the natural features of landscapes, distribution of medicinal plants according to geographical regions, natural conditions and climatic regions of Russia, zoology and botany. P.S. Pallas (1741-1811) contributed to the development of zoology, biology, botany, geography. He made innovations in the properties of soil and water, the spread and causes of diseases in humans and animals, and their prevention, as well as in the fields of beekeeping, silkworms, and cattle breeding. If we analyze the scientific heritage of the above-mentioned Russian scientists, we can see a lot of information about ecological education. The theory of the English clergyman and scientist Thomas Malthus (1766-1834) showed all mankind the difference between demographic growth and the supply of resources. Demographic growth in geometric progression, and natural resources and food growing in arithmetic progression, have justified the emergence of food and resource supply problems in many countries.
XIX - XX centuries were a period of great changes in the field of ecology. Ecology as a science has developed and branches of ecology have also developed. Ernest Haeckel introduced the term "ecology" to science. He interpreted ecology not only as a science about housing, but also as a science that studies the complex relationships of all components in nature. During these times, the study of the connection of ecology with other sciences also expanded. Scientists such as V.I.Vernadsky, V.I.Jadin, G.G.Vinberg, G.Odum have contributed to the development of ecological knowledge on biosphere connections, ecosystems, living nature's interrelationships, relationships. In 1935, English botanist and ecologist A. Tensley (1871-1955) proposed to introduce the term "ecosystem" into science. In the 20th century, the branches and principles of modern ecology developed. By the middle of the 20th century, the rapid development of techniques and technology caused a number of environmental problems, and the development of ecological awareness, ecological education, ecological culture concepts, and increasing ecological education of people became one of the most urgent problems. The main global problems have become environmental problems. For example: problems such
146
27-mart, 2024
as ozone layer, greenhouse effect, supply of resources, diseases and their prevention are primarily related to the development of environmental education.
REFERENCES
1. HAMROKULOVA, S. PROBLEMS OF IMPROVING THE MECHANISMS OF ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION IN GENERAL SECONDARY SCHOOLS. ЭКОНОМИКА, 222-226.
2. Хамрокулова Шахноза Эркиновна (2022). УМУМИЙ УРТА ТАЪЛИМ МАКТАБЛАРИ Ю^ОРИ СИНФЛАРДА ЭКОЛОГИК ТАРБИЯ БЕРИШНИНГ ПЕДАГОГИК-ДАСТУРИЙ ИМПЛЕМЕНТАЦИЯСИ. Современное образование (Узбекистан), (3 (112)), 47-52.
3. Шахноза Эркиновна Хамрокулова, & Солихд Нарзуллоевна Аллаярова (2021). ЭКОЛОГИК ТАРБИЯНИ РИВОЖЛАНТИРИШДА ТАДКЩОТЧИЛИК КУНИКМАСИНИНГ АХДМИЯТИ. Academic research in educational sciences, 2 (11), 1089-1094.
4. Хамрокулова, Ш. Э. (2022). МАКТАБГАЧА ТАЪЛИМ ТИЗИМИДА ЭКОЛОГИК ТАРБИЯ МАСАЛАЛАРИ. Academic research in educational sciences, 3(NUU Conference 2), 960-964.
5. Хусанов, Э. Т. (2022). "АВЕСТО'-ТАБИАТ МУ^ОФАЗАСИ ЙУЛИДА: ЭКОЛОГИК ДЕБОЧА. ZAMONAVIY TARAQQIYOTDA ILM-FAN VA MADANIYATNING O „RNI, 2(24), 117-122.
6. Хайдарова, Х. Р. (2023). МИЛЛИЙ ^АДРИЯТЛАР АСОСИДА ОТА-ОНАЛАРНИНГ ВИРТУАЛ-ПЕДАГОГИК МАДАНИЯТИНИ РИВОЖЛАНТИРИШ МАСАЛАЛАРИ. Results of National Scientific Research International Journal, 2(1), 264-272.
147
27-mart, 2024
