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Section 9. Political institutes, processes and technologies
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20534/EJLPS-17-1-48-57
Frantzi Katerina T., University of the Aegean, School of Humanities, Mediterranean Studies Department, Associate Professor, E-mail: [email protected]
GrePolDis: The Greek Corpus of Political Discourse
Abstract: The GrePolDis Corpus is a Greek Corpus of Political Discourse of various types, such as parliamentary speeches, interviews, press conferences, articles, pre-election speeches and more. The motivation behind the development of the GrePolDis corpus arose from the increasing number of applications it was found to have to the research of both linguists and political scientists.
Keywords: political discourse, corpus development, corpus-based methodology.
Introduction
According to Sinclair, "A corpus is a collection of pieces of language text in electronic form, selected according to external criteria to represent, as far as possible, a language or language variety as a source of data for linguistic research." [8, 16]. Corpus-based language studies guarantee precision, completeness and speed with the processing of language material since the process is applied to naturally produced language material collected and structured in such a way as to be representative of the language or language variety it refers to [1; 3; 6].
Corpus-based studies were initially applied to linguistics research for the extraction of lexical, grammatical, syntactic, semantic, pragmatic and other linguistic information. The approach spread to include applied linguistics areas as well, such as first and second/foreign language learning, discourse analysis, forensic linguistics, stylistics, etc. [2; 5]. Nowadays, it is applied to a great number of research areas other than linguistics, such as to education, sociology, philology, mass media sciences, political sciences, etc. [4; 7].
Language is the most important tool politicians use to communicate their ideology, to persuade and
to argue. Due to the important position oflanguage in political studies, the language used in politics is a very interesting field to study [9]. This language is a subject for study for both politicians themselves and those who want to research this type of language, as well as the results of its various uses. The advantages of corpus-based studies have been lately recognized by political discourse analysts. Of course linguists, especially discourse analysts, can benefit when applying corpus-based methodology for the study of political language. But it is important that politicians also have valid information on the way they write, speak and communicate with other politicians or non-politicians. They can analyze the way other politicians speak, extracting features they want to adopt or avoid. Political analysts can even match discourse with actions of the past or the future [5].
This study presents the GrePolDis corpus of Greek Political Discourse, developed over the last years at the Informatics Laboratory of the Department of Mediterranean Studies, University of the Aegean. The corpus aims to be a strong tool for both linguists focusing on political discourse and political scientists researching political discourse for communication and political purposes.
The structure of the GrePolDis Corpus
The corpus has been developed to be used for various types of research questions coming from a variety of researchers from the areas of linguistics, communication studies, political studies, sociology and more. For this reason, it consists of various types of political discourse language material, i. e. interviews, conversations, articles, statements, press conferences, pre-election political spots, parliamentary speeches, pre-election speeches and other types of speeches. The material has been retrieved from the official Hellenic Parliament webpage, the official webpages of politicians, mass media webpages and YouTube [11]. It covers a large number of political parties and politicians.
An important feature of the corpus is that a significant part of it has been manually annotated with part of speech information. This currently refers to 158 interviews of ex-Prime Minister Giorgos Papandreou, with a total of more than 400,000 words. The manual annotation is hard and time-consuming work which was decided upon since it guarantees precision and completeness. The words of every interview have been annotated with detailed part-of-speech tags. Verbs, for instance, are tagged with mood, tense, active/passive voice, number and person, pronouns are tagged with the exact type, number and person, adverbs with the adverb category, etc.
The GrePolDis corpus is structured in such a way that the users can either use it as a whole or they can use sub-corpora according their research requirements which may involve specific time periods or specific types of political discourse. The main sub-corpora are currently those of parliamentary discourse, consisting of minutes of the Hellenic Parliament, of politicians' parliamentary speeches, consisting of the "clean" language material of specific politicians in the Hellenic Parliament; of political parties discourse, consisting of discourse of politicians belonging to specific political parties; of pre-election political spots, of pre-election speeches and of Giorgos Papandreou's discourse. Discourse from political leaders is ofparticular interest and as such there have been efforts toward its inclusion in the corpus. The sub-corpora described below are the main ones but specific sub-corpora according to researchers' needs can be structured and used to fit the specific needs.
Parliamentary discourse
The sub-corpus of parliamentary discourse consists of language material from the Hellenic Parliament for the years 2011-2016. It is dynamic and currently consists of40,817,402 words. The material has been retrieved from the official Hellenic Parliament webpage [10]. The researcher can use either the whole of the sub-corpus or can choose specific parts of it depending on time periods or specific sessions. For the language material of each plenary session of Parliament in the sub-corpus, meta-data is kept which includes the date, the period, the session number, the meeting number, the size of the text in terms of number of words, the electronic address of its retrieval and any notes that seem appropriate.
Table 1 gives the structure and size of the subcorpus of parliamentary discourse. The corpus consists of the minutes of the 232 plenary sessions of the year 2011, 173 plenary sessions of 2012, 207 plenary sessions of the year 2013, 182 plenary sessions of the year 2014, 144 plenary sessions of the year 2015 and 202 plenary sessions of the year 2016. The total size of the corpus is 40,817,402 words, with 8,429,891 words from the minutes of 2011, 4,265,431 words from the minutes of 2012, 7,655,904 words from the minutes of 2013, 7,395,673 words from the minutes of 2014, 5,435,784 words from the minutes of 2015 and 7,634,719 words from the minutes of 2016.
Table 1. - The parliamentary discourse sub-corpus
year number of plenary sessions size (words)
2011 232 8,429,891
2012 173 4,265,431
2013 207 7,655,904
2014 182 7,395,673
2015 144 5,435,784
2016 202 7,634,719
total 1140 40,817,402
A sample of the language material of the PnXT' plenary session of September 9th, 2016, follows.
Kvpie Tnovpji, va ^¿pere oti wg AypoxpaTiKy Zvpnapara^y iawg ypaarav to povo xoppa nov ypdape paty aag cry SiaSixaaia ryg avro^iag, xavape nporaaeig, Sev avppereixape ae ywv¿g y oriSynore a^o, ypaarav avveroi aro va npo^wpyaei y npoanadeia xai
va akrpfyovpe rovg avdpdnovg ryg ApKaSiag Kai ryg nepioxtfg Kai rdpa Kai rovg vnoXoinovg. Zag Kdvape avjKeKpipeveg npokdaeig Kai aag rig akeiXape aro Tnovpyelo. AvTipeTwniaape Kai to Siko aag depa va prv pnopefre va ¿pdeTe npiv SeKanevTe pe rpepia, pe avwavjKpaTnan. 'Opwg, pe avjx^petTe, av ¿xeke fidXei nXafov to 30% akig anoZrjpitiaeig, yofidpai oti nptiwv, SvcTvxdg oi nolfceg Kai oi ajpokeg Sev da pnopovv va avkane^eXdovv.
Politicians' parliamentary speeches
The sub-corpus of specific politicians' parliamentary speech contains language material from the minutes of the sessions of the Hellenic Parliament. The difficulty of the construction of this sub-corpus
National Elections ofJanuary 25 th, 2015: Preelection political spots.
This sub-corpus consists of language material from the pre-election spots of the political parties that took part in the National Elections of January 2015. The spots were collected from official parties' webpages, media webpages and YouTube [12]. There are fifty-six spots from thirteen parties that
lies in the fact that minutes of Parliamentary sessions had to be manually processed for the extraction and categorization of the different persons' speech.
The sub-corpus contains parliamentary speech from 115 politicians, of eight political parties, with a total of7,887,173 words. The corpus can be used as a whole, but also specific political parties or specific politicians can be chosen for processing. For every speech, information regarding the speaker, his/her political party, the date, the session, the period and the size of the speech in terms of number of words are kept. Table 2 gives the number of persons and the total number of words per political party represented in this sub-corpus.
took part in the January 2015 National Elections, of a total of 9,692 words. Table 3 gives the language material for each of these thirteen parties. Coalition of the Radical Left — Unitary Social Front, SYRIZA, the political party that won the elections, is the party with the largest number of material retrieved, both in terms of number of spots, thirteen, as well as in terms of number of words, 2,276.
political party spots size (words) average spot size (words)
1 2 3 4 5
Independent Greeks ANEL 10 503 50.3
Anticapitalist Left Cooperation for the Overthrow ANTARSYA 1 1202 1202
Democratic Left DIMAR 1 55 55
Union of Centrists EK 1 143 143
Movement of Democratic Socialists KIDISO 1 103 103
Communist Party of Greece KKE 3 1167 389
Communist Party of Greece (Marxist-Leninist) KKE M-L 1 201 201
Table 2. - Participants and size of discourse per political party's parliamentary speech
political party politicians size (words)
Independent Greeks ANEL 7 230,127
Democractic Left DIMAR 2 289,298
Communist Party of Greece KKE 5 992,830
New Democracy ND 40 2,840,559
Panhellenic Socialist Movement PASOK 4 255,449
The River POTAMI 4 87,483
Coalition of the Radical Left — Unitary Social Front SYRIZA 46 2,995,041
Golden Dawn XA 7 456,686
total 115 7,887,173
Table 3. - Language material for each of the political parties
1 2 3 4 5
New Democracy ND 8 1314 164.25
Panhellenic Socialist Movement PASOK 2 187 93.5
The river POTAMI 10 823 82.3
Coalition of the Radical Left — Unitary Social Front SYRIZA 13 2276 175.07
Full-Stop TELEIA 1 259 259
Golden Dawn XA 4 1459 364.75
Table 4. - Samples of pre-election spot material for the parliamentary political parties
Independent Greeks ANEL <ANESAPTHTOI EAAHNES> QaXaoaeg loyKoug Kai ßouva noul^aav euKolia. Se liyo 0a noul^aouve k aur^ r^v ioTopia. < QaXaoaeg loyKoug Kai ßouva noul^aav euKolia. Se liyo 0a noul^aouve k aur^ T^v ioropia.>
Union of Centrists EK <0 RWpyog MiTonKWoTag eivai leßevTng! Eou;> <en,qsh KENTPaaN> <nooo on^avTiKo eivai va ^nv ^va^e nwg ei^aore av0pwnoi... aKo^a Ki av e^ou^e aSiK^oei Kanoiov va xou^e Tn Suva^n
Communist Party of Greece KKE <Ta iSia ^e Toug iSioug ^ Ta iSia ^e tou a^.oug;> Kußepv^aeig ^p0av Ki e^uyav. <Kußepv^aeig ^p0av Ki e^uyav> AuTa e^eivav. <AuTa e^eivav> AvTilaiKa i^eTpa.
New Democracy ND <E^eig ^Tia^vou^e to y^neSo> - nwg oe leve; - NiKoXa. Na oag nw KaTi; O naTepag ^ou ^ou leei nwg Ta npay^aTa eivai SuoKola. - KaToe va Ta notice pe NiKoXa. AiKio e^ei o naTepag oou. 'O^wg ^epiKeg ^opeg, av 0eg va ^Tia^eig KaTi owoto, nepvag ^eoa ano SuoKolieg. 'Etoi Sev eivai;
Panhellenic Socialist Movement PASOK AKouoTe ^ag. <AKouoTe ^ag> Se auTeg Tig eKloyeg <Se auTeg Tig EKA0EES> KpaTa^e ^nla Tnv e0viK^ npoona0eia Kai unepaoniZo^aoTe Tig 0uoieg twv E^vwv.
The River POTAMI <EyW ei^ai TO noTa^i> - EyW Sev 0'elw va ^e Kußepvouv auToi nou Sev e^ouv Soule^ei tcote. EyW ei^ai to nOTAMI. - OXoi e^eig nou Ta ouZnTa^e Tooa xpovia, nou 0eXa^e to Kaivoupio, a^a ^n^Za^e to nalio, oXoi e^eig nou 0eXou^e ^ia E^aSa ^e Souleieg, SiKaioouvn Kai naiSeia, e^eig ei^aore to nOTAMI.
Coalition of the Radical Left — Unitary Social Front SYRIZA <SYPIZA SYNASniSMOS PIZOSnASTIKHS APISTEPAS> <H EAnIAA EPXETAI H EAAAAA nPOXOPAEI H EYPOnH AAAAZEI> Auto nou au^ßaivei Twpa eivai oti ^e tov SYPIZA evwvovTai Se^ioi Kai apiorepoi oTn ßaon Tng avayKng va oiKoSo^^oou^e eva ^e^ov ^e a^ionpeneia.
Golden Dawn XA <ISiwtik^ npwToßoulia> <AAIK0S SYNAESMOS XPYSH AYrH> <AmNIZ0MASTE rIA E0NIKH ANESAPTHSIA nOAITIKH KA0APSH NA MnOYN STH NA MnOYN STH OYAAKH OSOI OAHrHSAN TH XOPA STO XAOS> <KATArrEAIA TOY MNHMONIOY>
For each spot, information regarding the type of material (oral or written), the type of the original file retrieved, the political party, the date, the source and its size in terms of number of words is kept as meta-data. Table 4 gives a sample of preelection spots of the elected political parties: Independent Greeks, Union of Centrists, Communist Party of Greece, New Democracy, the River, Coali-
Table 5. - Samples of the political
tion of the Radical Left — Unitary Social Front and Golden Dawn.
There is currently a number of spots that have been manually part-of-speech tagged. The annotation includes the tagging of verbs, nouns, adjectives, adverbs and pronouns. The aim is that all of the language material of the pre-election spots will be annotated with parts of speech. parties' pre-election discourse
Independent Greeks ANEL H on^eptv^ anoKálu^n rn? e^n^epíSa? «Ayopá» anoSetKvúei rov anóluTo eureAio^ó rn? ouyKu^epvnon? Nea? An^oKparía? — nAXOK, va avaKotvwvet 100 Sóoet? orou? o^etAere? rou Sn^ooíou.
Democractic Left DIMAR Ot «npáaivoi- A^^oKpariK^ Aptorepá» eí^aore eSw yta r^v Kotvwvía Kat rn x^pa. Me peaAio^ó Kat ópa^a. Ra rnv npooSeurtK^ StaKu^epvnon rn? x^pa?.
Movement of Democratic Socialists KIDISO Kupía Mmp^níln, va Soú^e Karapx^v ti eívat veo Kat ti naAtó; To va Kare^aívet? art? eKVoye?, rnv «pa nou n x^pa ^a? eívat ^erewpn Kat anoKVeto^evn anó ti? ayope?, ^e unooxeoet? yta ave^eleyKre? napox¿? Kat Karápynon ^ópwv, ónw? Kávet n Nea An^oKparía Kat o XYPIZA, eívat veo ^ naAtó; na^rálato eívat. Hrav naAtó órav ra otve^á npó^aAav rov «MaupoytaAoúpo».
Popular Orthodox Rally LAOS Aur^ n tcoAitik^ ayupreía anevavrt orou? evoroAou? npenet va ora^ar^oet. Aev ^nopeí va yupí^et rnv E^áSa Kat ^erá va rou? nerá^e ora áxpnora ytarí erot Znrá n TpótKa.
New Democracy ND Eupw xwpí? r^pnon Seo^eúoewv Sev ^nopeí va ora0eí», ouvextoe Kat npóo0eoe nw? «eKeívot nou ovetpeúovrat rn naraíwon rwv enevSúoewv oSnyoúv rn x^pa oe arúxn^a
Panhellenic Socialist Movement PASOK Aur^ eívat n eQvtK^ orparnytK^, auró? eívat o ^óvo? ao^aA.^? Spó^o?. Eí^aore eva nptv anó rn ou^wvía ^e rou? eraípou?, eva nptv rnv optortK^ e^oSo anó ro Mvn^óvto, eva nptv rn vea ^áon rn? npoXnnrtK^? tciotwtik^? ypa^^? nou eívat noXú ávern, nou 0a (3on0^oet rnv npay^artK^ otKovo^ía, ti? enevSúoet?, rnv anaoxólnon
Coalition of the Radical Left — Unitary Social Front SYRIZA To anoreleo^a rn? on^eptv^? StaStKaoía? ^rav ^ta npwrn a^.á on^avrtK^ víKn rou Aaoú ^a? nou naípvet rnv narpíSa anó ro x¿pt yta va rn (Pyálet anó ro Ka0eorw? rn? raneívwon?» «n entXoy^ eívat ora x¿pta rou Aaoú. 0a entXe^et ro Spó^o nou ^a? oS^ynoe ornv rpaywSía Kat rnv raneívwon, ^ 0a entXe^et ro Spó^o rn? eXníSa? yta rn ^eyáln a^.ay^.
Full-stop TELEIA Av KepSíow oe aure? rt? eowreptKe? eKXoye? 0a ouvexíow w? apxnyó? rn? TeXeía?», «0a eí^at npóeSpo? rn? TeXeía? ^¿xpt ro ouveSpto, nou 0a yívet ^erá ti? eKVoye? yta rnv eKXoy^ npoeSpou.
Golden Dawn XA To ^vn^ovtaKó Ka0eorw? ^e rn oú^npa^n ólwv rwv Ko^^árwv rn? BouX^? Kareluoe ro Súvray^a Kat ti? eXeú0epe? eKXoye?, Kparwvra? napávo^a orn ^uXaK^ eKXey^evou? eKnpoownou? rou e^nvtKoú Xaoú. rta npwrn ^opá ornv Eupwnn ot PouXeure? rn? rpírn? noXtrtK^? Súva^n? ^ta? x^pa? napa^evouv eyKXetorot xwpí? StKaíw^a Xóyou Kat anoKXeto^evot anó óla ra MME.
National Elections ofJanuary 25 th, 2015: Preelection political speeches
The sub-corpus of pre-election political discourse consists of language material produced by
politicians of specific political parties during the pre-election action for the National Elections of January 25th, 2015. It includes material from the political parties of Independent Greeks, Democratic
Left, Movement of Democratic Socialists, Popular Orthodox Rally, New Democracy, Panhellenic Socialist Movement, Coalition of the Radical Left — Unitary Social Front, Full-stop and Golden Dawn. The language material consists of statements, interviews, speeches and articles retrieved from the official sites of the political parties or the politicians. For each speech in the sub-corpus, information regarding the speaker, the political party, the date, the type of text, the source and the size of the material is kept.
There are currently thirty-five text files of speeches and statements of Panos Kammenos, the President of Independent Greeks, with a total of 5,592 words, ten files for Democratic Left of interviews and speeches of its president Fotis Kouvelis, with a total of 964 words; ten files of interviews, articles and speeches of the President of Movement of Democratic Socialists, Giorgos Papandreou, of a total of 36,029 words; two files, a statement and a speech of the president of Popular Orthodox Rally Giorgos Karatzaferis, of 2,163 words; seventeen files of speeches and articles of the president of New Democracy Antonis Samaras; eight files of the New Democracy member of Parliament Manos Konsolas, with a total of 6,024 words, forty files of speeches, interviews and articles of the president of Panhellenic Socialist Movement Evaggelos Venizelos with a total of 110,996 words; thirty-one files of interviews, speeches, articles of the president of Coalition of the Radical Left — Unitary Social Front Alexis Tsipras with a total of 21,138 words, three files of statements of the president of Full-stop Apostolos Gletsos with a total of 149 words and ten files of interviews, statements, speeches and articles of the president of Golden Dawn Nikos Michaloliakos, with 1,359 words in total. The total size of the subcorpus, in terms of number of words, is 184,414. Table 5 gives samples of the language material of pre-election discourse.
In the case of interviews, two files are involved: one with the whole text of the interview, both the "words" of the interviewer and the political party and one with the "words" of the politician only, so that it can be more easily processed by researchers focusing on the "words" of the politician.
Political parties' discourse
The sub-corpus of political parties' discourse is composed of language material produced by members of political parties. It consists of interviews, speeches, articles, statements, etc. The material was retrieved from publications on the personal webpages of politicians or political parties. The researchers can choose specific political parties or specific politicians for their processing. It should be noted that when the text files include language material other than the specific person's discourse, a second file has been constructed which includes the "clean" material, i. e. only the "words" produced by the specific politician. When there is a reference to the size of the corpus, this applies to the size of the "clean" language material.
Nine political parties' discourse is included in this sub-corpus: Independent, Independent Greeks, Democratic Left, Olive Tree, Communist Party of Greece, New Democracy, Panhellenic Socialist Movement, The River and Coalition of the Radical Left — Unitary Social Front. For Independent, there are 26 texts, all by one politician, for the period 2013-2014, with a total of 20,859 words. The language material of three politicians of Independent Greeks consists of 217 texts, for the period 2012-2015, with a total of 40,227 words. Regarding Democratic Left, there are 379 texts, of the period 2012-2015, of a total of 287,170 words. The language material of one politician of Olive Tree consists of 20 texts, for the period of2010-2014, of a total of 18,394 words. The Communist Party of Greece political party is represented by nine politicians, with 478 texts for the period of 1998-2015 and a total of 146,043 words. Regarding New Democracy, twenty-nine politicians are included, with 1,692 texts and 1,631,510 words in total, for the period 2007-2015. Panhellenic Socialist Movement is represented with 1,036 texts, by ten politicians, for the period 1997-2015 and a total of 2,194,281 words. The The River political party is represented by two politicians, with 189 texts for the period 2012-2015 and a total of449,071 words. Finally, Coalition of the Radical Left — Unitary Social Front is represented by thirteen politicians, with 295 texts of the period 2007-2015 and a total of 130,996 words. The sub-corpus consists of 4,332 texts with a total of 4,918,551words. Table 6 gives samples of the language material of specific politicians' discourse.
Table 6. - Samples of the language material of politicians' discourse
Terens Kouik ANEL Se oXoug Toug vo^otig Tng nepi^epeiag, 0a e^ou^e ^n^oSeXria viKng, "^n^oSeXria nou 0a eKle^ouv Bouleureg. Se aura 0a ^ere^ouv oi yvworoi SoKi^ao^evoi aywviCTreg ^ag, a^.a Kai Kaivotipyioi ou^nopeureg ^ag, nou 0a SieupUvouv rnv eKloyiK^ ^ag ßaon, yia va eleu0epWoou^e ^eoa ano rig KaXneg rnv E^.aSa Kai n eno^evn Kußepvnon e0viK^g owrnpiag va avaKT^oei rnv e0viK^ Kupiapxia rng narpiSag nag.
Stavros Theodorakis The River H Koivwvia ^nopei va uno^epei ano roug SYPIZANEA a^a Sev vooralyei to napel0ov. Aev 0eXei va yupioei orig Kußepv^oeig rng NA Kai rou nASOK. To nora^i 0a Kareßei aurovo^o ^aZi ^e roug ou^^a^oug rou, eKrog av Kara^epou^e va Sn^ioupy^oou^e eva rpiro eKCTuyxpovioTiKo Kai ^eTappu0^ioTiKo noXo. Mnv ^nepSeuroti^e. Eivai Kai npwi. H k. revvn^ara ^rav unoupyog rng Se^iag. Yrcoupyog ^iag Kußepvnong nou ei^e npWro poXo n N. A. npiv avaKalti^ouv to Xaog ouyKußepvoUoav ^e rn NA.
Antonis Samaras ND Ei^a^e eva nolu yovi^o Kai 0eriKo yia rov rono, ano nleupag e^eli^ewv, Si^epo. 0a oag Kavw ^ia avaluriK^ evn^epwon npWra an' oXa, n iSiairepn on^aoia rou ßaoiKou 0e^arog nou ei^e auro to EupwnaiKo Su^ßoüXio, nou ^rav n vea ap^ireKToviK^ rng ONE Kai iSiairepa n on^aoia rng TpaneZiK^g Evwong. npo^wp^oa^e ornv iSpuon evog eviaiou enonriKou ^nxavio^oti, Wore oi rpaneZeg va eleyxovrai oe eupwnaiKo enineSo Kai Kara rpono ouvrovio^evo.
Alexis Tsipras SYRIZA Anorelei nleov Koiv^ napaSox^, ori n EupWnn ßpioKerai oe eva Kpioi^o oraupoSpo^i. H oikovo^ik^ CTTaoi^oTnTa, ra npoßX^ara KoivwviK^g ouvox^g, n e^apon rou eupwoKenTioKio^oU Kai rou ano^ovwrio^oU, n evio^uan aKpoSe^iWv laiKiCTTiKWv ^aivo^evwv, eivai Znr^ara nou Sev ^nopoU^e va npoonepva^e, oe ^ia ooßap^ ouZ^rnon yia rnv nopeia Kai to ^e^.ov rou eupwnai'KoU oiKoSo^^arog. Se ^ia reroia ouZ^rnon, oi eupw^eooyeiaKeg xWpeg ^nopoüv Kai npenei va exouv au^n^evo loyo Kai o rponog va evioxUoouv rnv ^wv^ roug, eivai va avaZnr^oouv Koivo ßn^aTiCT^o Kai Koiveg 0eoeig.
Giorgos Papandreou PASOK MoXig oloKlnpWoa^e ^ia nolU orlnp^ Kai Stioxoln Sianpay^areuon, a^.a 0eXw va 0u^iow ori, npiv ano 18 ^veg, orav anoKalti^nKe to ^eye0og rou npoßX^arog nou eixe n xWpa ^ag, to onoio avayKaoe rnv Kußepvnon rng NA va 9uyei, eniSo0^Ka^e oe ^ia aveu nponyou^evou npoona0eia oro eowrepiKo, a^.a Kai ^ia ouvex^ Kai CTKlnp^ Sianpay^areuon oro eowrepiKo, yia va anorpe^ou^e auro nou oi nepioooTepoi rore 0ewpoUoav avano^euKro. AnlaS^, va ^nv Z^oei n xWpa ^ag, va ^nv Z^oei n e^nviK^ oiKoyeveia, rig ouveneieg ^iag xpeoKoniag.
Fofi Gennimata PASOK n^pa ^ia npwroßoulia npiv ano liyoug ^veg, a^oU eiSa ori n Sn^oKpariK^ CTu^napara^n npoxwpa Kai nara oe eva orepeo eSa^og Kai SWoa^e eva xpovo oro nora^i va ^nopeoei va ^eKa0apioei to oriy^a rou. Na ano^aoioei noU av^Kei. Av^Kei ornv Kevrpoapiorepa; 'Exou^e auro rov Koivo oroxo va SieKSiK^oou^e eva KevrpiKo poXo orig e^eli^eig; 'H eivai reliKa a^eg oi eniSiW^eig rng nyeoiag rou;
Evaggelos Venizelos PASOK Eivai yia ^eva nolU ev0appuvriKo to yeyovog ori oro ^eoo rou Noe^ßpiou, SnlaS^ ornv apx^ rou xei^Wva yia ra SeSo^eva ^ag, ^aZeuo^aore eSW, ^ia KupiaK^ npwi ßpoxep^, va ^il^oou^e yia rnv noliriK^ Karaoraon, yia rnv Karaoraon oro nASOK, yia to ^e^ov rou ronou, Kai ^uoiKa yia to ^e^.ov rou Kiv^^arog. Xaipo^ai yiari ßXenw ^ava ^iXoug, yiari ei^aore eSW ^e to AaZapo, rov HXia, to vo^apxn, to ypa^area rng vo^apxiaK^g enirpon^g Kai oXoug eoag, oro nlaioio rwv npoouveSpiaKWv SiaSiKaCTiWv.
Giorgos Papandreou's discourse 310,099 words, 111 articles of 95,451 words
This is a sub-corpus consisting of political dis- and various other types of material, such as four
course by the ex-Prime Minister, Giorgos Papan- conversations of 19,895 words, thirty-five state-
dreou. It consists of parliamentary speeches, other ments of 7,695 words, eleven press conferences
speeches, articles, press conferences, conversations, of 48,816 words and four parliamentary speeches
statements and interviews. More specifically, it con- of 13,088 words. The sub-corpus of Papandreou's
sists of 156 interviews of more than 400,000 words discourse consists of 438 text files with a total of (currently growing in size), 112 speeches of 896,566 words.
Table 7. - Samples of Papandreou's various types of discourse gives samples of Papandreou's various types of discourse
interviews npenei va yivei ^ia Siaçoponoinon, avà^eoa oe Kànoieç npà^eiç ßiag, nou anoTeloUv ^ia nolU ^iKp^ ^eio^nçia — npÖKeiTai yia nolU SuoàpeoTa yeyovÖTa, nou eivai o^wç ^ovw^éva Kai Sev avTinpoowneUouv, ^e Kaveva Tpöno, Tiç eipnviKeç SiaSnlwoeiç, oi onoieç eivai Karavo^reç — Kai oto yeyovôç öti, nolU ^eyàXo nooooTÖ tou E^nviKoti laoU, n nleio^nçia 0a eXeya, avTila^àvovTai öti Ta ^£Tpa auTà eivai avayKaia.
speeches nà^e ^aÇi. nà^e Twpa. Twpa eivai n wpa. Twpa eivai n wpa Tnç nio Kpioi^nç anôçaonç. Twpa anoçaoiZou^e, av 0a ^eivou^e aix^àXwToi oto napel0öv, ^ 0a npoxwp^oou^e oto ^e^ov. Anö^e, n A0^va ^i^noe, ^e Tn SiK^ oaç çwv^, ^e auT^ Tnv npwTÖyvwpn ouyKevTpwon Kai to nà-0oç. Milàei öXn n E^àSa, öXoi oi 'E^nveç, o\eç oi E^nviSeç. Kai çwvàZouv SuvaTà: nà^e. nà^e ^aÇi. nà^e ^rcpooTà.
articles To nASOK yevv^0nKe oe ^ia ioTopiK^ oTiy^, KaTà Tnv onoia n iSia n e^nviK^ Koivwvia, e^epxö^evn anö Tn oKoTeiv^ nepioSo Tnç SiKTaTopiaç, Si^otioe va yupioei oeliSa oTnv IoTopia Tnç. 'HTav to 1974, ÖTav o AvSpeaç nanavSpeou evwoe KàTw anö eva veo noliTiKÖ çopea o\eç eKeiveç Tiç KoivwviKeç Suvà^eiç, nou eni SeKaeTÎeç ei^av ßpe0ei oto nepi0wpio Tnç KoivwviKeç, Tnç oiKovo^iK^ç Kai Tnç noliTiK^ç Zw^ç Tnç xwpaç.
conversations Eu^apioTW nolU, Angel. npwTÎoTwç, va Snlwow öti n E^àSa avala^àvei Kai çepei Tnv eu0Uvn va SiaxeipioTei Tn sik^ Tnç Kpion. ©a npooe0eTa, ^àXioTa, öti n E^àSa Sev eivai ^ia xwpa çtwx^. Aia0£Tei TepàoTieç SuvaTÔTnTeç ^ev, eTuxe KaKoSiaxeipionç Se — Kai auTÖ eivai Z^n^a SiaKupépvnonç. To Z^Tn^a eivai u^îotwç noliTiKÖ. AnoTelei Z^n^a So^wv Kai 0eo^wv. EniKpaToUoe eva nelaTeiaKÖ otioTn^a, e^ei^n Siaçàveiaç, onaTà^n, evaç uSpoKeçaloç Sn^ooioç To^eaç, ^ia avenapK^ç ouvSpo^ oe 0e^aTa avTaywvioTiKÔTnTaç Kai avànru^nç Kai, ^àXiora, oe To^eiç otouç onoiouç Sia0£Ta^e ouyKpiTiKÖ nleoveKTn^a.
statements 'Evaç aywvioT^ç, oti^ßolo twv aywvwv tou laoU ^aç yia eleu0epia Kai Sn^oKpaTia, eçuye o^epa anö KovTà ^aç. H ^aKpà aywvioTiK^ nopeia tou Ràvvn Xapala^nönoulou, ^eKivnoe anö to AXßaviKÖ MeTwno Kai Tn Meon AvaTol^, anevavTi otov çaoio^o Kai tov vaZio^ö, ouvexioTnKe ^e tov AvevSoTo Aywva Kai ^eTà, ^e Tnv avTiSiKTaTopiK^ tou Spàon anevavTi oTn xoUvTa twv ouvTay^aTapxwv, yia Tnv onoia Siwx0nKe, ßaoavioTnKe Kai e^opioTnKe. AywvioTnKe ^eoa anö Tiç ypa^eç tou nAK Kai ^eTeixe otiç SiaSiKaoieç yia Tnv 'iSpuon tou nAXOK, Sinla otov AvSpea nanavSpeou.
press conferences Kaln^epa oaç. ©a ^0ela va ^eKiv^ow ^e ^ia S^Xwon eKçpaonç ou^napàoTaonç otouç nln^^upona0eiç Tnç E^oiaç, otouç KaToÎKouç nou SoKi^àZovTai. No^iZw, ^aç eK^pàZei oXouç ^aç auT^ n ÉK^paon ou^napàoTaonç. Kupieç Kai KUpioi, otiç 4 tou OKTwßpn, Sev ouyKpoUovTai anlà SUo KÖ^aTa ^ SUo apxnyoi, a^à SUo SiaçopeTiKeç avTil^^eiç yia Tnv nopeia Tnç xwpaç. E^eiç ^epou^e öti n Kpion ^nopei va yivei Kai euKaipia, va avaSei^ei xpoviZovTa Kai ^eyàXa npoßX^^aTa, Ta onoia ^nopoU^e Kai npenei va Siop0woou^e. Kai auTà, ^e oxeSio Kai ^e anoçàoeiç.
parliamentary speeches
Ayan^roi auvaSelçoi, eSw Kai 25 ^ve?, éSwaa ^ia ^¿xn aveu nponyou^évou, yta va aw0ei n x^pa. Mövo?, anö oXn rnv nyeoia rou noliriKou ouor^aro?. Me noliriK^ or^pi^n, ri? Suva^ei? rou nave^viou XoaialioriKou Kiv^aro? Kai rn? KoivoßouleuriK^? O^aSa? rou nASOK. Me npay^ariK^ or^pi^n, rou? nolire? rn? x^pa?, rov aywva rouç, ri? npoonaBeiéç rouç. Me ^ia noliriK^ npay^ariKÖrnra ornv E^aSa, Çoçep^. Me ^ia Avrinolireuon, Suorux«?, aveûBuvn Kai çuyonovn. Kai ^e éva eupûrepo Ko^ari rou noliriKoû ouor^aro?, nou ro ^övo nou ro evSiaçépei eSw Kai Kaipö, eivai n enißiwon rou nalaioû ouor^aro?.
This sub-corpus, apart from the large size of discourse of a single politician, an ex-Prime Minister of Greece, boasts manual, precise and complete annotation of the language material of the interviews. More than 400,000 words regarding interviews have been manually annotated with part of speech information. The following sample is from Giorgos Pa-pandreou's interview of the 14th of May 2011.
Aev/M 0a/M &eya/PE_Y_E_E1 oti/S eivai/PE_O_E_E3 eva/AA niCTT6VOY_O_E1 cttov/AE Kp0Ta^o/OY_A_E3, a^â/S ^ua/AA oKav5aAn/OT_0_E1nou/A_AN9a/M^nopoûoE/PE_T_E_ E3 va/M narn0ei/PE_T_E_E3 evavriov/n o\ÔK\npnç/E©_©_E2 r^ç/AO x^paç/OY_0_ E2, e^amaç/n r^ç/AO npay^ariK^ç/E0_0_E2 niQavôrnTaç/ OY_0_E2^taç/AAxpeoKoniaç/ OY_0_ E2. Karop0wCTa^e/PE_O_A_n1 va/M to/AO ano^ûyou ^ie/PE_Y_E_n 1, e^o ikovo ^wvTaç/MTX_E \îyo/E0_A_E3 xpovo/ OY_A_E3 yia/n va/M u\onot^CTou^e/PE_Y_E_n1 tiç/AO anapaÎTnTeç/E0_0_n3 a^ayeç/OY_0_n3 Kai/S va/M yîvei/PE_Y_E_E3 n/AO EUâSa/OYKY ^ua/AA aûyxpovn/E0_0_E1,
anoreleCT^aTiK^ /E0_0_E 1 Kai/S ß iWoi^n / E0_0_ E1 oiKovo^ia/OY_0_E1.
Conclusion
The GrePolDis Corpus is a dynamic corpus of Greek political discourse. The corpus has been built for both linguistic and political science research purposes and is the result of continuous, time-consuming work. The dynamic corpus is periodically updated with new language material. The corpus consists of both "raw", unannotated material as well as annotated with the parts of speech material. It is structured in various, dynamic sub-corpora to suit specific research needs.
As for future work, the corpus is periodically updated with new political discourse material for both politicians already in the corpus as well as new politicians. In parallel, annotation is planned for more material of the corpus aside the interviews of Giorgos Papandreou. The GrePolDis Corpus aims to be a necessary tool in the hands of both political discourse analysts and political scientists researching political discourse for communication and political purposes.
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