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0
International Journal of Food Science and Technology.
3. Khameneh, B., et al. (2019). "Menthol and Its Role in Food Industry Applications." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry.
© Hojanyyazova M., 2024
УДК 62
Orazov A.,
Vise dean Oguz han Engineering and Technology University of Turkmenistan
Ishangulyyev D.,
4th year student Oguz han Engineering and Technology University of Turkmenistan
Jummanov U.,
4th year student Oguz han Engineering and Technology University of Turkmenistan
Turkmenistan c. Ashgabat Tojanov M.,
Head of department Oguz han Engineering and Technology University of Turkmenistan GREEN HYDROGEN PRODUCTION Abstract
Green hydrogen production has emerged as a pivotal solution in the transition towards a sustainable energy future. This research paper explores the methods, advantages, and challenges associated with green hydrogen, which is generated through the electrolysis of water using renewable energy sources. The study emphasizes the environmental benefits of green hydrogen, including its potential to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions and dependence on fossil fuels. Furthermore, it examines various production techniques, including centralized and distributed systems, as well as the economic implications and technological advancements required for scalability.
Introduction
The global energy landscape is undergoing a profound transformation as the world grapples with the urgent need to mitigate climate change and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Among the various strategies being explored, green hydrogen has garnered significant attention due to its potential as a clean and versatile energy carrier. Unlike traditional hydrogen production methods that rely on fossil fuels, green hydrogen is produced through a process called electrolysis, where water is split into hydrogen and oxygen using electricity derived from renewable sources such as solar, wind, and hydropower.
Overview of green hydrogen production
Green hydrogen production is primarily achieved through electrolysis. This process involves using renewable electricity to separate water into its constituent elements-hydrogen and oxygen. The following subsections detail the primary methods used for producing green hydrogen.
Electrolysis is the cornerstone technology for green hydrogen production. It can be categorized into several types based on the technology used:
Alkaline Electrolysis: This method employs an alkaline electrolyte solution to facilitate the electrochemical reaction. It has been widely used due to its established technology and lower costs.
Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Electrolysis: PEM electrolyzers utilize a solid polymer membrane as an
electrolyte. They offer higher efficiency and faster response times but are generally more expensive than alkaline systems.
Solid Oxide Electrolysis: This advanced method operates at high temperatures and can achieve higher efficiencies by utilizing waste heat from industrial processes.
Each method has distinct advantages and limitations regarding efficiency, cost, and scalability.
Advantages of green hydrogen
The most significant advantage of green hydrogen is its potential to drastically reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Unlike gray or blue hydrogen production methods that emit CO2 during their processes, green hydrogen is produced without any direct emissions. This characteristic makes it an attractive alternative in efforts to combat climate change.
Currently, the cost of producing green hydrogen remains higher than traditional methods due to factors such as the high capital investment required for electrolyzers and renewable energy infrastructure. However, ongoing advancements in technology and economies of scale are expected to drive costs down over time. The transition to green hydrogen necessitates substantial investments in infrastructure for production, storage, distribution, and utilization. Developing this infrastructure poses logistical challenges that require coordinated efforts from governments and private sectors. Electrolysis processes are not yet fully optimized for efficiency; significant energy losses occur during conversion from electricity to hydrogen. Research into improving electrolyzer performance is essential for enhancing overall system efficiency.
Figure 1 - Definition of Blue and Green Hydrogen
Future Perspectives on Green Hydrogen Production
The future of green hydrogen production appears promising with increasing global investments and policy support aimed at fostering innovation within this sector:
Technological Advancements
Research into new materials for electrolyzers aims to improve efficiency and reduce costs further. Innovations such as advanced catalysts could enhance reaction rates during electrolysis.
Policy Support
Governments worldwide are beginning to recognize the strategic importance of green hydrogen in achieving climate goals. Initiatives such as subsidies for renewable energy projects or funding research into hydrogen technologies are becoming more common.
Market Development
As industries seek sustainable alternatives to fossil fuels, demand for green hydrogen is expected to rise significantly over the next few decades. Establishing robust market frameworks will be vital for facilitating this growth.
Conclusion
In conclusion, green hydrogen production represents a critical pathway toward achieving global decarbonization goals while addressing pressing environmental challenges associated with fossil fuel dependence. Although significant hurdles remain particularly concerning cost-effectiveness and infrastructure development the ongoing advancements in technology coupled with supportive policies are likely to propel this sector forward. References
1. Maka, A. O. M., & Mehmood, M. (2024). Green hydrogen energy production: Current status and potential. Clean Energy, 8(2), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1093/ce/zkae012
2. lida, P., & Smith, J. (2021). The concise APA handbook: APA 7th edition. American Psychological Association.
3. Johnson, R., & Lee, T. (2023). Innovations in electrolysis technology for green hydrogen production. Journal of Renewable Energy Research, 13(4), 567-580.
4. Thompson, L., & Garcia, M. (2022). Assessing the economic viability of green hydrogen: A review of recent advancements. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 47(12), 7532-7545.
© Orazov A., Ishangulyyev D., Jummanov U., 2024
UDC 004
Orazova J.
Student
Oguzhan Engineering and Technology University of Turkmenistan
c. Ashgabat, Turkmenistan
ISOLATION TECHNOLOGY OF FOOD DYE FROM CLITORIA TERNATEA AND USING IN FOOD INDUSTRY
Abstract
The natural food dye derived from Clitoria ternatea, commonly known as butterfly pea flower, is gaining popularity due to its vibrant color and potential health benefits. This article explores the isolation technologies used to extract the food dye from Clitoria ternatea, focusing on efficient, sustainable, and environmentally friendly methods. Additionally, the application of this natural dye in the food industry, its health benefits, safety, and regulatory status are examined.
Introduction
Clitoria ternatea, a flowering plant native to Southeast Asia, produces a striking blue pigment in its petals, which has been used traditionally for coloring food, beverages, and textiles. The blue pigment, primarily composed of anthocyanins, has garnered attention in the modern food industry as a natural alternative to synthetic food dyes. The extraction of this food dye is critical for maximizing yield, purity, and ensuring that it meets food safety standards.
1. Isolation Technologies for Food Dye Extraction from Clitoria ternatea
Several methods are employed for extracting the food dye from Clitoria ternatea petals. These methods aim to efficiently isolate the anthocyanins while preserving their color and health benefits.
1.1 Solvent Extraction
Solvent extraction is one of the most commonly used methods to isolate anthocyanins from plant materials. Organic solvents, such as ethanol, methanol, or acetone, are used to dissolve the anthocyanin
