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Komilova Nargiza Urinovna, doctoral candidate of department of geography Fergana state University E-mail: [email protected]
GRADUAL STUDY OF GEOGRAPHIC FEATURES OF ETHNO-ECOLOGICAL CULTURE
Abstract: The article focuses on methods and approaches to gradual study of geographical aspects of ethno-eco-logical culture, one of the new directions of geography.
Keywords: ethno-ecology, ethno-ecological culture, ethno-ecological landscape, ethno-geography, agrarian ethnology, geoecology.
Today, due to the rapid development of humanitarian geography, the unifying the areas of natural and social sciences around the only problem is intensifying. One of these issues is the ecological problems of the planet. Although the impact of the anthropogenic factor on the occurrence of these problems is high, in some cases it is recognized that these problems have ethnological roots. One of these situations is forgetting traditional use of nature and conservation skills, which has been applied for centuries by native people. Studying cultural heritage like skills, traditions and enriching them with innovative ideas is becoming one of the most important tasks. Methodological bases of studying geographical aspects of ethno--ecological research in this direction are being created [1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8].
The following concept developed by Yu. I. Gladky is very important in defining the right direction of these researches from the methodological point of view. According to him, geographical wing of the ethno-ecology studies - not all the relationships of the ethnos with the ecological environment, but only their conscious contact with environment. In this approach, the object of research in biological, sociological and geographical directions of ethno-ecology is clearly outlined.
First of all, any ethnos is a collection of living things, and its way of life is reflected in the unconscious, blind relationships with the forces of nature. Research in this direction is a research object of biological sciences, including bioecology. Secondly, ethnos is also a separate team of social beings. In this regard, it is also a research object of social research, including social ecology. Third, ethnos is the group of particular creatures of nature, and their conscious function, lifestyle [5].
Geographical direction of ethno-ecological researches focuses on studying the conscious relationship between ethnos and environment. The ethno-ecological culture and its components are analyzed as object of ethno-ecological research.
Of course, the study of such a complex object requires a strong methodological basis and correctness of inter-agency communication. At the initial stage of the research, apart
from the geographical characteristics of the object, biological and social aspects are also studied by providing interagency communication. At the next stages of the study, research will be geography-oriented. During the research, it is proposed to study science and scientific direction in three deepening stages.
In the first stage, the basic concepts of the general methodological aspects of the study will be studied. At this stage, the geographical, ecological and biological aspects of ethno-ecological culture and its components are studied in the field of ethnology, culture and philosophy in social sciences.
The second stage outlines the general (both natural and social) aspects of the research object and examines the directions that provide a systematic approach to it. In this context, the study of ethnographic, geoecological and ethno-cultural aspects of the object is one of the main tasks. They will be informed about them taking into account the interdisciplinary nature and novelty of these scientific directions.
Ethno-geography - formed in the field of ethnology and geography, and influenced by antique scientists and F. Rattsel, L. D. Sinitsky, L. S. Berg. The scientist V G. Bogaraz-Tan, the person to use this term first, opened the main directions of the field [9]. During the Soviet era, there was long stagnation in this scientific direction due to the struggle against the idea of anthropogeography.
The most clear definition and functions of ethno-geogra-phy for these studies were given by I. Saharov, who wrote that this scientific direction analyzes the nature and distribution of ethnic communities, and analyzes the differentiation of ethnic zoning. It uses information on ethnology, ethno-demography and population geography as an information base [10]. The main focus is on the nature of the population's life patterns (transient, nomadic), the form of population, population density and others. In the study of changes in the "landscape-ethno-economic" system, it is analyzed in close contact with its historical geography and ethnic cartography departments [11].
GRADUAL STUDY OF GEOGRAPHIC FEATURESOF ETHNO-ECOLOGICAL CULTURE
The modern ethnography focuses on the mapping of the ethnic distribution of ethnos, their migrations on the ethnic composition of the population. Particular attention is paid to studying the impact of geographical factors on the formation of the material and spiritual culture of peoples and their mapping on smaller regions. Works of M. Murodov, U. Koraboev [12; 13] were used to study the role of geographical factors in the formation of the culture of the Uzbek people.
Geoecology - although K. Troll's definition was used as a synonym for landscape, it has more than hundred interpretations, 5 of which given by A. I. Jirov [14] correspond to the essence of ethno-geographic research. According to him, geoecology studies population and anthropogenic impact, explores the properties of objects or subjects that are vivid or temporarily hidden, geotopologic and ecologically significant features and explores the nature of the ecological relationships that arise in geo-ecological space. Its object of research is geo-system or ecosystem and the subject of research is studied the laws and principles of the geo-ecosystem.
In Uzbekistan research in this direction was carried out by A. Rafigov [15], A. Nigmatov [16], Yu. A. Ahmadaliev [11], Sharipov [17]. Concepts of geo-ecological research include concepts such as geoecological environment, anthropogenic pressure, ecological relations and interactions, ecological landscape, ethno-eco-landscape balance, sustainable development.
Ethno-culturalism: although there are more than 400 definitions of culture, it is still unclear, especially in western and eastern terms. The term culture in the West is derived from the Latin word cultura, which was initially used as a synonym for the term "civilization" (civil), and later translated as the process of cultivation of agricultural crops and pets. The term culture in the East is close to the meaning educated/ trained human being and closely related to the Arabic word "madiniy" which means city dweller.
In both cases it defines all achievements that have been gained by people in the society.
Culture is a phenomenon biologically not relevant to the society, and is a result of people's lifestyle. Ethno-culture is a set of imagined patterns that are intended to preserve certain characteristics of a particular ethnos. Among the issues examined in the scientific direction of ethno-culture, the focus is on the "traditional folk culture" of the interconnected formation of the spiritual heritage, which has become a tradition, handed from generation to generation. It is a factor that has emerged from the historical and spiritual needs of culture, which has been developed as a result of their mental and creative activity, through the millennium experiments, trials, mistakes, and helps to mature the nation and solve environmental problems arose as a result of industry.
Ethnoculture, as well as general culture, can be used to describe and respond to some of the ecological problems in the context of ecological information, and to find ways to remedy them. It is analysed integrating the most common types of natural-geographical factors (nature use, agriculture, etc.) of ethno-ecological culture and ecological culture.
At the third stage, territorial aspects of ethno-ecological culture are studied. The first aspect of this phase covers the use of natural resources and aspects that are directly linked to the natural geographical basis of environment conservation. These scientific directions include agrarian ethnology, ethno-methereology, ethnobotany, etnozoology. The next disciplines include ethnoecology, ethnoecotoponomy and ethnopeda-gogics, which are related to social sciences.
It is desirable to use the style of "chamomile" model developed by V. Kalutskov [6], taking into account inter-nature character of ethno-culture. This model is characterised by the following: firstly, object research has a complexity, unity, uniformity, and secondly, the above-mentioned situations direct the researcher to consider the relationship with the landscape. Thirdly, in separate studies, such as - natural environment is studied by geographer, linguistic system - philologist, folklore - folk researcher. In the whole study of the cultural landscape, the researcher focuses not only on the isolated components of the ethno-culture but also on the study of internal (structural) links between them.
Studying the components of the ethnolandscape is a complex task, with particular attention to the ethno-ecological aspects of each component. The following aspects of these components are ecologically important to us.
Natural environment - when a combination of natural conditions and resources meets the formation of a certain type of traditional farm, a particular economic-cultural type is formed at the zonal level. Partial preservation of traditional forms of farming (e g, farming, livestock, households) allows preserving other components of ethno-ecological culture, and on the contrary, the destruction of traditional farming leads to the destruction of all ethno-ecological culture and tragic consequences.
Ethnos - it may be studied ethnologically, socially and confession. Any cultural landscape has its own community that is a component of the landscape and considers itself as a mother landscape (like a feeding landscape).
Residential area - forms the cultural landscape in the vicinity of the population through its territorial location. The community is learned as a method of self-organization.
The language in the etymological landscape creates a global image for the community itself, incorporates the natural and cultural characteristics of the ethno-cultural landscape through the local geographical terms and toponym system.
The spiritual component of the ethno-cultural landscape incorporates the creed of religious beliefs or other types of folk art. In addition to the linguistic and spiritual components of the ethno-landscape, it also functions as a description, storage, retranslation of other components.
This methodological approach allows us to disclose the role of each component in the formation of the ethno-ecologi-cal culture necessary for our research. Comparative, analytical, cartographic and landscape-toponym methods have been applied for each component to be explored in terms of research, and summed up for final suggestions and recommendations.
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