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RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF EARTH SCIENCES, VOL. 13, ES1001, doi:10.2205/2013ES000526, 2013
Geostrophic balance and reversals of the geomagnetic field
M. Yu. Reshetnyak1
Received 23 November 2012; accepted 13 March 2013; published 17 March 2013.
The 3D geodynamo model in the rapidly rotating spherical shell with heating from below is considered. We show that correlation of the geomagnetic dipole with total magnetic energy in the core depends on the forces balance in the dynamo system. As a result, reversals of the field not always reflect essential changes of the magnetic energy in the core. This result is closely related to the slow decay of the magnetic spectrum at the surface of the core, and in the bulk of the liquid core, especially. KEYWORDS: Earth’s liquid core; turbulence; geodynamo.
Citation: Reshetnyak, M. Yu. (2013), Geostrophic balance and reversals of the geomagnetic field, Russ. J. Earth. Sci., 13, ES1001, doi:10.2205/2013ES000526.
1. Introduction
The mentioned below system of geodynamo equations in the rapidly rotating spherical shell with heating from below with small variations was used from the middle ninetieth of the previous century [Jones, 2000], [Schubert, 2007]. After it was recognized that motions of the heating conductive fluid in the spherical shell can produce the magnetic field of the strength comparable with observations [Glatzmaier and Roberts, 1995], [Kuang and, Bloxh,am,, 1997], the main aim of geodynamo studies is optimization of the models and suiting results to observations.
The particular problem, which stands before geodynamo community is a modeling of the reversals and excursions of the geomagnetic field. From the point of view of the observer at the surface of the planet such events are of the great importance. At the same moment, extrapolation of the magnetic field to the surface of the liquid core decreases relative strength of the dipole mode [Langel, 1987], making it comparable with amplitude of higher harmonics, what is supported by simulations with realistic parameters [Roberts and Glatzmaier, 2000]. Moreover, analysis of the kinetic and magnetic energies spectra in the models with the quite small heat sources revealed maxima located at the high wavenum-bers [Kutzner and Christensen, 2002]. As a result, the role of the dipole magnetic field in the processes in the liquid core should be reconsidered. Contribution of the dipole field into interaction of the liquid core with the solid core was also re-analyzed. In spite of the fact that volume of the inner core is 22 times smaller than of the liquid one, for years its importance for the reversal’s process was indubitable.
1Schmidt Institute of Physics of the Earth of the Russian
Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
Therefore the mean-field dynamo models [Hollerbach and, Jones, 1993] with the axis-symmetrical dipole magnetic field revealed deep penetration of the dipole field into the solid core, which damped too rapid reversals. However the further 3D models demonstrated small contribution of the dipole field to the total magnetic field at the inner core boundary, therefore reversals statistics did not depend on the inner core [Wicht, 2002]. Following these arguments we conclude that significance of the liquid and solid core interactions in the mean-field models was overestimated as well. In other words, importance of the geomagnetic field reversals for the processes in the bulk of the liquid core dynamo is not so obvious as it was previously supposed in geomagnetism [Jacobs, 1994]. To study this problem we consider the various scenarios of the geomagnetic field reversals in 3D dynamo model and compare our results with the most popular paleomag-netic characteristics of the field. Using numerical models with a various spatial-temporal resolution we demonstrate that variations of the force balance in the liquid core controlled by the angular velocity of the daily rotation of the planet and electrical conductivity, change the behavior of the magnetic field evolution and its spectra. This leads to the change of correlation between the dipole component and the total magnetic field energy in the liquid core.
2. Basic Equations and Methods of Solution
The dynamo process driven by the flows of incompressible fluid (V • V = 0) in a spherical shell (ri < r < r0) rotating with the angular velocity Q is described by the Navier-Stokes equation in the Boussinesq approximation
Copyright 2013 by the Geophysical Center RAS. http://elpub.wdcb.ru/journals/rjes/doi/2013ES000526.html
EP'-‘( It + (vv) V
-VP + F + EV2V
(1)
and the heat-flux equation
dT о
— + (V • V) T = qV2T.
(2)
The magnetic field generation in the spherical shell is governed by the induction equation
ft B
— = Vx (V x B)+ V2B.
(3)
The equations are scaled with the radius L of a sphere as the fundamental length scale, which gives the dimensionless radius r0 = 1, the inner core radius n is equal to 0.35, similar to that one of the Earth. The velocity V, pressure P and time t are measured in units of r/L, pr/2/L2 and L2/r respectively, where r is magnetic diffusivity, p is density, p permeability, E = v/2QL2 is the Ekman number, v is kinematic viscosity. The force F includes the Coriolis, Archimedean and Lorentz forces: F = —1Z x V + qRaTr1r + (V x B) x B, where (r, 6, p) is a spherical coordinate system, 1z is the unit vector along the axis of rotation and Ra = ag05TL/2Qn is the modified Rayleigh number, a is the coefficient of volume expansion, T is the temperature drop through the shell, g0 is the gravity acceleration at r = r0, and q = n/r is the Roberts number. Eqs (1)-(3) are closed by nonpenetrating and no-slip boundary conditions for the velocity field at the rigid surfaces, constant temperature T = 1 and To = 0 at the inner and outer boundaries of the shell, and the vacuum boundary conditions for the magnetic field at the both boundaries. The reasons why the vacuum boundary conditions are relevant to the geodynamo problem are discussed already in introduction.
To solve Eqs (1)-(3) we used the standard spherical functions decomposition accompanied by the poloidal-toroidal decomposition of the vector fields V and B. The fast Cheby-shev transform is used in the -direction. Mesh grids in physical space are in the range 323 ^ 1283. Fortran code is parallelized in the r-direction using message passing interface (MPI). The details of the spherical functions and Cheby-shev polynomials decomposition can be found in [Simitev, 2004].
3. Geodynamo Modelling Specifics
There are some difficulties concerned with modeling of the system (1)-(3) and matching of the numerical results to the observations. One of them is the different lengths of the spectra of the physical fields in the core. The standard estimates of the hydrodynamic Reynolds number Re =
—wd L ~ 108, Peclet number Pe = —wd L ~ 107, and the V n
magnetic Reynolds number Rm = —^~ 103 give num-
r
ber of scales N ~ R3/4 [Frisch, 1995] (which is proportional to the number of grid points in the numerical model), in which convection dominates over diffusion. Here R is one of the dimensionless numbers Re, Pe, Rm. All the models use artificially small Re (in 6 orders), Pe (in 5 orders) because modern computers can cover only grids in the range
~ 1003 ^ 10003, To get a self-consistent dynamo process in the model, then Rm should be around 102 and even larger to rich the state when magnetic energy exceeds kinetic energy in the rotating frame of the references related to the Earth’s mantle. This state is exactly what is expected to take place in the liquid core of our planet with ratio of the energies 3-4 orders of the magnitude [Reshetnyak and Sokoloff, 2003].
Taking into account these estimates we conclude, that ratios of the diffusion coefficients (or the turbulent Prandtl numbers) in the models should be of order of unity, which is usually accepted in the theory of the Kolmogorov-like homogeneous and isotropic turbulence. For the liquid core, where at the large scales the Coriolis force dominates over the inertial term it is not the case. Estimate of the wavenum-bers к, where the Coriolis force is larger than the inertial term leads to VkО > v^ к, with Vk for the typical velocity at the scale Ik ~ к-1. For Vk = —wdк-a, where —wd = 6 10-6ms-1 is the west drift velocity of the magnetic
field, at the scales I к >
О
—wd
1
a— 1
the Coriolis force is
larger than the non-linear term. Using О = 7 10 s yields і
to Ik > 1.15 “—1. Simple estimate for the Kolmogorov’s dependence with а =1/3 gives Ik = 1rn. Singularity at а =1 is not important. In spite of the fact, that in the rapidly rotating turbulence Ek(к) ~ к-3 (Vk ~ к-1), this asymptotic is related to the scales smaller than the scale of the energy injection, which in our case is Id ~ E-1/3 L. As we show latter these scales are smaller than the scales where the magnetic field is generated and are out of the scope of our paper.
Worthy of note, that for the large Ra slope of the kinetic energy spectrum at the scales larger than Id ~ 10-15/3 • 103n ~ 100n, а will be close to 1/3, however the cascade of the kinetic energy has the reverse direction (from the small scales to the large ones) [Reshetnyak and Hejda, 2008], [Hejda and Reshetnyak, 2009]1.
We conclude, that for all scales Im > Rm-3/4 L ~ 1000-3/4-106m^6km, interesting for the geomagnetic field generation,
I m > I d ^ I к. This constraint is violated in the majority of the present numerical models, where E = 10-4, Re ~ 102, q = 102. Then Id ~ 0.1 L, Ik = 0.03 L, and lm = 0.006 L, i.e. lm is the minimal value from the considered above three scales, that contradicts to the mentioned above relations between the scales in the core. It means, that in the both cases the magnetic field generation is possible for scales smaller
than Id. For E = 10
Re
103, q = 0.1, Id
0.01 L,
Ik = 0.006 L, and lm = 0.03 L, that is closer to the desirable regime in the liquid core, but condition lm ^ Id is still violated. So as spectrum of the kinetic energy has break at the scale Id, then extrapolation of the model results should be done very carefully. Positive information follows from simulations in [Buchlin, 2011], where for the small magnetic Prandtl numbers Pm = v/r increase of Re did not change
1For the small Ra spectrum of the kinetic energy has maximum at Id and further increase of Ra leads to the smooth filling of the spectrum in the region I > Id up to the critical level with a = 1/3, where still the inverse cascade of the kinetic energy exists.
2Note, that there is an empirical relation qc ~ 450 E3/4 [Christensen et al., 1999], [Jones, 2000]. Generation of the magnetic field takes place when q > qc.
6
Figure 1. Evolution of the mean over volume kinetic Ek and magnetic Em energies, inclination I, declination D and dipole intensity H at r0 for Ra = 550, Pr = 1, E = 0.03, q = 20.
critical value of Rm, when the magnetic field still generates. This simplifies dynamo simulations substantially.
4. Numerical Results
The first regime, see Figure 1, with the mesh grids 323 corresponds to the slow rotation with Re ~ 20.
The relative influence of rotation on hydrodynamics is measured by the Rossby number Ro, which is equal to the ratio of the typical convective velocity to the daily rotation velocity. Rotation is important when Ro ^ 1. In our case Ro = ReE « 0.6.
It is useful to introduce mean kinetic Ek = -
k 2
—2 dV
and magnetic Em =
1
2 Ro
B dV energies over the spher-
see discussion in [Reshetnyak and Sokoloff, 2003].
Fluctuations of the magnetic and kinetic energies are anticorrelated, so that Ek + Em is constant. There is chaotic wobbling of the magnetic dipole at the middle latitudes. Only during time interval t £ [22, 28] inclination I of the magnetic field corresponds to the high latitudes. This regime is characterized by the frequent excursions of the field, when dipole intensity drops in three-five times and then recovers with the same sign. This regime satisfies to the criteria for the critical Rossby number Roc ~ 0.12 introduced in [Christensen and Aubert, 2006], [Schrinner et al., 2010]. Accordingly to this estimate regimes with Ro < Roc correspond to the geostrophic states with the non-reversing magnetic dipole located in the Taylor cylinder. Increase of Ro leads to the break of the geostrophic state accompanied with the chaotic reversals of the magnetic field. The magnetic dipole easily migrates from the Taylor cylinder to the outer region and back. Note, that correlation between the dipole intensity H and inclination I is absent. Moreover, evolution of H does not correlate with evolution of the total magnetic energy in the liquid core Em . The direction of the azimuthal drift of the dipole alternates in time, so that D changes its sign. This regime is quite different from that one in the Earth and corresponds to the low magnetic energy state with the magnetic dipole in the middle latitudes.
One of the ways to enlarge R is to increase the magnetic Reynolds number Rm. It can be done in two ways: increasing velocities, either increasing the Roberts number q (decreasing magnetic diffusion). It is believed, that for the core the first scenario is realized Re ~ 108, q = 10-6 and Ra = 1014 [Jones, 2010]. With change of Ra the following scalings is observed: Ra - 0.65 : 1, Re - 1 : 1.5, Rm -1:9, i.e. the slight increase of the heat source intensity leads to the significant increase of R ~ 70, which is already closer to that one in the core. The price is increase of the already quite high Rossby number, which for the tested regime is Ro ~ 0.85. In other words, increase of Ra enhances the spherical symmetry of the averaged in time physical fields, so that magnetic dipole location is even less connected to the geographic axis and dipole intensity does not correlate with the total magnetic energy of the core. The origin of such a weak connection can be understood from the analysis of the magnetic spectra. For this aim we consider the azimuthal -spectra, derived from decomposition on the Schmidt seminormalized harmonics Ytm, see Figure 2.
The kinetic energy spectra has maximum at I ~ 3, whereas maximum of the magnetic energy Em spectra locates at the scale even smaller than Ek . So as Rm/Pe = q ^ 1, the small-scale generation of the magnetic field is quite intensive.
The other important characteristic of the geomagnetic field is the ratio of the dipole to the quadruple components C. Using standard definition of the Mauersberger-Lowes spectrum [Langel, 1987]:
Rt = (/ + !) —
ical shell volume V. As it follows from Figure 1, the time averaged ratio of these energies R = Em/Ek ~ 3, that is too small compared with that one in the Earth’s core R© 103,
(R*)
21+4 lr
m=0
/ rn 2 i t m 2\
[gi + hi ),
(4)
where for the sources related to the liquid core lmax = 14, and gJn, hjn are the Gauss coefficients, the ratio is defined as
I
I
Figure 2. Spectra of the magnetic (1) and kinetic (2) energies in the liquid core, the Mauersberger-Lowes spectrum at the liquid core surface (3) and at the surface of the Earth (4) for Ra = 550 (a) and Ra = 850 (b).
C = R. Then for the considered two regimes at the surface L3 and °.98, and extrap°lati°n °f the °bserved geomagnetic
R2 (R \ — 2
of the Earth, at r = R©, C = 3.8 and 2.8, instead of the much field through the mantle (4) leads to C0 = ( —© ) • C© w
larger estimates of = 17.7 for the modern geomagnetic \ ro J
larger estimates of C© = 17.7 for the modern geomagnetic field, see, e.g. IGRF-2010. For the liquid core surface Co
1.7 • 17.7 w 6.1.
It is obvious, that to satisfy conditions R ^ 1 and Ro ^ 1 simultaneously at the large Ekman numbers is impossible
3.4 l(f
1.6 10^
0.0
2 10L
6 10"
0.0
90 -I ^ 0 -
-90
0.0
180 -I
Q 0 ■ -180
0.0
tci
0.0
0.5
t
0.5
t
0.5
t
0.5
t
0.5
t
1.0
1.0
1.0
Vw—v
1.0
1.0
Figure 3. Evolution of Ek, Em , I, D and H for Ra = 300, Figure 4. Evolution of Ek , Em , I, D and H for Ra = 400,
Pr = 1, E = 0.003, q = 10.
Pr = 1, E = 2 10 , q = 7.
10 20 30 40 50 60 10 20 30 40 50 60
I I
Figure 5. Spectra of the magnetic (1) and kinetic (2) energies in the liquid core, the Mauersberger-Lowes spectrum at the liquid core surface (3) and at the surface of the Earth (4) for Ra = 400 (a) and Ra = 600 (b).
and one needs to increase Q. This transition requires finer resolution and change of the grid to 643.
The next regime with Ro = 0.19, see Figure 3, locates near the critical boundary Ro = 0.12.
Solution is characterized with a strong outbursts of the magnetic energies accompanied by the quite smooth evolution of the kinetic energy. At the pikes of Em the value of R ~ 20 is quite high. At the time interval t £ [5, 15] correlation of Em and magnetic dipole intensity H is observed. The reversals are seldom. Mainly during the whole time interval dipole drifts in the western direction, D < 0. Increase of Ra in factor 1.5 causes enhance of Ek in 2.3 times (so that Ro ~ 0.29) and of the magnetic field energy in one order. Correlation between Em , I and H with increase of Ra decreases substantially. Note, that simulations with the higher resolution reproduce the more typical for the geomagnetic observations behaviour of the magnetic spectra at the core surface. For the both regimes C© w 4.1 and C0 w 1.4. As before, spectrum of the magnetic field slowly decays with increase of . At = 16 there is the well-known extremum of the field related to the bottleneck effect, see for details [Canuto et al., 1988].
In conclusion we consider the model with the finer resolution 1283, with the Rossby number Ro = 0.04 and energies ratio R = 50, The observed force balance is the closest to that one in the Earth, see Figure 4.
There are three well-resolved reversals of the magnetic field. After the third reversal there is an excursion of the magnetic field at w 0.85. All reversals appear during decrease of the magnetic energy Em , which in its turn is correlated with the dipole field intensity H. The excursion is also appears when H is decreased. Magnetic dipole rotates in the west direction, D < 0. As we have seen before, the slight increase of Ra leads to decrease of correlation between Em , H, I and change of the sign of D. The /-spectra of the fields in Figure 5, decays slowly, as in the previous examples.
Contribution of the dipole component to Rj-spectrum is comparable to the previous cases as well: C© w 4 and 3.2 and C0 w 1.4 and 1.1, that is smaller than the desirable value in the core.
5. Conclusions
Development of the 3D geodynamo models made possible to reconsider meaning of the paleomagnetic field observations and its significance for understanding of the processes in the liquid core of the Earth. In spite of the fact, that reversals of the geomagnetic field at the surface of the Earth relate to the substantial change of the total magnetic field, the corresponding variations of the mean quantities inside of the liquid core during the reversals have quite moderate amplitudes. Using the 3D dynamo model in the spherical shell with a various levels of geostrophy of the flow we demonstrated how change of the spectra of the kinetic and magnetic energies in the liquid core influence on interpretation of the paleomagnetic field observations and on the role of the reversals in the full dynamo problem. We show, that during the break of geostrophy in the liquid core contribution of the field at the small scales to the magnetic spectrum is comparable with the dipole component. As a result during the reversals of the field decrease of the dipole component is compensated with the slight increase of the spectrum at the high wavenumbers. This redistribution of the magnetic field does not produce significant changes in the hydrodynamics of the core.
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M. Yu. Reshetnyak, Schmidt Institute of Physics of the Earth of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia. ([email protected])
