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КОГНИТИВНАЯ СЕМАНТИКА: ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ
Научная статья
УДК 81-114.2 ®
Р01 10.52070/2542-2197_2022_2_857_56 I м ш
Глазодвигательное поведение
при восприятии фразеологизмов абстрактной семантики. влияние факторов телесности и конвенциональности
М. И. Киосе
Московский государственный лингвистический университет, Москва, Россия, maria_kiose@mail.ru
Аннотация.
Ключевые слова: Благодарности.
Для цитирования:
В работе изучается влияние факторов телесности и конвенциональности на глазодвигательные реакции при восприятии читателем фразеологизмов абстрактной семантики и структурного типа «глагол + дополнение». В ходе окулографического эксперимента подтверждается теоретическое предположение о том, что образ-схемы фразеологизмов с абстрактной семантикой самостоятельны и не предполагают интеграции телесных образ-схем глагольных компонентов при их восприятии. Влияние фактора конвенциональности идиом не было установлено, что предположительно объясняется разной ролью образ-схем в конструировании всего текстового события в контексте.
образ-схемы, фразеологизмы, телесность, конвенциональность, окулографический эксперимент
Исследование выполнено при финансовой поддержке Российского научного фонда, проект № 22-28-01754 «Исследование экономии когнитивных ресурсов человека при интерпретации медиа текстов: Разработка Мультимодального Корпуса Окулографических Реакций MuLtiCOR» в Московском государственном лингвистическом университете.
Kiose M. I. Gaze costs in nonimaginistic idioms perception. Are they modified by embodiment and entrenchment factors? // Вестник Московского государственного лингвистического университета. Гуманитарные науки. 2022. Вып. 2 (857). С. 56-64. DOI: 10.52070/2542-2197_2022_2_857_56
Original article
Gaze costs in Nonimaginistic Idioms perception.
Are They Modified by Embodiment and Entrenchment Factors?
Maria I. Kiose
Moscow State Linguistic University, Moscow, Russia, maria_kiose@mail.ru
Abstract.
Keywords: For citation:
This study explores the gaze effects produced by embodiment and entrenchment in the nonimaginistic idioms of verb + object type in context. In the eye-tracking experiment we verify the theoretical assumption that bodily and nonbodily construal schemas in their verbal components do not affect the gaze costs, which means that their construal is autonomous. At the same time, gaze behavior is found insensitive to entrenched and non-entrenched idioms, which may be the result of varied event construal schemas employed in context.
image schemas, idioms, embodiment, entrenchment, oculographic experiment
Kiose, M. I. (2022). Gaze costs in nonimaginistic idioms perception. Are they modified by embodiment and entrenchment factors? Vestnik of Moscow State Linguistic University. Humanities, 2 (857), 56-64. 10.52070/2542-2197_2022_2_857_56
introduction
Conceptual construaL or the ability to conceive the same objects or events from different perspectives Palmy, 2000; Langacker, 2013], is a fundamental cognitive ability explored in the construaL studies; when expressed in language it also becomes a cornerstone in cognitive linguistics. The studies identify multiple construal schemas manifested in various types of lexical and syntactic units, however if we address idiomatic expressions, the question is still unclear about the role of the construal schemas activated in their components within the construal schema representing the whole idiom. In cognitive semantics following the pioneering works of A. Langlotz, idioms are considered as "complex linguistic units that can be activated as mental standards to encode or decode a concrete usage-event" [Langlotz, 2006, p. 185]. This definition admits the autonomous status of the construal schema of the whole idiom. However, the multitude of idioms representing the same phenomena results from multiple construal ways of conceptualizing objects and events [Zykova, 2018]. Therefore, can it be true that the construal schemas of idiom components, for instance of their verbal components do not affect the construal of the idiom?
In this study, we will explore whether different construal schemas, bodily and non-bodily, representing the images of these objects or events -the image schemas [Lakoff, 1987; Grady, 2005] in the idiom components, affect the gaze costs produced in the whole idiom. One of the possible ways to study these effects is to consider the idioms displaying nonimaginistic domains [Lakoff, 1987] with the components manifesting either bodily or non-bodily schemas. In case no differences are observed in the gaze costs, we may claim that the construal of components does not influence the construal of the whole idiom. Idiomatic expressions manifesting nonimaginistic domains love and hate, kindness and anger, happiness and sadness, alongside with many others may serve to explore the case. They foreground different ways of construal which are based on component image schemas, for instance the schema MOTION is manifested in such idioms as to set one's teeth on edge, to bite someone's head off, to spit in someone's eyes, which becomes BODILY MOTION in to bite someone's head off and to spit in someone's eyes, and FICTIVE MOTION in to set one's teeth on edge. Will the idioms manifesting BODILY MOTION and FICTIVE MOTION schemas produce different gaze costs?
At the same time, there is one factor that may influence the gaze costs variance, which is the degree of idiom entrenchment. If the idioms are
highly entrenched [Schmid, 2007], the effects of bodily construal are more likely to be neglected. Presumably, lower entrenchment degree in the idiom necessitates the construal of its components, which in turn produces higher gaze costs since several construal schemas will have to be exploited to represent one idiom. With a view of exploring the balance between these two factors, embodiment in construal and idiom entrenchment, we experimentally test their role in the oculographic experiment.
embodiment and entrenchment in idioms
One of the key directions in construal studies in cognitive linguistics employs the instrument of image schemas since they are presumed to affect the distribution of cognitive construal mechanisms. Image schemas are seen as the construal patterns of events or their components, referents, actions, time, or place [Lakoff, 1987; Gibbs & Colston, 1995, among others]. Images are schematic representations of grounded experience, which following G. Lakoff (1987) means that they refer to physical experience. The first image schemas considered by Lakoff (1987) were CONTAINER, SPACE, FORCE, SCALE image schemas which involved the imaginistic domains such as containers, paths, links, forces, balance, etc. which allowed to explore the human experience represented in these image schemas. For instance, the image schema SCALE emerges from our physical experience and is based on the domains and concepts up, more, less, amount. In the works of Talmy (2000) the image schemas of MOTION and MOVE were later described in detail. They incorporated the schemas PATH, MANNER as well as their subschemas. Image schemas allow to explore the relations in nonimaginistic domains such as thought, death and time, wakefulness, alertness and living.
In one of their seminal papers on image schemas, T. C. Clausner and W. Croft assume that "image schemas are more than elements of linguistic theory: they have psychological reality for which there is supporting evidence from experimental research in psycholinguistics, cognitive psychology, and developmental psychology" [Clausner & Croft, 1999, p. 14]. Recent experimental studies have shown that image schemas may suffice to explore the specifics of sensory-motor (for example, oculographic) and nonimaginistic (abstract, non-perceptual) construal [Grady, 2005; Mandler, Cánovas, 2014]. However, there is still scarce consistent experimental research on how the image schemas exploiting different imaginistic (grounded in bodily experience) domains
affect the construal of nonimaginistic (not grounded in bodily experience) domains. This case is frequently observed with idioms [Tsaroucha, 2020]. For instance, the idiom to be the apple of someone's eye ('the person who someone loves most and is very proud of') (Cambridge Dictionary of the English Language) is an example of CONTAINER image schema; it is construed employing the relations of the imaginistic domains in, inside. This image schema represents a nonimaginistic domain love. The same domain love can be illustrated by the idiom to steal (someone's) heart ('to cause someone to feel love or affection') (Collins Dictionary of the English Language) which manifests MOTION image schema. Both idioms have the semantics of the reflexive action of person 2 (person 2 falls in love with person 1) initiated by a prior incentive on the part of person 1. It is noticeable although that idiom to steal (someone's) heart in its linguistic semantics focuses on the incentive of person 1 and not on the reflexive action of person 2. The linguistic semantics of the idiom to be the apple of someone's eye does not include any identification of either action (the actions of person 1 and of person 2). At the same time, they both activate the same nonimaginistic non-bodily domain love, still they represent different image schemas CONTAINER and MOTION and display the linguistic semantic of state (be in to be the apple of someone's eye) and transitive action (steal in to steal (someone's) heart). These and other examples of different image schemas representing the same nonimaginistic domains have stimulated the research question of their contrastive interpretation. In the current study, we will experimentally test how two image schemas BODILY MOTION and FICTIVE MOTION which represent the domains love and hate in idioms, affect their gaze interpretation. If we find the significant contingencies, we may deduce that idiom construal still depends on the construal of its components.
At the same time, we have to consider the fact that idioms display different degrees of entrenchment [Langacker, 2016]. In cognitive linguistics and cognitive semiotics entrenchment is a most common indicator of less creative language use. As A. Langlotz (2006) claims, the linguistically creative use of idioms is their use in modifications, which allows to infer that other idiom uses are not creative and consequently entrenched. Presumably, the processes of construal in this case will be operationalized differently. Still, does it mean that non-modified idioms do not employ the construal schemas of their components and are construed as an autonomous whole being non-creative and completely entrenched? Depending on the outcome of the balance between these
two factors - embodiment in construal and entrenchment, a set of contingency patterns of gaze costs with the image schema types can be deduced which encapsulate idiom perception (at least of the selected type) most effectively.
Following the methods and procedure developed to test the gaze costs of different construal schemas [Coulson & van Petten, 2002; Gibbs & Matlock, 2008; Giora et al., 2015; Kiose, 2020], we design the oculographic experiment which allows to identify these costs in the gaze interpretation of four selected Russian language idioms. In the study, we will test two hypotheses:
1) gaze costs are affected by two image schemas BODILY MOTION and FICTIVE MOTION in the idioms components illustrating the domains love and hate;
2) gaze costs are modified by the entrenchment factor in the way that it decreases the gaze costs.
this study.
methods and procedure
To select the stimulus idioms illustrating different image schemas we addressed the idiom dictionary which served to compile a list of idioms illustrating the pattern verb+object and manifesting the nonimaginistic domains love and hate. The list involved 35 Russian language (Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian Literal Language, 2008) idioms of the verb+object type; we did not extend the lists further since the research aim was not to explore all possible idioms but to identify possible types of image schemas present in their verbal component. There were 8 schemas which displayed different activity, FICTIVE MOTION Schema (e. g., in строить глазки), BODILY MOTION Schema (смотреть косо, любить ушами), COMMUNICATION Schema (не прикажешь сердцу), FEELING Schema (души не чаять, жаждать крови), EXISTENCE Schema (быть на ножах), CHANGE-OF-STATE Schema (умирать от любви), POSSESSION Schema (завладеть сердцем), KNOWLEDGE Schema (муки любви познать). To identify the degree of entrenchment of these idioms, we applied the procedure of corpus frequency analysis1. With the total frequency of 15 idioms displaying the domain hate, their frequency in the National Corpus of the Russian language (NCRL) is 822; the highest frequency is displayed by быть на ножах (22.74 %), быть в натянутых отношениях (14.84 %), пить
1 The author is grateful to Albina Shamsuarova, the student at Moscow State Linguistic University for the help with stimulus idioms selection.
кровь (14 %). With the total frequency of 20 idioms displaying the domain love, their frequency in the NCRL is 1387; the highest frequency is displayed by души не чаять (15.93 %), любить (всей) душой (14.2 %), поразить (в самое) сердце (13.84 %). The least frequent from the first group were мазать дегтем (2.06 %), подставить подножку (1.82 %), from the second group they were любить без оглядки (0.86 %), любить до дрожи (0.86 %). Since we had to consider both factors, the factor of embodiment and the factor of entrenchment in one experiment, we decided to select the idioms displaying different image schema type and different degree of corpus frequency.
To verify the influence of embodiment factor, we selected two image schemas, BODILY MOTION and FICTIVE MOTION which display difference in the motion type, stimulated by the bodily movements or not directly stimulated by them. Overall, we selected four idioms for the stimulus, they were пить кровь, мазать дегтем illustrating the domain hate, and прикипеть душой, поразить сердце illustrating the domain love. These four idioms manifest the schema MOTION through transitive action affecting the person we love and hate so that this person becomes subjected to these effects. However, in two cases in idioms пить кровь, мазать дегтем this motion is bodily controlled (in пить кровь the mouth movements are engaged, in мазать дегтем the hand movements are engaged); and in прикипеть душой and поразить сердце due to the figurative meaning of прикипеть and поразить, the bodily control is not present, the motion is of a fictive type. Thus, we observe the differences in embodiment as potentially significant for idioms gaze perception. Secondly, there are differences in their entrenchment since two idioms пить кровь and поразить сердце are highly entrenched, and two idioms мазать дегтем and прикипеть душой are non-entrenched. These factors might affect the gaze costs. These idioms appeared in the four text fragments in the stimulus:
1) Ведь это подлец на подлеце. Грабить пятьсот лет крепостных, пить кровь народа. А ты с ними хочешь идеальничать;
2) Его неминуемо бы освистали. Постоянная ложь, спорт не перестают мазать дегтем скандалов. И он не стал говорить пустые слова;
3) Приятель поразил его сердце, своей привязанностью и любовью он отличался от всех, этот обозный солдат Серега;
4) Старик прикипел к ней душой, хотя и подобрал в Ростове голой да босой, будто батрачкой нанял.
The fragments were selected from NCRL; they displayed the use of the idioms in syntactically and thematically different positions, which might produce specific gaze costs. However, in case they appeared in the similar positions, it would produce the priming effects; for this reason, we still decided in favor of their different syntactic use.
The experiment was conducted with SMI Red eye tracker with a recording rate of 60 Hz, the participants were seated 60 cm from the screen. The whole experiment for each participant lasted about 7 minutes with the instruction, calibration time and the gaze record. The participants had to read the sentences. They received a prior task to read the sentences attentively to be ready to answer the questions of the experimenter after the experiment. However, in this study we will not consider the comprehension check results. 14 students participated in the experiment; the average age was 22 years. Oculographic data processing was carried out considering the fixation duration, gaze count, and revisits in the Areas of Interest corresponding to the text fragments with the idioms.
results and discussion
We proceed to the analysis of gaze costs contingent on the idioms displaying variance in terms of two factors, embodiment and entrenchment. To establish the contingencies, we first conducted a series of Student's t-tests for 3 gaze characteristics, fixation duration, gaze count and revisits, these were followed with a series of regression tests to establish the prognostic models of gaze costs. The length of the idioms was slightly different (10, 13, 15, 15 signs) and could have influenced the gaze costs, however since the window of attention allowed variety [Rayner & Liversedge, 2011], we still decided to use the absolute values of gaze characteristics. In Table 1 we present the Descriptives for the gaze results for fixation duration, gaze count and revisits.
With 56 probes we conducted 6 Independent samples t-tests expecting the statistically significant differences in fixation duration, gaze count and revisits as affected by BODILY / FICTIVE MOTION schemas, entrenched / non-entrenched idioms. However, in all the 6 tests the t-statistics (df = 54) did not display significance and we could not reject the null hypothesis that there is no statistically significant variance in gaze costs as affected by each of two factors. The results are given in Table 2.
Table 1
GAZE CHARACTERISTICS
Descriptives Fixation Duration, ms Gaze Count Revisits
N 56 56 56
Mean 395 1.88 0.393
Median 233 1 0
Min 0 0 0
Max 2108 7 1
Table 2 STUDENT' T-TEST RESULTS
Factors Fixation Duration, Student's t, p Gaze Count, Student's t, p Revisits, Student's t, p
Embodiment -0.89 [0.28] -1.15 [0.254] -1.09 [0.282]
Entrenchment -0.769 [0.445] -0.541 [0.591] -0.539 [0.592]
The results show that rigid contingencies in embodiment are not observable, therefore our first hypothesis that gaze costs are affected by two image schemas BODILY MOTION and FICTIVE MOTION in the idioms components illustrating the domains love and hate is not verified. The results confirm the theoretical assumption that idiom construal is not dependent on its components construal, at least in the selected idiom types.
If we address the second hypothesis claiming that the gaze costs are modified by the entrenchment factor in the way that it decreases the gaze costs, we must acclaim that it was not attested since we did not reveal any rigid contingencies of gaze behavior and more and less entrenched idioms. In Figure 1 we present several gaze paths of the less entrenched idiom мазать дегтем manifesting BODILY MOTION schema.
Fig. 1. Gaze paths in reading the idiom мазать дегтем
Fig. 2. Gaze paths in reading the idiom пить кровь
The first gaze path demonstrates multiple fixations in the Area of мазать дегтем, besides several revisits are present. This gaze path was most expected. The second gaze path has no revisits, still there is one longer fixation which may evidence in favor of higher gaze costs. The third gaze path has two short fixations and one revisit, which may also indicate the increase in gaze costs. Overall, we observe the evidence of higher gaze costs. However, will we observe fewer gaze costs in case of a more entrenched idiom пить кровь manifesting BODILY MOTION schema? In Figure 2 we present several gaze paths demonstrating the differences in gaze behavior.
The first gaze path shows three short fixations, the second one has three fixations and a revisit, the third path has two fixations also accompanied by a revisit. Contrasting the gaze paths in Figures 1 and 2 we may hardly specify any significant gaze differences which will help differentiate more and less entrenched idioms reading modes.
However, we presumed that we could elicit the general tendencies in gaze behavior as affected by each of the factors. In Table 3 we present the average values of 3 gaze characteristics, fixation duration, gaze count and revisits corresponding to BODILY / FICTIVE MOTION schemas, entrenched / non-entrenched idioms.
Although not statistically significant, these results demonstrate that gaze costs are higher in the cases of Embodiment schema and Entrenchment. The data received suffice to prove that embodied construal enhanced higher gaze costs, which proves the embodiment construal effects described in Grady (2005), Mandler, Cánovas (2014). At the same time, the fact that entrenchment produces higher gaze costs is hardly expected and does not agree with the statistically proven results on entrenchment effects received in Giora et al. (2015); Kiose (2020). This may be explained by the fact that other factors might influence the gaze costs in entrenched and non-entrenched idioms. Following this logic, we conducted 3 regression tests to establish the regression models (linear regression with Fixation Duration and Gaze Count, and binomial regression with Revisits) with two factors affecting the gaze costs. In all the three cases the model predictability was low: R2 for fixation duration was 0.025, R2 for gaze count was 0.03, R2 for fixation duration was 0.02. Low predictability values suffice to claim that other factors apart from these two affect gaze costs. These might be other event construal factors like the actor type, event frame type or the type of perspective construal which could have affected the gaze costs [Talmy, 2000; Langacker, 2013]. At
AVERAGE GAZE VALUES
Table 3
Factors Fixation Duration, ms Gaze Count Revisits
Embodiment / Lack of Embodiment 454.79 / 335.68 2.21 / 1.54 0.46 / 0.31
Entrenchment / Lack of Entrenchment 446.82 / 343.64 2.04 / 1.71 0.43 / 0.36
the same time, we assume that higher gaze costs accompanying entrenchment may be explained by the fact that the participants understood very fast that they faced the sentences with idioms in each sentence and that there was something to be observed in these idioms. Consequently, their gaze costs were higher in case they recognized the idioms and tried to explore their specificity; and in case they met with less entrenched idioms they might have ignored them. This assumption must however be explored in more detail. The third assumption is that the idioms in the stimulus fragments appeared in syntactically and thematically different position, which in all probability might have influenced their perception. However, the use of idioms in similar syntactic positions would have produced the priming effects and consequently would have stimulated undesirable gaze costs.
Overall, the study has not proved that idiom construal is dependent on their component construal, therefore idioms really seem to be construed as "mental standards" [Langlotz, 2006]. Entrenchment effects on gaze although are not steady being more context dependent. Still, the gaze costs are affected by embodiment and entrenchment (corpus frequency) factors in the way that they stimulate the gaze costs increase in idioms perception.
final remarks
In the current study, we explored the effects of two factors, embodiment and entrenchment as potentially influencing the gaze costs in idioms demonstrating MOTION image schema. Multiple studies claim the importance of embodiment as affecting the schema selection [Grady, 2005; Mandler, Cánovas, 2014] and the influence of entrenchment onto the construal and gaze reactions [Giora et al., 2018; Shmid, 2016];
however, their combined effects are seldom tested, and they are not tested in relation to idioms. Idioms possess a specific semantic character which is displayed in their high degree of entrenchment since they reflect "mental standards" [Langlotz, 2006] and their components most frequently lose their primary dictionary meanings, among these meanings there may be the meanings expressing bodily semantics. These facts considered, we decided to experimentally test the influence of both embodiment and entrenchment in the gaze costs.
We produced two hypotheses claiming that
1) gaze costs are affected by two image schemas BODILY MOTION and FICTIVE MOTION in the idioms components illustrating the domains love and hate,
2) gaze costs are modified by the entrenchment factor in the way that it decreases the gaze costs. The first hypothesis did not seem valid since we did not observe any rigid contingencies of bodily construal within the idiom components on gaze characteristics. Th results therefore confirm the view that idioms are construed as whole unities and do not necessitate the prior construal of their components. In terms of the second hypothesis, it was not valid either since the results did not show any statistically significant contingencies on either gaze cost characteristics, also the regression models predictability was low in all the cases. At the same time, we observed several tendencies in the construal effects onto gaze. In general, embodiment and higher entrenchment produced higher gaze costs, which was unpredictable in the case of entrenchment. We produced several possible explanations for this result, among them we listed the activity of other construal factors which might have influenced the gaze behavior, the changes in the reading model, and the context variations; however, they should be verified in further experiments.
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references
1. Clausner, T. C. & Croft, W. (1999). Domains and Image Schemas. Cognitive Linguistics, 10 (1), 1-31.
2. Coulson, S. & van Petten, C. (2002). Conceptual integration and metaphor: an event-related potential study. Memory and Cognition, 30 (6), 958-968.
3. Gibbs, R. W. Jr. & Colston, H. L. (1995). The cognitive psychological reality of image schemas and their transformations. Cognitive Linguistics, 6, 347-378.
4. Gibbs, R. W. & Matlock, T. (2008). Metaphor, imagination, and simulation: Psycholinguistic evidence. In R. W. Gibbs (Ed.), The Cambridge Handbook of Metaphor and Thought (pp. 161-176). New York: Cambridge University Press.
5. Giora, R., Givoni, S. & Fein, O. (2015). Defaultness reigns: The case of sarcasm. Metaphor and symbol, 30 (4), 290-313.
6. Grady, J. E. (2005). Image schemas and perception: Refining a definition. In B. Hampe, J. E. Grady (Eds.). From perception to meaning: Image schemas in cognitive linguistics (pp. 35-56). Berlin: Mouton.
7. Kiose, M. I. (2020). The interplay of syntactic and lexical salience and its effect on default figurative responses. Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric, 6 (74), 161-178.
8. Lakoff, G. (1987). Women, Fire and Dangerous Things. What Categories reveal about the Mind. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
9. Langacker, R. W. (2013). Essentials of Cognitive Grammar. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
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11. Langlotz, A. (2006). Idiomatic creativity: A cognitive-linguistic model of idiom-representation and idiom-variation in English. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing.
12. Mandler, J. M. & Cánovas, C.P. (2014). On defining image schemas. Language and Cognition, 0, 1-23.
13. Rayner, K. & Liversedge, S. P. (2011). Linguistic and cognitive influences on eye movements during reading. In S. P. Liversedge, I. D. Gilchrist, & S. Everling (Eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Eye Movements (pp. 751-766). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
14. Schmid, H.-J. (2007). Entrenchment, salience, and basic levels. In D. Geeraerts & H. Cuyckens (Eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics (pp. 117-138). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
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ИНФОРМАЦИЯ ОБ АВТОРЕ Киосе Мария Ивановна
доктор филолологических наук, доцент, ведущий научный сотрудник Центра социокогнитивных исследований дискурса Московского государственного лингвистического университета
INFORMATION ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Kiose Maria Ivanovna
Doctor of Philology (Dr. habil.), Associate Professor, Leading Research Scientist, Centre for SocioCognitive Discourse Studies, Moscow State Linguistic University
Статья поступила в редакцию 29.11.2021 одобрена после рецензирования 20.12.2022 принята к публикации 27.01.2022
The article was submitted 29.11.2021 approved after reviewing 20.12.2021 accepted for publication 27.01.2022
