CC BY
17
UDC: 378.31
Matkarimova G.A.
teacher
department of foreign languages faculty of agro engineering and hydro melioration Andijan Institute of Agriculture and Agro technologies
Uzbekistan, Andijan
FUNCTIONS AND LEXICO-GRAMMATICAL STRUCTURE OF
INTONATION IN ENGLISH
Abstract: Intonation can reflect the information structure of an utterance, highlighting constituents of importance. Intonation can indicate discourse function. Intonation can be used by a speaker to convey an attitude such as friendliness, enthusiasm, or hostility. And listeners can use intonation-related phenomena in the voice to make inferences about a speaker's state, including excitement, depression, and tiredness.
Key words: Intonation, statements, emotion, speech, component, linguistic significance of the phonetic phenomenon, rhythm.
Intonation sets the connections and relationships between the parts of speech and draws contrasts the mire of statements, reports emotionally-modal values.
Before proceeding to the presentation of the most important functions of intonation, it seems appropriate to list the major components of intonation. However, it should be noted great diversity of opinion among the well-known domestic and foreign phonetics in question on allocation of the main components of intonation. It is expressed in the allocation of the number of components of different intonation (it varies from one to two to nine) and the most diverse set of components.
In the allocation of the components of intonation we find the following principles:
• The functional principle (linguistic significance of the phonetic phenomenon);
• The structural principle (the presence of a primary acoustic correlation);
• The principle of unity segment assets.
So, to separate the components of intonation we refer: melody, tempo, pause, volume, rhythm.
Speaking about sentence stress in English we can say that it is the main mean of providing rhythm in speech. Rhythm is the key to fluent English speech. Imagine a metronome beating the rhythm. The stressed syllables are like the beats of the metronome: regular, loud, and clear. The unstressed syllables between the beats are shortened, obscured, and joined together.
The pattern of stress in this sentence is stressed - unstressed - stressed -unstressed - stressed - unstressed, with equal number of alternating stressed and unstressed syllables. Try to pronounce this sentence rhythmically. It should be easy to do because the alternation of one stressed and one unstressed syllable is easy to reproduce.
Now we have one, two, or several unstressed syllables in the intervals between the stressed syllables, but we have the same amount of time for each interval because the stressed syllables, like the beats of the metronome, have to occur regularly. And the sentence is not very long, so we won't need noticeable pauses between the sense groups.
Sentence stress is the key component of English intonation. Intonation organizes words into sentences, distinguishes different types of sentences, and adds emotional coloring to utterances.
Word stress - is the sound selection of one of the word in phrase (mostly the last word). This stress emphasizes the finality of expression and encourages the listener to a certain reaction.
Logical stress - it is separation of the word which is important for the content by strengthening and increases its accented syllable in tone. Using logical stress the same sentence can provide a number of different semantic shades.
According to the most well-established in the phonetic literature views, intonation plays a leading role in the informational structure of the utterance. In the intonation group implements a specific piece of information.
Under the syntactic function of intonation is traditionally understood its ability to distinguish between the types and syntax of the sentence. Most are obvious, and therefore the first of the above was a correlation of syntactic type of proposal and the type of nuclear completion.
Under the communicative function of intonation is commonly understood as its ability to discriminate between types of communicative utterances. The statement can be defined as the minimal communicative unit aimed at a conscious purpose. The purpose of the statement is not in itself (except, perhaps, in those situations when a person speaks only to say something). Saying there is a mean to achieve a goal that is beyond the actual text of the utterance. In pronouncing sentence, we affirm and express doubt, offer, order, request, praise and so on.
Most researchers are unanimous in recognizing the tone for the ability to express emotions and relationships. The question is, is this question the competence of linguistics. There is a point of view that the basis for the expression of emotions is universal human physiological responses, and therefore it does not belong to the sphere of language.
Returning to the expression of emotions and relationships, it can be assumed that the various elements of intonation structures function in different ways. With respect to the melodies there is evidence that the ability of
independent transmission emotionally-modal states has only the level of the pitch frequency (and correlating them with the tone), and the configuration passes emotionally-modal information only in conjunction with the context.
Intonation provides broadcast semantics, expression, modalities, stylistic coloring and more.
Communicative function is the function of communication types of. The communicative function of intonation is leading. According to statements are different types of communication expression, as affirmative, interrogative and persuasive sentences.
Intonation of the interrogative sentence is usually characterized rising, rising-falling or falling tone. Construction of intonation model of interrogative sentence is complicated by different types of questions: issue of new information, alternative questions, rhetorical question and so on.
Intonation contour of persuasive sentence is determined by the rising-falling. This type of sentence is also ambiguous - it can be order, demand, offer, request, and advice and so on.
Emotional function expression through speaker's mental state, and providing emotional expression values.
Excretory function it is in intonation separation certain parts of the statement, for example, main compared to minor through information terms.
First of all intonation creates from words the whole phrases and statements. It can divide statement for minimal informational parts - semantic groups and organize them, show relations and connections between elements of any phrase. Intonation change concern of statements to the facts of reality. Moreover intonation can differentiate statements of the same lexico -grammatical structure according to their utterance. And at last intonation distinguish emotionally-modal shades of the utterance.
As we see intonation plays a great role in communication but it still needs to be investigated.
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