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60From Rheumatology 1.0 to Rheumatology 4.0 and beyond: the contributions of Big Data to the field of rheumatology
Nicola Luigi Bragazzi, Giovanni Damiani, Mariano Martin
Mediterr J Rheumatol 2019;30(1):3-6
il AN EDITION OF GREEK RHEUMATOLOGY SOCIETY AND PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATION OF RHEUMATOLOGISTS e-ISSN: 2529-198X
MEDITERRANEAN JOURNAL OF RHEUMATOLOGY
IhttP./'www.mjrheum.onA March 2019 I Volume 30 | Issue 1
E-ISSN: 2529-198X
MEDITERRANEAN JOURNAL OF RHEUMATOLOGY March 2019 | Volume 30 | Issue 1
©Bragazzi NL, Damiani G, Martini M.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
From Rheumatology 1.0 to Rheumatology 4.0 and beyond: the contributions of Big Data to the field of rheumatology
Nicola Luigi Bragazzi1, Giovanni Damiani2,3,4, Mariano Martini5,6
Postgraduate School of Public Health, Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy, 2Clinical Dermatology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy, 3Young Dermatologists Italian Network (YDIN), GISED, Bergamo, Italy, 4Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA, 5Department of Health Sciences, Section of Medical History and Ethics, University of Genoa, Italy, 6UNESCO CHAIR Anthropology of Health - Biosphere and Healing System, University of Genoa, Italy
EDITORIAL
Mediterr J Rheumatol 2019;30(1):3-6 https://doi.org/10.31138/mjn30.13
Article Submitted: 05/03/2019; Article Accepted: 12/03/2019
In their paper, Mansour and colleagues1 have explored the relationship between rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and venous thromboembolism (VTE), an association which has been relatively overlooked by the existing scholarly literature, despite mounting evidence suggesting a link between coagulation factors and pro-inflammatory molecules. The majority of the previous studies has employed small sample sizes, being generally statistically underpowered, except for few notable exceptions. Utilizing a large nation-wide database, comprising of 11,782 patients with RA, and 57,973 age- and gender-matched controls, Mansour and co-workers were able to perform a scientifically sound and robust study, which could capture a significant association between RA and VTE. Among RA patients, VTE episodes had a rate of 6.92% versus 3.18% among the controls (statistically significant with a p-value <0.001). At the multivariate logistic regression, an odds-ratio (OR) of 2.23 (95% confidence interval or CI 2.05-2.43) and an OR of 1.60 (95%CI 1.44-1.78), both statistically significant, were computed in the model
Corresponding Author:
Nicola Luigi Bragazzi, MPH, PhD, MD
Department of Health Sciences
Postgraduate School of Public Health
University of Genoa
Via Antonio Pastore 1
Genoa 16132, Italy
Tel.: +39 0103538508
Fax: 39 0103538541
E-mail: [email protected]
not adjusted for C-reactive protein (CRP) and in the model corrected for CRP, respectively. In a previously published systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis,2 a pooled risk ratio of 1.90 (95%CI 1.76-2.06) of VTE episodes in RA patients had been found. Mansour et al.1 have replicated this finding, confirming the existence of such link. Taken together, all these results warrant the role of thromboprophylax-is in immune mediated disorders, such as RA. Despite the existence of tools like the "Padua Prediction Score", there is an urgent need of new validated instruments and scores which assess the risk of VTE episodes in hospitalized patients, giving more weight to current inflammatory rheumatologic conditions, and, therefore, potentially estimating the risk of VTE in a more realistic fashion. In their papers, Mansour and colleagues1 have used an approach different from the classical one: instead of utilizing a hypothesis-driven conceptual framework, they have relied upon data-driven techniques, including massive data mining. Real-world experiences (RWEs) making use of real-world data (RWD) of patients treated in real-world settings (RWS) are emerging as a vital, integral component of the process of healthcare decision-making, shaping and informing new real-world evidence (RWE).3,4 The use of large clinical databases and registries is paving the way for a new stratified and precision medicine,5 in which data-driven disease phenotyping and profiling play a major role.6-8 This represents an authentic paradigm shift with regards to the classical "one-size-fits-it-all" framework, favoring the rise of a personalized rheumatology, in which diagnosis and treatment are tailored to the specific features and (biological, genetic,
Cite this article as: Bragazzi NL, Damiani G, Martini M. From Rheumatology 1.0 to Rheumatology 4.0 and beyond: the contributions of Big 3 Data to the field of rheumatology. Mediterr J Rheumatol 2019;30(1):3-6.
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epigenetic, and behavioral) make-up of the patient. Rheumatology has a long, millennial, rich tradition. Its history dates back to the Indian Ayurvedic physician Charaka (approximately 300-200 b.c.), who was an authentic pioneer in the field of rheumatology. In the treatise "Charaka Samhita", he described and characterized different clinical phenotypes of arthritis and RA (vishkantha in Sanskrit), whereas Hippocrates (450-380 b.c.) contributed to the diagnosis of gout and probably described also episodes of rheumatic fever. Galen (129-216 a.d.) coined the term "rheumatismus".9-11 These descriptions and reports characterized the "prehistory" of rheumatology (a period that we term as "rheumatology 1.0"), which was further advanced by the work of the prominent Flemish physician William Heberden (1710-1801), who is considered the father of the classical rheumatology (the so-called "rheumatology 2.0"). He was, indeed, the first physician to clinically distinguish between osteoarthritis (OA) and gout. In his book entitled "Commentaries on the history and cure of disease" he reported the "digitorum nodi", which were named after him, being currently known as Heberden's nodes, and being pathognomonic of OA.12
The work of Heberden was preceded by the work of the French physician Guillaume de Baillou (also known as Ballonius; 1538-1616)13 and the English physician Thomas Sydenham (1624-1689).14 de Baillou, besides describing the first epidemic of pertussis, characterized the rheumatic fever. Sydenham described several rheu-matologic disorders, including RA, gout, rheumatic fever, scorbutical rheumatism and chorea minor, which he proposed to term as Saint Vitus' dance. Other prominent rheumatologists were the French doctor Augustin Jacob Landre-Beauvais (1772-1840), who was only a 28-year-old medical resident when, at the beginning of the XIXth century, he described a clinical case of RA, which is the first officially accepted medical record of RA.15 Alfred Garrod (1819-1907), discoverer of abnormal levels of uric acid in the blood of gout patients, and Archibald Garrod (1857-1936), co-author of the "Treatise on Rheumatism and Rheumatoid Arthritis", further advanced the field of rheumatology, contributing to the clinical diagnosis of RA, better specifying its diagnostic criteria. John Kent Spender introduced the word "osteoarthritis" in 1886,16 or, according to some scholars, re-introduced and popularized a term coined by the German surgeon Richard von Volkmann (1830-1889).17
The XIXth century has been a fervent period, rich in discoveries and scientific achievements. For instance, Dundas described rheumatic fever,18 Money the myocardial granulomas in 1883, the German physician Aschoff (18661942) the nodules named after him (Aschoff's nodules), whereas the association between chorea and rheumatic fever was reported independently by the physicians Bright and See (in 1831 and in 1850, respectively).9 The
American physician Homer Fordyce Swift (1881-1953), besides describing syphilis and discovering a treatment for cerebrospinal syphilis (which was named after him and Arthur Ellis) wrote extensively on the rheumatic fever and streptococcal infections. In 1928, he was able to link rheumatic fever with Streptococcus,19 which was later identified as causative agent by the English physician Collis and the American Coburn in 1931.9 One year after, in 1932, Todd introduced the anti-streptolysin test.20 In 1872, the Hungarian physician and dermatologist Moritz Kaposi (1837-1902) described the systemic nature of systemic lupus erythematosus, which was later confirmed by the Canadian physician Osler (1849-1919) in 1900.9 In 1909 Nichols and Richardson were able to differentiate OA and RA from a clinical standpoint, distinguishing between the degenerative and proliferative phenotypes of arthritis.9 Some years earlier, in 1884, the French physician Bouchard (1837-1915) had described the bony outgrowths at proximal inter-phalangeal joints (named after him, Bouchard's nodes), which represent a pathognomonic sign of OA.
The classic Reiter's triad (comprising of reactive arthritis, conjunctivitis and urethritis), occurring after uro-genital infections or dysenteric episodes,21 has been described during the First World War by the German physician Hans Reiter (1881-1969) and, nearly contemporarily and independently, by the French Noel Fiessinger (1881-1946) and Edgar Leroy.22
Initially borne within internal medicine, rheumatology was recognized as a medical specialty per se with its own dignity ("rheumatology 3.0"), by Bernard Comroe and Joseph Lee Hollander (1910-2000), who coined the term "rheumatologist" in 1940 and co-authored the textbook "Arthritis and Allied Conditions". Furthermore, Comroe opened the first arthritis clinics in the USA.9,23 This era is characterized by new diagnostic criteria and nosological definitions and classifications. For instance, in 1942, the concept of "connective tissue disorders" was introduced and developed by Paul Klemperer (1887-1964). In 1963, the term "ankylosing spondylitis" was adopted, together with the Rome's criteria. At the turn of the XXth century, biological advancements and technological achievements have further revolutionized rheumatology, which could now enter the fourth phase ("rheumatology 4.0"),24 characterized by new sophisticated techniques of imaging, functional genomics and post-genomics specialties (proteomics, metabo-nomics, microbiomics, among the others), the advent of electronic medical records (EMRs) and clinical registries, evidence-based medicine (EBM), with large epidemiological surveys and multi-center studies, including randomized controlled trials (RCTs), as well as wearable sensors and novel data streams (NDS, such as social networks and the internet-based data). Altogether this has provided scholars with an unprecedented wealth of
FROM RHEUMATOLOGY 1.0 TO RHEUMATOLOGY 4.0 AND BEYOND: THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF BIG DATA TO THE FIELD OF RHEUMATOLOGY
data (the so-called "Big Data").25-33 Big Data, classically characterized by 3 Vs (volume, velocity and variety), are massive datasets whose size and volume are so large that they exceed the computational capacity of conventional relational database systems to capture, store, manage and analyze them. In the medical field, Big Data can be of different types, depending on the source that generates them: they can be of molecular type (the so-called omics data, generated by high-throughput molecular assays of the latest generation), administrative (socio-economic and demographic data, the so-called transaction data), of instrumental/ laboratory type (M2M, known as machine-to-machine data), of clinical type (EMRs, and other clinical application data) and social/behavioral (what the patient knows about the disease and what they search for online, the so-called web and social media-generated data). In the field of healthcare, Big Data can be used for different purposes: including clinical epidemiology, risk prediction, diagnostic and prognostic accuracy, improvement of the clinical outcomes, assessment of appropriateness of pharmacological prescriptions, and implementation and monitoring of the quality of the diagnostic-therapeutic care, among others.
Specifically, in the field of rheumatology, Mansour and colleagues1 have contributed to write a new page of Rheumatology 4.0. In conclusion, Big Data-based rheumatology ("rheumatology 4.0") appears to be a promising approach to rheumatologic diseases, even if the revolution has only just begun!
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Giovanni Damiani is supported by the P50 AR 070590 01A1 National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, USA.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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