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FORMING OF THE PRODUCTIVE PROPERTIES OF TABLE BEET SEEDS DUE TO THE TREATMENT WITH IMMUNOCYTOPHYT
Gryazeva V.I., Candidate of Agricultural Sciences Penza State Agricultural Academy, Penza, Russia Phone: +7 (8412) 62-83-73, E-mail: sha [email protected]
ABSTRACT
These are the results of the investigation of the influence of immunocytophyte on the formation of fruitful qualities of table beet seeds during different terms of using it. It is ascertain, that during the cultivation of seed plants both in the phase of budding and blossoming, the period of vegetation decreases, which leads to reduction of the period of table beet seeds ripening, reduces the seeds fall loses up to 5-5,5%. The tillage of seed plants with immunocytophyte contribute to the increase of muss of 1000 stems in average to
1,2 gramms, the increase of germination to 3-6%, productivity in 3 years to 0,33 t/h.
KEY WORDS
Table beet; Seeds, Seed plants; Growth stimulants; Immunocytophyte; Mother roots; Phases of vegetation; Growth of seeds; Loss of seeds; Productivity.
Table beet is a fairly common vegetable crop, which is second in importance among root crops, second only to carrots. Its value is first of all determined by the presence of large quantities of sugar, vitamins and enzymes [1].
The general worldwide trend of vegetable farming today is the rapid increase in the production volumes. Complex approach to the problem is necessary for the development of vegetable production, but we should start with seeds. Correspondingly demand for vegetable seeds increases [7].
Seeds are the biological foundation of the crop. Formation of seeds is a very complex physiological process that depends on a complex of factors. Yield losses of seeds of many vegetable crops because of unfavourable environmental factors (low and high temperature, lack and excess of moisture in soil, fungal and bacterial infections) are as high as 50 80% of their genetically determined productivity. Improving the supply of seeds forming nutrients and metabolites can reduce the number of defective seeds.
Development of the techniques of growing high-quality seeds of table beet that reduces seeds fall losses and increases their productivity, is one of the priorities in the seed farming of this crop.
Redistribution of nutrients between the vegetative and reproductive parts of plants, for which growth stimulants can be successfully used, is also promising and potential.
The effectiveness of the use of synthetic growth stimulants is proved by many researchers [2, 3, 4, 11].
The possibility of use of the synthetic growth regulators for the changing of the architectonics of seed plants was also explored. S. T. Dolgih, I. A. Prohorov and others have found a positive effect of the growth regulators to the reduction the linear dimensions of the seed plants in vegetable crops, and in some cases, their structure [5].
However, information of their use on seed plants of table beet is limited, their effectiveness in the Penza region is poorly studied, and there are no scientific recommendations for their use in the table beet crop.
Firm NNPP «NEST M» developed synthetic phytoregulators that can stimulate adaptability of plants.
The aim of our research was the justification of the characteristics of the influence of the drug of this company -immunocytophyte, depending on the treatment period, on the growth, development and productivity of beet seed plants in the Penza region.
In accordance with the purpose, we set the goal - to study the effect of immunocytophyte on the vegetation phases time, peculiarities of the seed yield formation, loss of seeds, seed quality and seed production.
MATERIALS AND RESEARCH METHODS
Studies on the immunocytophyte effect on the formation of table beet seeds were carried out in 2009-2011 on the collectible plot Federal State Budget Educational Establishment of Higher Professional Training "Penza State Agricultural Academy."
Soil of the test plot is light gray forest. Agrochemical characteristics of soil are: - the layer is 0-20 cm; humus content is 2.33%, the amount of absorbed bases is 17.1 mg / eq. per 100 g of soil; base saturation is 82.5%; pH Salt. is 5.3; phosphorus content is 34 mg per 1 kg of soil, potassium content is 65 mg per 1 kg of soil.
The experimental setup: 1.Kontrol - treatment with water 2.Immunocytophyte treatment of the growing plants in the budding stage, 3. Immunocytophyte treatment of the growing plants in the flowering stage; and 4. Immunocytophyte treatment of the growing plants in the phase of budding and flowering.
The previous crops in the rotation were tomatoes. Spring tillage on the plot included early-spring harrowing of th fall-plowed land and cultivation.
While carrying out the field experiments we conformed to the conventional methods.
Description of the morphological characters of the second year table beet was carried out according to the procedure of Prokhorov, I. A, S. Potapov, [10] Guidelines on the testing of vegetables and root crops, the Guidelines for the study and maintenance of the All-Union Research Institute of Plant Breeding world-wide collection.
Mother material, in accordance to the variants of the experiments, was stored in drawers for winter storage. Storage Temperature on years of research was from 0 to +5°C. The seed plants were planted under the scheme 70#70 sm., repeated three times. During the growing season hoeing, weeding were held.
Application of immunocytophyte was the following: for the treatment of 50 of square metres of growing plants, 2l of water were added to the concentrate (1 tablet dissolved in 1015 ml of water) and the solution was sprayed on plants. The working solution is 400 liters per 1 hectare. The object of the research was Bordeaux 237 which is the most common variety of table beet in our country.
The material of the study was immunocytophyte - a drug that greatly increases the immunity of plants and their resistance to many common diseases: late blight, Alternaria, Rhizoctonia, various kinds of scab, black leg, powdery mildew, bacterial diseases, etc. The substance is of auxin nature. It is a mixture of ethyl esters, fatty acids and urea. It stimulates the growth processes. The drug is used both during the pre-treatment of seeds and tubers, and during the growing season. After processing, the increased resistance to disease persists for one to two months.
The meteorological conditions during the study were different. The most favorable for the growth and development of the table beet seed plants was 2009, sharply unfavorable was 2010. Conditions in 2011 were average between2009 and 2010.
THE RESULTS OF RESEARCH
While growing high quality seeds lot of attention was paid to the quality of the mother roots, the planting time of the mother roots.
Planting of the mother roots in all variants of the experiment was carried out simultaneously with the sowing of the seeds for the other roots: in 2009 - on the 11th of May, 2010 - on the 5th of May , 2011 - on the 28th of April. Planting dates corresponded to the recommended dates for the area. Healthy, well developed in size and in shape, typical roots were selected for the planting in advance.
Quality of the pulp, coloring, ringiness and lignification were taken into consideration, before planting.
Assessment of beet roots in color, lignification, ringiness were carried out in spring before the planting of the mother roots. In this case,the root is cut in half or the cut on its lateral side is made. At full ripening of the variety the root has solid color, in the overripe, heavily overgrown root white rings of parenchyma are formed.
Red color of the roots is associated with the similar color of the stems, leaves and leaf veins. Therefore, the selection in color can be started immediately after seedling emergence. When planting the head of the mother roots should be 2-3 inches below the soil level, and covered with soil, and the mother roots themselves should be tightly crimped by it. In compliance with all of these requirements mother roots take roots, grow and enter a phase of bolting quickly. [6]
In our studies, all mother roots grew mainly in 12-15 days after planting. Differences in years were 2-3 days. Because immunocytophyte was used in the second period of development of the table beet seed plants, namely the phase of budding and flowering and together in all these phases, it had an impact on the duration of these phases.
Seed plants treatment in the budding stage contributed to a rapid transition from this phase to the flowering stage. Compared with the controls, this period decreased by 2 days in 2009, 2010, and for 3 days in 2011.
Treating the table beet seed plants in the flowering stage had no impact on this period. Joint treatment in the budding and flowering stage cut the budding period for 1 day in 2009, for 3 days in 2010 and for 7 days in 2011.
For beet seed plants extended period of flowering and ripening is characteristic. Yearly analysis showed that in 2011, the weather conditions contributed to the rapid maturation of the seeds, as by the 12ve-26th of August, all the seeds were ripe and have been removed. Ripening was uneven, and lasted for 29 - 35 days in 2009, from 18 to 25 days in 2010, and from 19 to 30 days in 2011.
Treating the beet seed plants in the flowering stage has contributed to the rapid passage of this phase. So in 2009, the flowering period lasted 30 days, which was 5 days less than in controls. In 2010 and in 2011 this period was shorter than in the control for 7 and 1 days. In treating the seed plants in budding and flowering stage, flowering of the seed plants was 6 days earlier than in the control in 2009, 7 days earlier in 2010 and 4 days earlier in 2011. If we consider the period of budding - maturation, the treating of seed plants in the budding stage reduced this period to 9-13 -11 days, respectively, in 2009-2011 (figure 1).
□ 2009
□ 2010 □ 2011
50 40 30 20 10 0
Control Treating in the budding stage Treating in the flowering stage Treating in the budding-flowering
stage
Figure 1 - The duration of the "budding-ripening" of seed plants of table beet
Treating of seed plants in the flowering stage with immunocytophyte reduced this period by 8-11 - 10 days, respectively, in 2009-2011. The greatest immunocytophyte treating
effect on the seed plants was obtained with the co-processing treatment in the budding and flowering stages.
The duration of the budding - maturity period was 53, 54 and 52 days, respectively, in 2009-2011, that is 15-16 days less than in the control in all years.
Thus, treating of seed plants of table beet with immunocytophyte together in phases of budding and flowering promotes more rapid passage of budding and flowering phases and reduces the period of seed maturation.
Because of the biological characteristics of the development and structure of the table beet seed plants, premature harvesting leads to a sharp decrease in the yield and quality of seeds of this crop, and if harvesting is delayed - there are large seed fall losses. This is due to the great lengthiness and uneven ripening of seeds within one plant and the whole seed array. Therefore, one of the objectives of this study was to determine the effect of immunocytophyte on beet seeds fall and their quality depending on the seeds fall.
Growing conditions affected the index of the seeds fall. So in 2010 percentage of the seeds fall was higher than in 2009 and 2011 for 4-5% on all variants of the experiment. Treating plants of table beet with immunocytophyte reduced the number of fallen seeds, there are differences on the options experience. The most significant decrease in the loss was observed in the co-processing treatment of plants in the phase of budding + flowering. Seeds loss percentage decreased by 5.5 and 5.0 and 5.2% respectively in 2009, 2011. Because, as a rule, the most ripened seeds fall, one of the objectives was to determine and compare the quality and the bulk of the seeds after harvest.
Table 1 - Effect of immunocytophyte on the table beet seed quality (2009-2011)
Variant 1000 seed balls weigh, g: Germination ability,%:
Fallen at the period of ripening and harvesting obtained after thrashing average Fallen during ripening and harvesting obtained after thrashing
Control (water treatment) 19,0 17,2 18,1 94 90
Treating in the budding stage 20,0 18,6 19,3 96 93
Treating in the flowering stage 18,6 18,4 18,5 97 94
Treating in the budding-flowering stages 19,8 18,8 19,3 97 96
Maximum weight of the seedballs of the fallen seeds was received at treating plants in the budding stage - 20.0g., which is 1 gram more than in the controls (Table 1). Germination index was higher in the version with the co-treating of plants in the phase of budding and flowering - 97%, which is 3% higher than in the controls.
Seeds after threshing weighed 0.2-1.8 grams; it was less than the fallen seeds. Treating of seed plants with immunocytophyte raised fineness of seeds obtained after thrashing on the options practices at 1.2-2.2 grams. Germination index ranged from 90 to 96%. The best index of germination was in the version with the treating in the phases of budding and flowering and it was 96%, with 90% in the control group.
Table 2 - Effect of immunocytophyte on the yield and OAC of the table beet seed plants (2009-2011)
Variant Yield, t / ha: Xi, t / ha (average for year) CCA, t / ha (General adaptive capacity)
2009 2010 2011.
Control (water treatment) 2,3 2,00 2,2 2,17 -0,16
Treating in the budding stage 2,5 2,14 2,4 2,35 0,03
Treating in the flowering stage 2,4 2,14 2,3 2,28 -0,04
Treating in the budding-flowering stages 2,8 2,20 2,5 2,5 0,18
XR, t / ha (average for options) 2,5 2,12 2,35 2,32 -
Synthetic phytoregulators can stimulate adaptability of plants. The indicator of adaptive capacity of plants is OACi (general adaptive capacity), which is the turning on of the average yield of the datum in different environmental conditions. [8,9]. Positive data of the index were variations of SLA with immunocytophyte treating in the budding phase (0.03 t / ha) and the co-treating in the phase of budding and flowering (0.18 t / ha) (Table 2). Treating of seed plants with immunocytophyte in all variants of the experiment enhanced the productivity of seeds, but it varies from year to year. In 2009, at the treating of beet seed plants with immunocytophyte in the budding stage yields of 2.5 t / ha was obtained, which is 0.2 m higher than in the controls. With the treating in the flowering stage, the yield was 2.4 t / ha, which is 0.1 m higher than in the controls.
The highest yield (2.8 t / ha) was obtained at the co-treating with immunocytophyte in the phase of budding and flowering, it is 0.5 t/ha higher than in controls. In the 2010-2011 all the options exceeded the control yields. The largest increase, respectively, 0.2 and 0.3 t/ha was obtained at the co-treating of seed plants with immunocytophyte in phases of budding and flowering.
CONCLUSIONS
Stimulation of the formation prosess of seeds in the beet promotes more rapid passage of the phases of development of the mother plants, reduces the loss of seed falls, and increases the size of seeds and their sowing qualities. Both growing conditions and stimulation with immunocytophyte influence the productivity of beet seed plants. The effect of the treatment was obtained in all variants of the experiment, but the greatest increase in seed yield was obtained at the co-treating with immunocytophyte in the budding phase and in the phase of the budding and flowering.
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