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8IRSTI 16.21.07, 16.21.45
FORMATION OF FUNCTIONAL AND SEMANTIC STABILITY OF DERIVATIVE WORDS
OF THE KAZAKH LANGUAGE
A.B. Salkynbai1, Zh.N. Suleimenova2
1 Dr. Sci. (Philology), Prof.
2 Dr. Sci. (Philology), Prof. iAl-Farabi Kazakh National University
2Kazakh State Women's Teacher Training University Kazakhstan, Almaty, e-mail: zharkyn123@mail.ru
The main feature of analytical-semantic word formation is the creation of a new word as a result of united, paired or combined full-valued words. The new word-formation meaning is formed in the second derivative nomination. And the description of the derivational meaning determines the features and the differences of an approach. In conclusion we want to say that analytically-semantic word formation is a great way to make a significant contribution to the development of the vocabulary that is active in the modern language. The article deals with the problems of the functionality of a stable word combination in the Kazakh language.
Key words: communication, denotat, phenomen, grammatical category, word combination
Introduction
The Kazakh people who distinguish the dignity and features of words have rarely used different words to describe one notion. It is known that in most cases synonyms are formed of denotata and phenomena due to the definition of related meaning but not having equal characteristics. The emergence of set (phraseological) expressions or in another words so called phraseological units also come from the need to describe the particular characteristics of an object, phenomenon or action and its attributes and properties at the same time. The concept is formed in human's consciousness in the cognition of different worlds' image in nature, and a word is appeared from the need to name this concept. The mind and consciousness of man are not able to create and reach an abundance of root words. Therefore a derivative group of words is created on the basis of root words. There is no variable options for the words which have been already existing as phraseological units in the language, on the contrary a derivative word that defines a new concept and gives a special meaning is appeared.
The reason for recognizing a phraseological unit as a derivative word is the following:
- a new secondary meaning is formed through the meaning of words which contained in it;
- it consists of several words and expresses one notion;
- it is used as a whole, ready-made;
- it is expressed by one grammatical category;
- it is perceived as a whole, answers for one question and is one of the sentence members;
- it is included to the list of words in a dictionary as a derived word.
- Since the phraseological units have been recognized as derivative words, they can also perform the
function of the word. For example:
Nominative function - if nominative function is to name the notion about definite substance or phenomenon, the phraseological unit will perform nominative function as a derivative word: - naz aitty (seme of action) means to complain, qas pen kozdin arasinda (time measurement) means a very short time, tayaq tastam jer (not so far), at §aptirim jer - far (space measurement), it olgen jer - very far away (space measurement), tobe §a§i tik turdy - be very afraid (seme of fear).
Communicative (connection) function is a means of communication in society. It is used as a means of communication between a listener and speaker in a ready manner of speech. During the speech process the phraseological unit is equally understood by the speaker and the listener, and perceived in the fully basic meaning. The constant meaning of a phraseological unit is understood by the representative of that people and it is also used in a ready manner.
Expressive function. Any word can be seen in different variations in the context while speaking. Expressive function and ability of the phraseological unit is unique, its expressive and emotional characteristics are closely related to the ability to name specific features of the concept. If the character of a man is described with the help of the words: qorqaq (coward) and alsiz (weak) in general, the concept will
be more emphasized and faceted by the phraseological units such as su jurek, qoyan jurek (coward), and its colorful image will be more impressive.
The cumulative function arises from the connection between a variety of names and objects in nature. Name is defined as the aggregate sign of knowledge about the data in existence and it is expressed by lexical sense. As a result, national world outlook is reflected.
Experiment
Set (phraseological) expressionss are directly related to the notion of national cognition and are characterized as the linguistic indicator of the national mentality. Recognizing the set (phraseological) expression as a derivative word we consider a unit that has a certain meaning, sustained word-formation. In order to get of the state of a phraseological unit free phrases have to have their own peculiar character. Any free word combinations (phrase) can not be a phraseological unit. The meaning of the word combination in the free word combination manner should be clearly defined and conditioned. Set (phraseological) combinations are to have conceptual value for set expressions; to describe a certain thing or phenomenon, to be used in the comparative meaning and should be characterized by stability, to have abstract meaning and the need to give a single denotative meaning.
K. Akhanov considered five types of set expressions appearance and origin: I. Phraseological pattern (PP) may be the basis of the established image in the human mind; 2. Some set (phraseological) expressions are based on various myths, concepts and believes; 3. PP may be appeared on the basis of some events and skills which have been occured in history; 4. Time measurement concepts such as an hour, minute, and seconds, and their nominations did not appear immediately. 5. Some of PP are transferred from professional lexics [1, 182-185].
Phraseological studies have also been studied in other scientific papers [2; 3; 4; 5]. In our opinion, the formation of a phraseological unit as a derivative is laid on the basics of the following:
- use of phraseological unit as the name of substance or phenomenon in the denotational meaning;
- to become a phraseological unit and to have holistic value in the case of using as the comparative meaning;
- to have denotative value on the basis of ethnological cognition;
- to have denotative and significative meanings as a result of semantic abstraction.
Comparison plays an importan role in the formation of phraseological units (PU). New quality, image of the matter or phenomenon are defined and evaluated through comparison in the human cognition. The role of the comparison in the creation of phraseological units is well studied in T.K. Konyrov's work on the basis of profound scientific analysis. While considering the semantic structure of comparison, the author determined their active participation in the formation of the phrase combination. To raise the comparison to the level of the PP he pointed to the need for some conventions, expressing by the words "In order to be a stable comparison" and "semantic, lexical and syntactic steadiness" [6, 80-92].
Not all comparisons can be converted to the phraseological unit. For this purpose, first of all, they have the ability used in a ready manner and should be transferred on to a denotative meaning that has a definite conceptual meaning. T.K. Konyrov used the term "phraseological comparisons" in order to separate the comparisons from other ones which have been become the set expressions (phraseological units). The author explained why he had called it so: "... such kinds of the word formation should be called as phraseological comparisons, because the vast majority of them are differentiated, at first, by sustainability of component composition, secondly, through reproducibility and thirdly, with the pronounced comparative semantics" [6, 82].
Transformation of comparisons into phraseological comparatives is not an instantaneous phenomenon, it is a process that gradually formed in the language development and it is explained in recognizing the object nature due to the stabilization of the words that correspond to the identification of the nominal specific characters. Comparison is an intermediate link between free and phraseological word combinations. Comparisons turn into phraseologisms through word formation process. The combination of free combinations is made by comparing the nature and tone of a definite substance or phenomenon with another one. The concept about the primary subject sign is replaced by nominative, and a secondary meaningful derivative word is made.
Thus, comparative is an initial source of derivatives, and as it directly participates in the word formation process then it is as an intermediary linkage process. It is known some ways of formation of
comparative phraseological units: morphological, lexico-morphological, lexico-syntactic, phraseological-syntactic. Using the given methods many free phrases were first turned into the comparisons, then to phraseological comparatives, i.e. to the derivative phraseological units in our language. For example, the phrasals Betegeden bi'ik, jwsannan alasa (quieter than water and lower than grass) have reached the level from comparison to phraseological unit. By comparing the height of feather grass and sagebrush it is formed another derivative meaning that represents the size of the new denotata. The phraseological unit is used in two meanings - dimensional; as a characteristic feature which means to be more polite, modest, and to get well on with everybody. If the ability to perform the dimensional meaning shows that it was formed from the free word combination at the beginning and it didn't go far from the same sema, the second meaning presents that the first true meaning has derived as a result of the association and has a new variable meaning. Betegeden bi'ik, jwsannan alasa is the dimensional unit of height and also it is the significantly derived word which describes the character. Beti §i'qanday (red cheeked) is used in the meaning of having or characterized by narttay qizil (blooming human appearance), ceMi3 (fat), eki betinen qan tamgan (sanguine) [7, 119]. The word §i'qanday is an ancient root made from two combined syllabophoneme: shi-shir - colour by which the Chinese paint bowls with glaze [5, 505], in the meaning of all in the blood. Consequently the PU beti §i'qanday is formed by the sema of the free word combination which means all in the blood. The tone meaning jek korw (hate), unatpaw (dislike) is given by emotionally expressive color. Bi'day§a qwirdi - eki ayagin bir etikke tiqti means to scold somebody severely, criticize somebody mercilessly) [7,119]. Comparing the processes of frying wheat and to blame a man the comparison is appeared through adding the suffix - sha to the word bidai, and as well as the word has turned from semantic and structural view point and become as a whole form it is perceived as a derivative word which has the significative meaning. Betin §i'edey qilw: I. To scratch; to slash; 2. To shame, to expose, to scold, to abuse [7, 118]. From the meaning of the word "cherry" was occured a new meaning and a derivative meaning was also appeared through comparison. That is, the free phrase was first used for comparison, and then it turned into a particular meaning form. Bie sawimday waqit means the time interval between two milking of mares, about 1 hour [7, 119]. The name of the unit used in the work of K. Akhanov for measuring time. Defines the time in this way is characteristic only for the Kazakh people. The word "Bie sawim" has used in the meaning to mark the time and then it was accepted as a derivative unit fulfilling the meaning of the time dimension. Biti torgayday, moyni irgayday (strongly exhausted, to become quite thin or to have a pathetic appearance) are derivatives which have synonymous meanings closer to the concepts of devastation and poverty. It is as the sounding designation that describes the state of a person who is overly afflicted and oppressed because of poverty. Formed by hyperbolic comparison, it is of secondary importance on the basis of associations. It is known that a louse will not become the size of sparrow and the neck will not also become as cotoneaster. In order to describe, and also to present a complete picture of the different moments and changes in the state and mood of a person in life, people's consciousness has gone so far in creating expressive and emotional colors, according to their own mentality, with abstract, significative meanings. The ability to feel the brain folds of the human soul, to determine the depth of word meaning must be evaluated as a deep knowledge of human psychology. Bozbala (teenager) - jas jigit (young man) [7, 120]. A teenager is a thirteen-year-old unmarried boy in the Kazakh cognition. The ancient meaning and form of the word boz in this combination is the following: bosh - 1. Free, empty, is not being used. 2. Unsettled, free, free-flowing; 3. An independent person, enjoy freedom; 4. Idle, divorced [8, 113]. Before the words bos-boz were used in one seme (nuclear seme) by their importance and individuality, and later they acquired the new meaning and meaningful form. The word bos (free) is based on the meaning of a free man, not under the control and through the softening of the sound s it has the meaning of a young man, unmarried, and by means of these nominative signs it has the secondary derivative meaning. The fact that the word bozbala (a young man) is written together as one word in the Orthographic Dictionary of the Modern Kazakh Language means that it is fully perceived as a new derivative meaning [8, 73].
Thus, comparatives are formed by means of comparisons, new derivative meaning is developed because of the need for conceptual meaning which arise during the development of the language system. Comparisons are made from free word combinations. Some comparisons among them can reach integrity of meaning. Significative and denotative meanings are appeared in order to identify and mark various descriptive characteristics of signs and forms of the denotatum, its psychological level, the mode of action
formed in the development system of the human consciousness. The new meaning is marked by set expressions.
Ethnophraseological derivatives derived from ethnological concept
The development of language is determined by the nature of the derivative words that appeared to life in the process of marking the concepts that have emerged in the recognition of various qualitative and quantitative signs of things and phenomena in nature. Language development is directly connected with word formation process. Ethnophraseologism is one of the layers of derivative words which represents particular nature of national symbols in the linguistic system and is the basics of national cognition. Ethnophraseologism is a linguistic unit that is formed as a result of national cognition which informs about human life, traditions and customs. The reason why we consider ethnophraseologisms as a derived unit of language is that they are also used as ready-made independent symbols having a nominative meaning. The peculiarity of ethnophraseologisms lies in the fact that the meaning of the derivative made for a certain term has been appeared how and in what circumstances, under what actions were their actions determined [9, 73].
The complexity of the semantic structure of the derivative is explained by its composition which consists of the meaning of morphemes. This property is characteristic for ethnophraseologisms. They are considered as derivative words and their semantic meaning can be analyzed and interpreted by the semantic structure of words which are contained in them. There is much useful things from cognitive concepts, customs, traditions, and beliefs preserved among the population in determining the meaning of ethnophrazoisms-derivatives. The formation of ethnophraseologisms is closely connected with the outlook of society in the development process which is corresponded to the life of people or the nation. That is why the national feature is characteristic for ethnophraseologisms, they give more information of national mentality and world outlook. Ethnophraseologisms of each nation are formed respectively with cognitive, everyday, cultural, etc. and have a special character.
If any derivative can be interpreted by the meaning of the word pair in its composition then in addition to it ethnophraselogisms have an advantage which can be defined in terms of how (in some cases when) it is made. Academician A. Khaidar wrote about the subject: "As well as we talked about the need for smaller ethnographic etudes in addition to the nominative meaning of ethnographism and ethnophraseologisms ". The value of the scientist's point of view is: 1. Ethnophraseologisms have nominative meanings. If ethnophraseologisms have nominative meaning then they are one integral unit. 2. Ethnophraseologisms require small etudes to show not only the nominal meaning but also the cause of origin. The interpretation of the concept of ethophraseologism, its essence and nature of origin is important not only in the linguistic aspect, but also in the formation of public consciousness and enhancement the role of national cognition.
It has been partially spoken about the nature and ways of ethnophraseologisms formation were in the scientific works (R. Syzdykova, N. Ualiev, B. Kydyrbekuly, E. Zhanpeisov, A. Nurmagambetov, S. Satenova and others). We perceive ethnophraseologisms as the derivative words and consider them in the onomasiological and linguistic-cultural aspect. We determine the ways in which they can be used and formed in the denotative and significant meaning. For example, Ayran suray kelip, §elegindi jasirma. It means do not hesitate to say, do not worry [7, 19]. «As a result of the association of free combination «Ayran suray kelsen, akelgen §elegindi jasirma" which used in a direct meaning and it has an abstract, general concept and new meaning. The secondary derivative meaning has been formed and it is used in a special nomination in the modern language. Aq kiizge koterdi (Khan was chosen). According to the tradition of folk epochs, when khan was elected, as well as he was raised on a white felt. It was formed by free combination, and later it was used in the meaning of siy (a gift), siylaw (respect), tobesine koterw (praise). Etymology of the word "Ki'iz" (a large felt mat) is the words "kid" - "kidiz" - "ki'iz" [8, 306]. Many derivative words such as kit, qiyu, ki'iz, kigiz, kiil, kiis etc. appeared from the form the word "Kid". The concept ki'iz (felt, numdah) in the Kazakh language must be sacred (ki'iz - bed, ki'iz - clothing, ki'iz - house, etc.). Ancient meaning of the words "arda" - arta" in the composition of the phrases Arda bala, arda emdi, arda osti is: 1. be spoiled, be deteriorated, be deceived; be destroyed, be violated, be lost, to perish. Artaq means spoiled, broken, rotten, evil, wicked, bad, indifferently, etc. [8, 55-56]. The etymon root "ar" in the words arda, ardak means to deceive, to lie, to tempt, to be tired, to tire etc. The phrase "arda balla" used in our language means a child who was born in a short time after the engagement or a child whose mother was
pregnant by him before she get married. The meaning of the word "arda" in all phrases has denotative and significative meaning which was appeared from one archeseme.
The phraseological combinations arda emw - tai shykkansha in the Kazakh language mean to suck the womb in the second year, i.e. until he becomes a foal. As the phrasal combination tay §iqqan§a emw is a deviation from the norm the word arda is usually used in the combination with the word emu. The meaning of the derivative words ardak tutw - veneration, worship, ardaktaw - respect, ardakti - revered etc. is based by the distinctive semes which are separated from each other and have the new nominative meanings. Asawga quriq salganday (to throw a steed on a stiff horse) - azar da bezer bolip, at-tonin ala qa§w, §enine jolatpaw (to make some sharp break ) [7, 52]. The free expression that demonstrates an action of stiff horse has gained a new meaning through association with this process. The secondary significative meaning of the phrases azar da bezer bolip, aytqanga konbew is to make some sharp break, to become obstinate; to object; to refuse. Bawi berik bolsin means that the navel is not untied! (wish to a newborn) i.e. wish the child longevity, congratulations [7, 106]. When the baby is born, the umbilical cord will be cut and strongly tied up with thread, intestine, etc., and the wish to a newborn «bawi berik bolsin» comes from that. Originally, the phrase used in the form of free expression was gradually used in a nominative sense.
Thus, the nomination process plays a special role in creating a new word. . The word formation is a common phenomenon for language system including morphology and syntax. The fulfillment of the word formation process is a manifestation of the language viability. Transition from a word combination to a denotatum meaning is the long historical process, as well as the phenomena which is arisen only from the need to mark a concept and it is used in the result of complex structural development. In order to reach the form of the ready lexical unit in use the free word combination should be moved to stability. The words with individual nominal meaning are included as a vocabulary in the dictionary and used to name the recognized concept in the human cognition. Analytic and semantic word formation is of special importance in creating a lexical unit. It is considered as an active approach which is the oldest one and the most widely used up to today and as well as characterized by its peculiarities and difficulties.
Conclusion
The main feature of analytical-semantic word formation is the creation of a new word as a result of united, paired or combined full-valued words. The new word-formation meaning is formed in the second derivative nomination. And the description of the derivational meaning determines the features and the differences of an approach. The core sema that is the reason is preserved in a word-formation meaning. Preservation of this system sometimes makes it difficult to understand the word-formation meaning. As a result, the secondary nomination of derivative words derived from analytics and semantic word-formation is not clearly understood, and the new word is not be included into a dictionary. Therefore, when evaluating the development of the modern language, it is necessary to focus on the internal semantic structure of the word.
Any phrseological unit that appeares in the development of the language is needed for a definite nominative function. The phraseological unit prereserving the previous free combination of an arbitrary phrase, through meaning of reasonable basis in the composition of set phrases is motivated, abstracted and associated and assigns a new nomination. The derived special seme is estimated as a word-formation value.
Comparison plays a major role in word-formation process based on associations. Many derived words with a new meaning are formed through a comparison in our language. Comparisons having a definite denotative meaning create a phraseological comparatives, as a result, they have the ability of nominative function. Transformation of comparisons into the phraseological comparatives.is the historical process. It is the word formation process which is gradually developed in the course of language development on the basis of growing of human cognition.
In conclusion we want to say that analytically-semantic word formation is a great way to make a significant contribution to the development of the vocabulary that is active in the modern language.
References
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Цазац мемлекетт1к цыздар педагогикалыц университетгнщ Хабаршысы № 3 (75), 2018
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9 Yerzhanova F.M., T.E. Igenbay, S.N. Akisheva. Concepts of "faith" and "knowledge" in the spiritual -ethical and religious paradigm. Bulletin of Kazakh State Women's Teacher Training University. №2 (74) 2018, p.58-64.
цазац тшщдег1 туынды с6здердщ функционалдьщ жэне семантикальщ
т¥рак;тылыгын ;алыптастыру
А.Б. Салцынбай1, Ж.Н. Сулейменова2
1 ф.г.д., профессор
2 ф.г.д., профессор 'Эл-Фараби атындагы Казак Улттык Университета
2^азак мемлекеттiк кыздар педагогикалык университета Казакстан, Алматы к., e-mail: zharkyn123@mail.ru
Аналитика-семантикалык свздi калыптастырудын басты ерекшелт^рынгай ж^птаскан немесе толык багаланган свздердщ нэтижесi ретiнде жана свз жасау. Жана свздi калыптастырганда магынасы екiншi туынды номинациясында калыптасады. Сонымен катар, деривациялык магынаны сипаттау тэсiлдердiн ерекшелжтерш жэне айырмашылыктарын аныктайды. Аналитика-семантикалык свздщ калыптасуы казiргi тiлде колданылатын свздж. Макалада теракты свз тiркестерiнiн ттлде функционалдык колданылуына мэн берiлген.
Туйш свздер: коммуникация, денотат, феномен, грамматикалыц категория, элемдж комбинация
формирование функциональной и семантической устойчивости производных слов казахского языка
А.Б. Салкынбай1, Ж.Н. Сулейменова2 1,2 д.ф.н., профессор 'Казахский Национальный университет им. аль-Фараби 2Казахский государственный женский педагогический университет Казахстан, г.Алматы, e-mail: zharkyn123@mail.ru
Основной особенностью аналитико-семантического слова является создание нового слова в результате одного парного или полноценного слова. При создании нового слова значение выводится во второй производной номенклатуре. Он также определяет производное значение и различия в подходах. Формирование аналитико- семантических слов - это словарь, используемый на современном языке. В статье рассматриваются проблемы функциональности устойчивого словосочетания в казахском языке.
Ключевые слова: коммуникация, денотат, феномен, грамматическая категория, комбинация слов
