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UDC: 327-027.21
Mudrenko Natalia Volodymyrivna,
postgraduate student of the Department of Public Administration and Public Service of the National Academy of Public Administration under the President of Ukraine, diplomat, First Secretary of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine, 01018, Kyiv, Mykhailivska ploshcha, 1, phone: (044) 238 1535, e-mail: [email protected]
ORCID: 0000-0002-4245-9616 Мудренко Наталiя BoModuMupisHa, астрантка кафедри публiчного управ-лтня та публiчноi служби Нащональног академи державного управлтня при Пре-3udeHmoei Украти, дипломат, перший се-кретар МШстерства закордонних справ Украти, 01018, м. Кшв, Михайлiвська площа, 1, тел.: (044) 238-15-35, e-mail: [email protected]
ORCID: 0000-0002-4245-9616
аспирантка кафедры публичного управления и публичной службы Национальной академии государственного управления при Президенте Украины, дипломат, первый секретарь Министерства иностранных дел Украины, 01018, г. Киев, Михайловская площадь, 1, тел .: (044) 238-15-35, e-mail: [email protected]
ORCID: 0000-0002-4245-9616 DOI https://doi.org/10.32689/2617-2224-2019-16-1-140-146
FOREIGN RELATIONS: THE ESSENCE OF THE CONCEPT
Abstract. The undergoing reform of the executive authorities as well as the emergence of new political and legal realities requires a rethinking of a number of theoretical provisions regarding the implementation of state administration in the field of foreign relations in order to find new forms and mechanisms that would improve the efficiency of Ukraine's foreign policy to ensure national interests and security of our state, which is facing the unprecedented challenges and threats caused by Russian aggression of the "hybrid" nature, turbulent changes of the international security environment, as well as global transformations of the world political architectonics.
In this context, the definition of the essence of the concept "scope of foreign relations" as well as the substantiation of expediency of its application in modern
Мудренко Наталья Владимировна,
state governance is considered relevant. In modern Ukrainian scientific literature, official documents, legislative acts the terms as "foreign relations", "external relations", "foreign affairs" and "international relations" are widely used as synonymous, although it not always properly characterizes the subject and field of activity.
The article reveals the essence of the concept "scope of foreign relations" and defines it as a sphere that covers official communications and ties between states and other subjects of international law, conducted by specialized state bodies in order to perform their external functions by peaceful means in accordance with the basic principles of international law.
The essence of the categories as: "external relations", "foreign relations", "foreign affairs" and "international relations", is defined as well as the correlation between them is made.
Keywords: scope of foreign relations, external relations, foreign affairs, international relations, essence of the concept.
СФЕРА ЗОВН1ШН1Х ЗНОСИН: СУТШСТЬ ПОНЯТТЯ
Анотащя. Реформування оргашв виконавчо!' влади, виникнення нових пол^ико-правових реалш потребуе переосмислення низки науково-теоре-тичних положень щодо здшснення державного управлшня у сферi зовшш-шх зносин з метою пошуив нових форм та механiзмiв, яю б дали можли-вють шдвищити ефектившсть реалiзацiï зовшшньо!' пол^ики Украши задля забезпечення нащональних штереав i безпеки нашо!' держави в умовах без-прецедентних викликiв та загроз, викликаних росшською агресiею "пбрид-ного" характеру, турбулентних змiн мiжнародного безпекового середовища, а також глобальних трансформацш свiтовоï полiтичноï архiтектонiки.
У цьому контекст актуальним вбачаеться визначення сутност поняття "сфера зовнiшнiх зносин" та обгрунтування доцiльностi застосування його в сучасному державному управлшш. Оскiльки доволi часто в сучаснiй укра-шськш науковiй лiтературi, офiцiйних документах, законодавчих актах зу-стрiчаються синонiмiчнi вживання термШв "зовнiшнi зносини", "зовнiшнi ввдносини", "закордоннi справи" та "мiжнароднi вщносини", а також "сфера зовнiшнiх зносин" i "галузь закордонних справ", що далеко не завжди точно характеризують предмет i поле дiяльностi.
Розкрито сутшсть поняття "сфера зовнiшнiх зносин" та визначено, що це — сфера, яка охоплюе офщшш, шдтримуваш за допомогою особливих державних оргашв, зв'язки i вщносини мiж державами та шшими суб'екта-ми мiжнародного права з метою здiйснення ix зовнiшнiх функцiй мирними засобами вщповщно до основних принципiв мiжнародного права.
Встановлено сутшсть категорш: "зовнiшнi зносини", "зовшшш вщноси-ни", "закордоннi справи" та '^жнародш вiдносини", та проведене сшввщно-шення мiж ними.
K^40bî слова: зовнiшнi зносини, зовнiшнi вщносини, закордоннi справи, мiжнароднi вщносини, сфера зовнiшнix зносин, сутнiсть поняття.
СФЕРА ВНЕШНИХ СНОШЕНИЙ: СУЩНОСТЬ ПОНЯТИЯ
Аннотация. Реформирование органов исполнительной власти, возникновение новых политико-правовых реалий требует переосмысления целого ряда научно-теоретических положений по осуществлению государственного управления в сфере внешних сношений с целью поисков новых форм и механизмов, которые бы обеспечили повышение эффективности реализации внешней политики Украины для гарантирования и защиты национальных интересов и безопасности нашего государства в условиях беспрецедентных вызовов и угроз, вызванных российской агрессией "гибридного" характера, турбулентных изменений международной среды безопасности, а также глобальных трансформаций мировой политической архитектоники.
В этом контексте актуальным представляется определение сущности понятия "сфера внешних сношений" и обоснование целесообразности его применения в современном государственном управлении. Поскольку довольно часто в современной украинской научной литературе, официальных документах, законодательных актах встречаются синонимичные употребления терминов "внешние сношения", "внешние отношения", "иностранные дела" и "международные отношения", а также "сфера внешних сношений" и "отрасль иностранных дел", которые далеко не всегда точно характеризуют предмет и поле деятельности.
Раскрыта сущность понятия "сфера внешних сношений" и определено, что это — сфера, которая охватывает официальные, поддерживаемые с помощью особых государственных органов, связи и отношения между государствами и другими субъектами международного права в целях осуществления их внешних функций мирными средствами в соответствии с основными принципами международного права.
Установлена сущность категорий: "внешние сношения", "внешние отношения", "иностранные дела" и "международные отношения", и проведено соотношение между ними.
Ключевые слова: внешние сношения, внешние отношения, иностранные дела, международные отношения, сфера внешних сношений, сущность понятия.
Formulation of the problem. The
unprecedented challenges and threats caused by Russian aggression of the "hybrid" nature, turbulent changes of the international security environment, as well as global transformations of the world political architectonics, all of that demand from the Ukrainian
leadership to solve extremely complicated problems of the foreign policy and to develop new approaches to its formulation and implementation.
The abovementioned determines the importance of finding new forms and mechanisms of public administration in the field of foreign relations in
order to improve the efficiency of the implementation of Ukraine's foreign policy to ensure national interests and security of our state.
The analysis of recent researches and publications has shown that the scope of foreign relations is an object of research of Ukrainian and foreign scholars from various branches of science: the theory of international relations, international law, public administration, political science, history, administrative law, etc. Among the Ukrainian scholars, whose research relates to public administration in the field of foreign affairs the following could be mentioned: V. B. Averyanov, B. I. Humeniyuk, K. K. Sandrovsky, D. V. Tabachnyk, O. P. Sagay-dak, V. M. Repetsky, Yu. P. Bytyak, S. V. Kivalov, S. A. Fedyshyn and others. However, the undergoing reform of the executive authorities as well as the emergence of new political and legal realities requires a rethinking of a number of theoretical provisions regarding the implementation of state administration in the field of foreign relations and, above all, defining the essence of the concept of "scope of foreign relations".
The purpose of the article is to define the essence of the concept "scope of foreign relations" as well as to substantiate the expediency of its application in modern public administration.
Presenting main material.
In modern Ukrainian scientific literature, official documents, legislative acts the terms as "foreign relations", "external relations", "foreign affairs" and "international relations" are widely used as synonymous, although it not always properly characterizes the subject and field of activity. In this con-
text, the definition of the essence of the concept "scope of foreign relations" as well as the substantiation of expediency of its application in modern public administration is considered necessary.
The term "znosyny" (relations) in modern Ukrainian language is rarely used, it denotes mainly official relations between states. "Znosyny" and "vidnosyny" are interpreted by the leading Ukrainian philologists as synonyms [1].
At the same time, the concept of "zovnishni znosyny" (foreign relations) is widespread in international public law. The introduction of the concept "foreign relations law" belongs to the famous Ukrainian scientist-internationalist, professor K.K.Sandrovsky, his concept was adopted by the scientific community and nowadays it is widely used in Ukrainian international legal literature. Pr.K.K.Sandrovsky defined "foreign relations" as a scope that covers official communications and ties between states and other subjects of international law, conducted by specialized state bodies in order to perform their external functions by peaceful means in accordance with the basic principles of international law [2].
Numerous international treaties, both bilateral and multilateral, are the sources of foreign relations law. The most important of them are the following: the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations (1961) [3], The Vienna Convention on Consular Relations (1963) [4], the Convention on Special Missions (1969) [5] and the Vienna Convention on the Representation of States in their Relations with International Organizations of a Universal Character (1975) [6].
Therefore, being a constant term of international law, the definition of "foreign relations" is commonly used in the normative legal acts that regulate the activity of state authorities of Ukraine in foreign policy, in particular: Resolution of the Supreme Soviet of the Ukrainian SSR "Resolution on implementation of the Declaration of State Sovereignty of Ukraine in foreign relations" of December 25, 1990 [7]; The Law of Ukraine "On the Diplomatic Service of Ukraine" of June 7, 2018 [8]; Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine "On Approval of the Charter on the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine" [9]; Decree of the President of Ukraine "On measures to improve coordination of executive power bodies in foreign relations" of September 18, 1996 [10], etc.
Modern Ukrainian scholars-internationalists in particular: O. P. Sagay-dak, V. M. Repetsky, Y. P. Bityak, S. A. Fedyshyn as well as professional diplomats B. I. Humeniyuk and P. D. Sardachuk, in their papers widely use the term "scope of foreign relations" though do not reveal the essence of this concept, but more focusing on the definition of the term "system of foreign relations organs" [11, 12].
Regarding the correlation between the concepts of "external relations" and "international relations" we should stress on their terminological and substantive differences.
"International relations" are a system of political, economic, social, diplomatic, legal, military and humanitarian ties and relations among the main actors of the world community, such as peoples, states, social and public forces, movements and organizations [13].
"Foreign affairs" are often used as synonymous concepts of "external relations". We find it necessary to consider these definitions in more detail. If the first components, which both determine the spatial area outside the object (state), can be agreed as synonyms, then to the second components it is not so obvious. In the Ukrainian language, semantically and meaningfully, "affairs" can be defined as a field of interests, while "relations" denotes process, activity. Despite of that, in some countries, the bodies responsible for conducting foreign policy were or are called — the Ministry of External Affairs/Relations (India, Brazil, Mongolia in particular). During the last few months of the Soviet Union's existence (November-December 1991), the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the USSR, while simultaneously absorbing the functions of the Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations, had been reorganized into the Ministry of External Relations of the USSR.
It should also be mentioned that some scholars (Repetsky V.M., Anti-penko V.F.) considered the concept of foreign relations in a broad and narrow sense. In the broad sense, this term refers to the scope of external relations of all actors of national affiliation, acting on the territory of the state: its bodies and officials, all its physical, legal entities, as well as other associations of individuals [14, 15]. In the narrow sense, foreign relations are characterized as a system of political ties between states, therefore, a diplomacy.
We believe that in studying the mechanisms of state administration, such approaches are not entirely appropriate, since the broad sense of the
scope of foreign relations goes far beyond the scope of public administration, while the narrow sense does not fully reflect either the participants or the nature of activity.
Conclusions of the study.
To summarize all the mentioned above, foreign relations can be characterized by the following features: first, it is the official nature of the state's activities in international affairs; secondly, activities are carried out by the authorized bodies only; thirdly, in all cases foreign relations should be carried out by peaceful means in accordance with international law.
Based on the foregoing, we believe that, in studying the mechanisms of public administration concerning the scope of official communications and ties between states and other subjects of international law, conducted by specialized state bodies in order to perform their external functions by peaceful means in accordance with the basic principles of international law, the use of the term "scope of foreign relations" will be more appropriate.
As for further research in this field, the specification of the scope of foreign relations of Ukraine is considered necessary.
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