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agricultural nsnnnens / «c@yL©qyiym-j©yrMaL»#2i26),2@i9
AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES
Efremova Violetta Nikolaevna
FSBEI of HE "Kuban State Agrarian University named after I. T. Trubilin " Russia, Krasnodar
FEATURES OF SOIL TREATMENT BY A MULTI-LEGAL PLUG
Abstract.
The article discusses some features of layer-by-layer soil crushing. To reduce the cost of tillage, in order to prepare it for sowing alfalfa, we propose to use layer-by-layer destruction of the reservoir without recourse at the stage of the first two crumbling. The quality of treatment in this case will depend on the structure of the soil, its hardness, particle size distribution, that is, on the "quality" of the soil.
The initial requirements for the pre-sowing treatment and preparation of the soil for sowing alfalfa include requirements both to the quality of the treatment and to the fertilizer with its various components, which increase growth after mowing and to obtain high yields, both on bogar and on irrigation.
Keywords: pre-sowing treatment, tillage depth, sowing depth, quality of tillage, soil preparation, sowing
The soil prepared for sowing (planting) must meet the following initial requirements: to be finely cloddy, loosened to the depth of sowing, to have a compacted seed bed. Weeds must be completely cut [1].
The lumpiness (the share of lumps with a diameter of 3 cm and more) should not exceed 15-20% for humid areas, and 10% for dry regions. The presence of blocks of more than 10 cm2 in the seed layer above the specified limits is not allowed, as this leads to increased evaporation of moisture, uneven depth of sowing of seeds, and consequently to uneven maturation of crops and large losses during harvest [2].
When preparing the soil, assess the quality of the soil prepared for planting (planting), and not of individual receptions. It is evaluated immediately before sowing the culture tour.
Indicators of the quality of pre-sowing treatment are terms, processing depth and its uniformity, lumpi-ness and crumbling of the soil, the degree of weeding, the absence of untreated turning lanes, wedges and other blemishes.
Presowing treatment depends on the time of sowing; it is carried out before sowing or on the day of sowing.
A prerequisite for preparing the soil for sowing is a thorough loosening of the soil to the depth of seeding and leveling the field surface. For these purposes, all pre-sowing cultivations are carried out across or at an angle to the direction of plowing. Repeated treatments are carried out across the preceding ones, which provides better crumbling and leveling of the soil, on sloping lands - across the slope or along the horizons of the terrain [3].
The depth of the loosened layer is measured with a metal ruler or a bar with graduations. Make 25-30 measurements on the diagonal of the field and calculate the average value. About uniformity of depth is judged by the deviation of the average depth of treatment from the specified or calculate the equalized coefficient.
The lumpiness and combing of the soil is assessed by the same method as for plowing.
The degree of weed pruning is determined by the imposition of a meter frame on the diagonal of the plot and counting uncut weeds. Carry out at least 10-15 surveys on the area equal to the shift task. All weeds should be cut by the working bodies of the cultivator [4].
After completion of the field processing, turning lanes, edges along the field are cultivated, leaving no untreated areas, ridges, grooves and other flaws.
Fields treated with an anti-erosion system must have a wind-resistant field surface with at least 60% of crop residues remaining on it [5].
If we analyze the initial requirements for sowing crop cultivated above, we can see that the soil should be treated as required for normal plant development.
Modern tillage machines and their working bodies, with the exception of milling cutters, are not able to perform the required soil preparation for blockiness and ridging in one pass. However, the use of mills to prepare the soil requires high energy costs, which significantly increases the cost of production and leads to a violation of the grain size distribution of the soil. This in turn reduces the yield and leads to a significant disruption of the soil structure.
The use of multilayer crumbling of the reservoir in one run of the soil-tillage unit ensures a reduction in energy costs and improves the quality of soil treatment, since this process uses the energy of the resulting maximum stresses at the ends of the working bodies, which is not done in any modern tillage tool and machine [6].
These maximum stresses make it possible to reduce the dimensions of the working bodies and at the same time improve the quality of tillage, since the destruction of the main mass of the cultivated soil mass is due to the break, which is many times less than the destruction due to cutting and deformation, where force normal and tangential stresses in the array. The thicker the layer is cut by the lech, the greater the resistance to its deformation and destruction [7].
To eliminate these stresses or reduce the factor of their action on the working bodies of the tillage machines, we propose layer-by-layer crumbling, and for
«C@yL@qyiym-J©yrMaL»#2î2â),2@19 / AGRICULTURAL tOHNCHS
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the implementation of this process, use of a layered destruction of the reservoir in a single pass. Thus, layer-by-layer destruction excludes from the technological process of crumbling of the reservoir the deformation and the rise of large soil layers. There is no process of moving large masses at the first two stages of processing, the mass of the machine itself decreases, and, consequently, its cost and the technological properties of the work are improved [8].
Bibliography:
1. Petunin A. F. The movement of a trihedral wedge in the soil / Petunin A. F., Efremova V. N., Tri-fonov I. K. Rural mechanic. 2015. No. 3. P. 16-17.
2. The method of sifting loose materials and the working body for its implementation Oleinik V. N., Voloshin N. I. Patent for invention RUS 2044437.
3. Turovsky B. V. The dependence of the energy intensity of the disk working body on the operating modes / Turovsky B. V., Efremova V. N. // Technique and equipment for the village. 2013. № 10. P. 16-18.
4. Bychkov A. V. Substantiation of the possibility of using straw flour for the production of building blocks / Bychkov A. V., Shkhalakhov L. V., Efremova V. N., Ovsyannikova O. V. // In the collection: Scientific support of the agro-industrial complex Collection articles on the materials of the X All-Russian Conference of Young Scientists dedicated to the 120th anniversary of I. S. Kosenko. Ed. for issue A. G. Ko-shchaev. 2017. p. 1001-1002.
5. Efremova V. N. Research work of students in the educational process of the university / Efremova V. N., Ovsyannikova O. V. // In the collection: Practice-oriented learning: experience and current trends Collection of articles based on materials methodical conference. 2017. p. 144-145.
6. Frolov V. Yu. Machines and technologies in dairy cattle breeding / Frolov V. Yu., Sidorenko S. M., Sysoev D. P., Bychkov A. V. // Study guide for university students enrolled "Agroengineering" / Krasnodar, 2013.
7. Efremova V. N. Multi-tiered plow / Efremova V. N. Rural mechanizer. 2014. № 1. P. 7.
8. Efremova V. N. Features of the development of tilling machines / Efremova V. N., Ser-dyuchenko V. M. // Colloquium-journal. 2018. No. 10-2 (21). Pp. 7678.
9. Shirokoryadova, O. V. Chemical composition of sieve fractions of fat-free sunflower flour / O. V. Shirokoryadova, A. D. Minakova, V. G. Shcherbakov // Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii. Food technology. 2007. № 2. P. 94-95.
10. Shirokoryadova O.V. Chemical composition of sieve fractions of defatted sunflower flour / Shiro-koryadova OV, Minakova AD, Shcherbakov VG // News of higher educational institutions. Food technology. 2007. № 2. S. 94-95.
Ovsyannikova O. V.
Kuban State Agrarian University Russia, Krasnodar
SECURITY OF AGRICULTURAL WORKS
Abstract:
The article presents safety requirements for the operation of agricultural machinery, the environmental aspect of safety in agriculture, and the process of creating optimal working conditions.
Keywords: agricultural, work, machinery, labor, security, inspection, conditions.
During the operation of agricultural machinery, it is important to know the safety regulations. The implementation of all safety precautions and safety rules is the most important factor in avoiding accidents.
It is allowed to work on agricultural machines to persons who have completed a course in the specialty of a wide-profile driver-tractor driver who has passed the exam and received an appropriate certificate. Before starting work, it is imperative to check that the equipment is in good condition, all the necessary appliances and tools, and a first aid kit are present. Also, you should pay attention to the state of grounding and the condition of lifting mechanisms [1].
Persons under 18 years of age, pregnant and lac-tating women are not allowed to work using gasoline, epoxy resins, gas-electric welding, pneumatic and electric tools. All maintenance work must be carried out in accordance with the regulations [2].
All persons who violate the requirements of instructions on labor protection may be subject to disciplinary liability.
In the production of agricultural products are often created unfavorable conditions for the normal operation of the human body. This includes dust in the performance of mechanized work on the field, irregular working hours, the constant risk of infection and disease [3].
If there is a risk of dangerous diseases from animals at work, the management is obliged to provide employees with vaccinations.
Livestock farms must be equipped in accordance with sanitary and hygienic standards. The veterinary service of the enterprise should ensure that each imported animal is accompanied by appropriate certificates of its health. Management must strictly follow environmental and labor legislation, which allows it to protect its staff from industrial accidents [4].
The State Labor Inspectorate monitors compliance with the management of enterprises legislation, certifies workplaces, resolves conflicts arising between the employee and his boss.
Sanitary inspection monitors the implementation of sanitary and hygienic forms. Technical inspection -
