CC BY
107
УДК 338.439
European Union - Basic development trends in
organic farming
Doc. Ing., Ph.D. L. Smutka smutka@pef.czu.cz Assistant professor A. Belova belova@pef.czu.cz.
Department of Economics, Faculty of Economics and Management , Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague.
Kamycka 129, Praha 6 - Suchdol, 16521.
The processed paper is focused on the analysis of basic development trends in the European Union's organic farming during the period 2005 - 2011. The main paper's ambition is the identification of basic trends in the following areas: the organic land development, the number of organic farms and the value of organic market development. Paper is also identifying the existing differences among individual EU countries in area of organic farming development. The specific part of the paper is also devoted to the relationship existing between organic farming development and agricultural subsidies/supports in individual EU countries. On the basis of results coming from the analysis it is possible to say that during the analyzed time period organic farming and organic products' market recorded the significant growth in the EU. The size of organic farmland increased significantly and also the number of producers increased. The significant organic farming growth was recorded in majority of analyzed countries. In this case it should be emphasized that high growth of organic farming size was recorded especially in the new EU countries. In general it is evident that organic farming represents a specific market niche in the European agricultural market. Its development is connected especially with the new consumption trends and also with the growth of individual countries' economy and especially with the growth of income per capita in individual countries. The growth of organic farming is stimulated especially by the demand side of economy than by government subsidies. The conducted analysis proved much higher correlation and elasticity of organic farming sector on changes in economy than it is in the case of government expenditures.
Key words: Organic farming, European Union, development, trend, GDP/cap, government expenditures, correlation, elasticity, characteristics, differences
Introduction
Organic farming is a form of agriculture that relies on techniques such as crop rotation, green manure, compost and biological pest control. Organic farming uses fertilizers and pesticides but
excludes or strictly limits the use of manufactured (synthetic) fertilizers, pesticides, plant growth regulators such as hormones, livestock antibiotics, food additives, genetically modified organisms human (European commission, 2013) sewage sludge, and nanomaterials (Paull, 2011). According to International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements - "Organic agriculture is a production system that sustains the health of soils, ecosystems and people. It relies on ecological processes, biodiversity and cycles adapted to local conditions, rather than the use of inputs with adverse effects. Organic agriculture combines tradition, innovation and science to benefit the shared environment and promote fair relationships and a good quality of life for all involved..." (Paull, 2010; IFOAM, 2008). Since 1990, the global market for organic products has been significantly growing and in 2011 its value reached almost $60 billion. This demand has driven a similar increase in organically managed farmland which has grown over the years 2001-2011 at a compounding rate of 8.9% per annum (Paull, 2011). As of 2011, approximately 37 mil. hectares worldwide were farmed organically, representing approximately 0.9 percent of total world farmland (2009) (Willer, Kilcher, 2011). Talking about distribution of organic agricultural land by region we can see that the leader is Oceania - especially Australia. In this region we can find about 12.2 mil. hectares of organic farmland. In other regions we can find the following areas: Europe 10.6 mil. hectares, Latin America 6.9 mil. hectares, Asia 3.7 mil. hectares, North America 2.8 mil. hectares and Africa 1.1 mil. hectares. In relation to Europe it should be emphasized that the share of European Union in total European organic land area is over 93% (cc 9.5 mil. hectares) (IFOAM, 2012). The markets for organic products are strongest in North America and Europe - especially European Union. North America participates in global organic food market by 49% and the share of Europe is about 47%. European Union's share in global organic food market is about 41%. This means that European Union represents one of the most important players on global organic food market. European Union has more than one quarter of the world's organic agricultural land and it is possible to expect that the growth of organic agricultural land areas will be much higher in the future especially because of EU's agricultural policy (Willer, Lernoud, 2013). During the last two decades the European Union changed the priorities of its Common agricultural policy (CAP) and in nowadays the CAP is focused especially on multifunctional agriculture (Svatos, 2008). The important part of this concept is also environmental protection (Bohackova, Hrabankovan, 2011). A part of this idea is also the support of organic farming development. European agriculture and especially its organic part are heavily subsidized not only by individual EU members, but also through the EU budget. The result of increasing value of payments supporting organic farming is the constantly increasing share of organic farming in total EU's agriculture and also constantly increasing share of organic farming in EU's agricultural market. The conducted paper is analyzing basic development trends in EU's organic farming during the period 2005 - 2011. The aim of the paper is identify the basic development trends in the following areas: the organic land development, the number of organic farms and the value of organic market development. Paper is also identifying the existing differences among individual EU countries in area of organic farming development. The specific part of the paper
is devoted to the relationship existing between organic farming development on one side and agricultural subsidies and GDP value development in individual EU countries.
Methodology
The paper is analyzing the period since 2005 - 2011. The analysis is based on data provided by EUROSTAT, IFOAM and FAOSTAT. The analysed variables are the following: the organic land for agricultural purposes development (IFOAM), the number of organic farms development (IFOAM and EUROSTAT), the value of organic food market development (IFOAM), the value of organic products consumption per capita (EUROSTAT, IFOAM). The paper is analyzing organic market development in the European Union. For the purpose of this paper the EU is represented by 27 following countries: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Cyprus, Denmark, Estonia, France, Finland, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxemburg, Malta, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom. Individual time series are analyzed through basic index, chain index, geomean, correlation analysis and elasticity analysis (Hindls et al., 2007). The correlation analysis provides basic information about the relationship existing between government expenditures (EUROSTAT) and GDP/cap (EUROSTAT) on one side and selected above mentioned variables representing organic market development on the other hand. The elasticity of individual countries organic agriculture in relation to government expenditures and GDP/cap is analyzed through the logarithmical regression. Government expenditures in agriculture are analyzed in relation to organic market development especially because they are supposed to be one of main stimuli influencing organic farming development. The main idea is to identify if there is existing direct relation between the value of government expenditures and organic farming development. GDP/cap development is analyzed in relation to organic market characteristics especially because of organic market is very dependant on the level of economy development and also it is dependant on the income and living standards of population.
Analysis and discussion
The European Union is a large consumer and producer of organic products. Organic farming accounts for 5.4% of farmland within the EU. The organic farms' area is constantly growing. While in 2005 the size of organic agricultural area was 6.24 mil. hectares in 2011 it was more than 9.5 mil. hectares. The number of producers increased during the same period from 163510 to 236042. The share of organic farmland in total agricultural area in the EU increased from 3.5% to 5.4% (for details see Table 1). Specific figure characterizing organic farming development in the EU is the value of organic market development. While in 2005 the value of organic market in the EU was about 11.8 bill. EUR in 2011 it was already 19.7 bill. EUR. The value of realized organic products sales per capita increased from 23.6 EUR to about 39.4 EUR (for details see Table 2). Talking about organic farming development, it is necessary to emphasize that the significant differences in organic farming development exist among
individual EU members. The highest shares of organic farmland in total agricultural area are in Austria, Estonia, Sweden, the Czech Republic, Finland, Italy and Slovakia - the share of organic farm area is between 8% - 20%. On the other hand the lowest share - less than 3% - can be found in Hungary, Luxemburg, the Netherlands, Romania, Ireland, Bulgaria and Malta. Talking about individual countries' share in total EU organic farmland - the following countries are controlling the majority of registered areas: Spain (17.05%), Italy (11.63%), Germany (10.67%), France (10.25%), UK (6.71%), Poland (6.40%), Austria (5.7%), Sweden (5.05%), the Czech Republic (4.84%) and Greece (3.26%). The mentioned countries' share in total organic farmland is 81.46%.
If we are analyzing the growth rate of organic farming development in individual countries, we can see that during the analyzed period the size of organic farmland increased by 53% and the number of producers making business in organic farming increased by 44%. The most progressive trend in organic farming development was recorded in the following countries: Bulgaria, Poland, Spain, Belgium, Romania, Lithuania, Sweden, Estonia, Slovakia, France, the Czech Republic, Latvia, Malta and Ireland. In this case it should be emphasized that especially in Bulgaria, Poland, Spain, Belgium, Romania, Lithuania, Sweden and Estonia the size of organic farmland more than doubled during the analyzed time period. The growth of farming area was accompanied by the significant growth of producers. In general all analyzed countries recorded the significant growth of organic farming area (except for the Netherland, Hungary and Portugal) and number of producers active in organic farming (except for Finland, Italy, Hungary and Denmark).
Quite specific characteristic of organic farming development in the EU is the value of organic market. The value of organic farming products sold on EU market increased during the analyzed time period by 67%. The inter-annual growth rate of realized sales reached almost 9%. The most developed markets for organic products we can find (in brackets you can see the share of country in total EU organic products' market in 2011) especially in Germany (33.48%), France (19.08%), United Kingdom (9.56%), Italy (8.74%), Austria (5.41%), Spain (4.9%), Denmark (4.58%), Sweden (4.50%), the Netherlands (3.87%) and Belgium (2.21%). The cumulative share of above mentioned countries in European organic products' market is over 96%. Analyzing organic products' market development, it is also necessary to mention that among individual countries huge differences are existing in relation to per capita sales - for details see Table 2. While in Denmark total spending for organic products is about 162 EUR/cap a year in Slovakia it is only 0.74 EUR/cap a year. On the base of the analysis it is possible to say that organic products' market is fast developing and the shares of main players are more or less stable - if we are talking about the main players - only the United Kingdom was significantly reduced its share in organic market during the analyzed period. The results of per capita consumption value development are providing quite interesting findings about the willingness of European consumers to spend money for organic products. In general it is possible to say that many consumers in all analyzed countries are spending for organic products only limited amount of their incomes. But there is a positive trend in per capita consumption
development. Except for Slovakia, Cyprus and United Kingdom all countries recorded the growth of individual consumers spending for organic products. Organic farming and organic market development are heavily influenced by economy development and agricultural policy of European Union. During the monitored time period the economy of individual European countries recorded the significant growth and that growth was also transformed into agricultural policy development and also income per capita increased significantly. The value of government expenditures for agricultural activities in the EU reached over 42 bill. EUR a year and GDP/cap in EU reached more than 25 ths. EUR (for details about government expenditures and GDP/cap value - see Table 3). Except for usual subsidies connected with agricultural sector development in the EU, organic farming is the object of specific subsidies supporting only its own development. In 2011 the value of organic farming subsidies provided by the EU governments represented more than 1.5 bill. EUR. Nevertheless it is necessary to emphasize the existence of significant differences among individual countries in organic farming financing -for details see Figure 1. While in Cyprus subsidies for one hectare of organic farmland reached more than 300 EUR, in the Netherlands it was only about 15 EUR. Organic farming has a different priority in individual countries. In many countries it is the natural part of their agricultural sector, in some countries it is something completely new. Organic farming can be considered as the new segment of agricultural sector especially in the new EU members. If we are analyzing organic farming development within the EU it must be emphasized that organic farming and organic products' market are influenced by government subsidies and GDP development. It is also evident that the influence of changes in GDP value and government subsidies has different influence on organic agriculture and market development in individual analyzed countries. In the case of some countries the significant correlation and high level of elasticity between organic farming development on one side and government expenditures and GDP value development exist and in some countries the level of mutual correlation and elasticity is limited - for details see Table 4).
On the base of conducted analysis it is possible to see that the government expenditures are not representing the main stimuli for organic farming growth in majority of EU countries. Government expenditures represent important stimuli for organic farming development especially in the new EU members. Government expenditures can be considered as important factor influencing organic farming development especially in the Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Greece, Italy, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Luxemburg, Slovakia and the United Kingdom. It is possible to see that government expenditures are not probably the main stimuli for organic farming growth. Much more significant stimuli supporting organic farming development is probably economy development and especially the growth of incomes (economy performance). If we are analyzing the mutual relationship existing between GDP/cap and selected organic farming's characteristics in individual countries, we can see that the high level of mutual correlation and also elasticity exist in the majority of analyzed countries: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, France, Germany, Ireland, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxemburg, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia.
Conclusion
At the end of the paper it is possible to say that during the analyzed time period organic farming and organic products' market recorded the significant growth in the EU. The size of organic farmland increased significantly and also the number of producers increased. Very important factor influencing the growth of organic farming is the growth of organic market value and especially the growth of demand for organic products. In analyzed time period the significant growth of organic farming size was recorded especially in the new EU countries (in the list of top ten countries - countries which recorded the most significant growth of organic farming -we can find seven new EU members). In general it is evident that organic farming represents a specific market niche in the European agricultural market. Its development is connected especially with the new consumption trends and also with the growth of individual countries' economy and especially with the growth of income per capita in individual countries. The growth of organic farming is stimulated especially by the demand side of economy than by government subsidies. The conducted analysis proved much higher correlation and elasticity of organic farming sector in relation to changes in economy than it is in relation to government expenditures. It is also necessary to emphasize that organic market in the EU is controlled by limited number of countries. Also the willingness of consumers to pay higher prices for organic products is limited and among individual countries we can see huge differences in per capita consumption.
Table 1
Selected characteristics of organic farming in the
Country 2005 2011 2005 2011 2005 2011
Area (ha) Area (ha) Basic Chain Producers Producers Basic Chain % Organic farmland in total available agricultural land % Organic farmland in total available agricultural land
Austria 479817 542553 1.13 1.02 20391 21575 1.06 1.01 16.69 19.66
Belgium 22996 59220 2.58 1.17 733 1274 1.74 1.10 1.66 4.31
Bulgaria 2432 25022 10.29 1.47 111 978 8.81 1.44 0.05 0.82
Czech Republic 254982 460498 1.81 1.10 829 3904 4.71 1.29 5.99 10.84
Denmark 134129 162173 1.21 1.03 3036 2677 0.88 0.98 5.18 6.09
Estonia 59742 133779 2.24 1.14 1013 1431 1.41 1.06 7.21 14.75
Finland 147587 188189 1.28 1.04 4359 4114 0.94 0.99 6.68 8.21
France 550488 975141 1.77 1.10 11402 23135 2.03 1.13 2 3.55
Germany 807406 1015626 1.26 1.04 17020 22506 1.32 1.05 4.74 6.08
Greece 288737 309823 1.07 1.01 14614 21274 1.46 1.06 3.46 3.74
Hungary 128576 124402 0.97 0.99 1553 1433 0.92 0.99 3.01 2.94
Ireland 35266 54122 1.53 1.07 957 1400 1.46 1.07 0.84 1.31
Italy 1069462 1096889 1.03 1.00 44860 42041 0.94 0.99 8.42 8.61
Latvia 104235 184096 1.77 1.10 2873 3484 1.21 1.03 6.11 10.38
Lithuania 64544 152305 2.36 1.15 1811 2623 1.45 1.06 2.31 5.75
Luxembourg 3243 3720 1.15 1.02 72 96 1.33 1.05 2.51 2.84
Malta 14 23 1.63 1.08 6 9 1.50 1.07 0.14 0.22
Netherlands 48765 47205 0.97 0.99 1468 1672 1.14 1.02 2.54 2.45
Poland 159709 609412 3.82 1.25 7182 23430 3.26 1.22 1.08 3.94
Portugal 211501 201054 0.95 0.99 1479 2434 1.65 1.09 5.75 5.79
Romania 92770 229946 2.48 1.16 2920 9471 3.24 1.22 0.67 1.67
Slovakia 90206 166700 1.85 1.11 196 365 1.86 1.11 4.8 8.61
Slovenia 23499 32149 1.37 1.05 1718 2363 1.38 1.05 4.84 6.58
Spain 622762 1621898 2.60 1.17 15693 32195 2.05 1.13 2.51 6.52
Sweden 222738 480185 2.16 1.14 2951 5508 1.87 1.11 6.98 15.4
United Kingdom 612996 638528 1.04 1.01 4263 4650 1.09 1.01 3.84 3.96
EU27 6238603 9514659 1.53 1.07 163510 236042 1.44 1.06 3.50 5.39
U in period 2005 - 2011
Source: EUROSTAT, 2013
Table 2
the EU in period 2005 - 2011
Table 3
Government agricultural expenditures and GDP/cap value development in the EU in period 2005 -
2011
Agricultural expenditures in mil. EUR 2005 2007 2009 2011 Basic Chain GDP in Euro per inhabitant 2005 2007 2009 2011 Basic Chain
Austria 1436.3 1317.3 1510.2 1423.2 0.991 0.998 Austria 29800 33000 33100 35700 1.198 1.031
Belgium 705.3 741.0 737.9 718.0 1.018 1.003 Belgium 29000 31600 31600 33700 1.162 1.025
Bulgaria 225.5 217.4 248.0 211.1 0.936 0.989 Bulgaria 3000 4000 4600 5200 1.733 1.096
Cyprus 189.8 172.9 147.5 152.5 0.803 0.964 Cyprus 18400 20700 20900 21100 1.147 1.023
Czech Republic 626.5 837.0 1074.7 817.3 1.305 1.045 Czech Republic 10200 12800 13600 14800 1.451 1.064
Denmark 249.3 243.9 420.8 393.9 1.580 1.079 Denmark 38300 41700 40500 43200 1.128 1.020
Estonia 64.0 129.0 184.2 127.4 1.991 1.122 Estonia 8300 12000 10300 11900 1.434 1.062
Finland 1940.0 1941.0 1904.0 1995.0 1.028 1.005 Finland 30000 34000 32299 35000 1.167 1.026
France 6618.0 7121.0 7883.0 8031.0 1.214 1.033 France 27300 29600 29300 30700 1.125 1.020
Germany 5990.0 5440.0 5370.0 5920.0 0.988 0.998 Germany 27000 29500 29000 31900 1.181 1.028
Greece 50.0 198.0 816.0 69.0 1.380 1.055 Greece 17400 19900 20500 18500 1.063 1.010
Hungary 1139.7 1191.7 755.2 522.2 0.458 0.878 Hungary 8800 9900 9100 10000 1.136 1.022
Ireland 1063.4 1274.5 1107.7 859.3 0.808 0.965 Ireland 39200 43100 35800 35500 0.906 0.984
Italy 6084.0 6286.0 5907.0 5839.0 0.960 0.993 Italy 24500 26200 25200 26000 1.061 1.010
Latvia 167.4 188.0 294.6 261.0 1.559 1.077 Latvia 5800 9600 8600 9800 1.690 1.091
Lithuania 230.5 381.5 365.6 327.2 1.420 1.060 Lithuania 6300 8900 8400 10200 1.619 1.084
Luxembourg 133.9 139.2 175.5 189.6 1.416 1.060 Luxembourg 65000 78000 72300 82100 1.263 1.040
Malta 54.3 47.5 49.2 43.9 0.808 0.965 Malta 12200 13700 14400 15900 1.303 1.045
Netherlands 1086.0 1180.0 1408.0 1433.0 1.320 1.047 Netherlands 31500 34900 34700 35900 1.140 1.022
Poland 1743.0 3047.8 2636.1 2265.9 1.300 1.045 Poland 6400 8200 8100 9600 1.500 1.070
Portugal 779.4 629.1 646.7 623.1 0.799 0.963 Portugal 14600 16000 15900 16100 1.103 1.016
Romania 485.6 683.9 562.8 468.9 0.966 0.994 Romania 3700 5800 5500 6100 1.649 1.087
Slovakia 360.4 404.7 634.3 562.0 1.559 1.077 Slovakia 7100 10200 11600 12800 1.803 1.103
Slovenia 218.8 243.6 267.9 203.7 0.931 0.988 Slovenia 14400 17100 17400 17600 1.222 1.034
Spain 5599.0 6460.0 6026.0 5318.3 0.950 0.991 Spain 21000 23500 22800 23100 1.100 1.016
Sweden 707.2 567.0 593.8 706.7 0.999 1.000 Sweden 33000 36900 31500 41000 1.242 1.037
United Kingdom 4755.8 3783.2 2947.4 3271.2 0.688 0.940 United Kingdom 31000 34200 25700 28200 0.910 0.984
Organic produc
Domestic sales/capita value in EUR Domestic sales value in mil. EUR
2005 2011 Basic Chain 2005 2011 Basic Chain
Austria 54.69 126.43 2.31 1.15 450.00 1065.00 2.37 1.15
Belgium 21.95 39.37 1.79 1.10 230.00 435.00 1.89 1.11
Bulgaria 0.13 0.95 7.37 1.40 1.00 7.00 7.00 1.38
Cyprus 1.94 1.79 0.92 0.99 2.00 2.00 1.00 1.00
Czech Republic 1.17 5.62 4.79 1.30 12.00 59.00 4.92 1.30
Denmark 56.65 161.74 2.86 1.19 307.00 901.00 2.93 1.20
Estonia 2.97 8.96 3.01 1.20 4.00 12.00 3.00 1.20
Finland 15.25 22.27 1.46 1.07 80.00 120.00 1.50 1.07
France 31.66 57.46 1.81 1.10 2000.00 3756.00 1.88 1.11
Germany 47.29 80.56 1.70 1.09 3900.00 6590.00 1.69 1.09
Greece 4.50 5.13 1.14 1.02 50.00 58.00 1.16 1.03
Hungary 0.59 2.51 4.21 1.27 6.00 25.00 4.17 1.27
Ireland 15.87 21.63 1.36 1.05 66.00 99.00 1.50 1.07
Italy 18.77 28.33 1.51 1.07 1100.00 1720.00 1.56 1.08
Latvia 0.87 1.94 2.24 1.14 2.00 4.00 2.00 1.12
Lithuania 0.59 1.98 3.38 1.23 2.00 6.00 3.00 1.20
Luxembourg 88.14 131.19 1.49 1.07 41.00 68.00 1.66 1.09
Malta N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
Netherlands 25.67 45.59 1.78 1.10 419.00 761.00 1.82 1.10
Poland 0.79 3.11 3.96 1.26 30.00 120.00 4.00 1.26
Portugal 0.69 1.99 2.88 1.19 7.29 21.00 2.88 1.19
Romania 0.09 3.74 40.47 1.85 2.00 80.00 40.00 1.85
Slovak Republic 0.74 0.74 1.00 1.00 4.00 4.00 1.00 1.00
Slovenia 2.00 18.51 9.26 1.45 4.00 38.00 9.50 1.46
Spain 6.91 20.90 3.02 1.20 300.00 965.00 3.22 1.21
Sweden 47.95 93.66 1.95 1.12 433.00 885.00 2.04 1.13
United Kingdom 38.74 29.99 0.77 0.96 2333.00 1882.00 0.81 0.96
Total 23.57 39.37 1.67 1.09 11785.29 19683.00 1.67 1.09
s market development i
Source: IFOAM, 2013
I EU27_I 42703.1 | 44866.2 | 44674.1 | 42753.4 | 1.001 | 1.000 | EU27_| 22600 | 25000 | 23500 | 25200 | 1.115 | 1.018 |
Source: EUROSTAT, 2013
Table 4
Correlation and elasticity existing between GDP/cap and government expenditures on one side and
selected organic farming characteristics on the other hand
GDP per inhabitant Government expenditures
Organic
Area (ha) Producers Sales, total products sales per Area (ha) Producers Sales, total
[Mio €] capita in Eur [Mio €]
Corre- Elasti- Corre- Elasti- Corre- Elasti- Corre- Elasti- Corre- Elasti- Corre- Elasti- Corre- Elasti-
lation city lation city lation city lation city lation city lation city lation city
Austria 0.762 0.728 0.536 0.353 0.951 5.299 0.952 5.168 0.371 0.537 0.431 0.441 0.114 0.632
Belgium 0.905 5.887 0.880 3.493 0.881 4.303 0.879 3.966 -0.188 -0.749 -0.239 -1.155 -0.230 -1.202
Bulgaria 0.925 4.234 0.830 3.380 0.902 4.463 0.903 4.537 0.237 0.863 -0.151 -0.029 0.275 1.297
Cyprus N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
Czech Rep. 0.835 1.407 0.793 3.821 0.940 4.458 0.939 4.387 0.569 0.903 0.487 2.428 0.853 3.551
Denmark 0.763 1.387 -0.783 -0.823 0.857 7.873 0.860 7.687 0.796 0.295 -0.752 -0.164 0.808 1.403
Estonia 0.562 1.274 0.711 0.621 0.600 2.473 0.601 2.483 0.419 0.441 0.524 0.204 0.549 0.973
Finland 0.485 0.825 -0.586 -0.349 0.413 1.582 0.396 1.462 0.119 0.371 -0.059 -0.075 0.120 0.082
France 0.665 3.893 0.696 5.158 0.735 5.499 0.728 5.226 0.855 2.386 0.910 3.156 0.919 3.171
Germany 0.887 1.434 0.877 1.746 0.951 3.104 0.950 3.156 -0.060 -0.179 -0.109 -0.355 -0.287 -1.428
Greece 0.512 0.420 0.792 2.264 0.792 0.717 0.806 0.655 0.507 0.021 0.332 0.088 0.313 0.028
Hungary -0.456 -0.332 -0.229 -0.221 0.438 3.786 0.439 3.819 -0.223 -0.023 -0.232 -0.026 -0.664 -0.740
Ireland -0.705 -1.154 -0.761 -1.229 -0.693 -2.146 -0.678 -1.908 -0.136 -0.080 -0.220 -0.109 0.260 0.172
Italy -0.110 -0.218 -0.152 -0.212 0.268 1.919 0.249 1.637 0.547 0.258 0.520 0.179 -0.437 -0.816
Latvia 0.797 0.738 0.609 0.441 0.673 1.332 0.689 1.417 0.703 0.543 0.179 0.134 0.796 1.582
Lithuania 0.866 1.530 0.857 0.748 0.828 1.755 0.796 1.902 0.718 1.328 0.825 0.700 0.425 1.161
Luxembourg 0.646 0.436 0.861 1.353 0.628 1.787 0.585 1.390 0.725 0.236 0.710 0.542 0.946 1.411
Malta 0.492 1.616 0.088 1.445 N/A N/A N/A N/A -0.192 -0.678 -0.358 -3.140 N/A N/A
Netherlands -0.047 -0.047 0.492 0.506 0.726 3.251 0.730 3.130 -0.012 -0.006 0.698 0.326 0.909 1.799
Poland 0.815 2.634 0.860 2.523 0.652 1.987 0.655 1.977 0.053 0.578 0.157 0.658 -0.086 0.267
Portugal -0.164 -0.542 0.767 4.004 0.547 8.099 0.546 8.043 0.158 0.181 -0.699 -1.390 -0.484 -2.699
Romania 0.681 1.214 0.271 0.526 0.387 3.381 0.387 3.397 -0.412 -0.482 -0.399 -0.868 -0.611 -4.603
Slovakia 0.911 0.951 0.951 0.996 -0.042 0.003 -0.090 -0.006 0.841 0.830 0.897 0.864 -0.093 -0.016
Slovenia 0.902 1.119 0.775 0.958 0.433 6.172 0.432 6.088 0.004 0.007 -0.191 -0.132 -0.417 -3.604
Spain 0.457 4.844 0.380 2.874 0.163 2.902 0.150 2.497 -0.328 -0.968 -0.447 -1.110 -0.556 -3.249
Sweden 0.560 1.783 0.386 1.232 0.530 1.706 0.522 1.599 0.130 0.154 0.279 0.978 0.277 0.800
UK -0.446 -0.364 0.052 0.008 0.832 1.052 0.835 1.155 -0.697 -0.345 -0.558 -0.315 0.525 0.450
EU 27 0.575 2.250 0.617 1.936 0.628 2.992 0.630 2.866 -0.261 -0.979 -0.210 -0.606 -0.177 -0.664
Source: own calculations, 2013
Source: European Commission, 2011 Figure 1 - Average government spending for organic support payments per certified organic hectare
(2011)
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