CC BY
7Нгойе С.Т.
Аспирант. Российский университет Лумумбы.
дружбы народов имени Патриса
Эволюция политики России в отношении стран Центральной Африки*
Аннотация. Эволюция российской политики в отношении стран Центральной Африки претерпела многогранную трансформацию, отражающую стратегическую перестройку и растущий интерес Москвы к региону. В последние годы Россия стратегически расширила свои дипломатические, экономические и военные связи с Центральной Африкой, что свидетельствует об отходе от относительного пренебрежения постсоветской эпохи. Краеугольным камнем является экономическое сотрудничество, в рамках которого Россия стремится получить доступ к богатым природным ресурсам региона. В частности, проект газопровода «Сила Сибири» служит примером усилий Москвы по укреплению энергетических связей и расширению экономического сотрудничества. Кроме того, военное измерение политики России в Центральной Африке проявляется в ее участии в инициативах по поддержанию мира и безопасности. Москва направляет военных советников и оборудование для оказания помощи в стабилизации обстановки в районах, подверженных конфликтам, способствуя укреплению связей с правительствами стран Центральной Африки.
В частности, углубляется военное сотрудничество с Центральноаф-риканской Республикой, где Россия проводит обучение и оказывает поддержку в укреплении аппарата безопасности страны. В дипломатическом плане Россия участвует в диалогах на высоком уровне и инициативах по укреплению партнерства, подчеркивая важность взаимного уважения и невмешательства во внутренние дела. Создание дипломатических платформ, таких как саммит Россия-Африка, подчеркивает стремление Москвы к развитию дипломатических связей и укреплению своего влияния на континенте. Эволюция российской политики характеризуется отходом от транзакционного подхода к более комплексному и стратегическому взаимодействию.
Интересы Москвы в Центральной Африке выходят за рамки сиюминутных экономических выгод, охватывая геополитические соображения,
*
© Нгойе С.Т., 2024.
динамику безопасности и проецирование влияния на глобальной арене. Использование «мягкой силы», включая культурные и образовательные обмены, еще больше иллюстрирует многогранный подход России к построению прочных партнерских отношений в регионе. Хотя экономические инициативы способствовали расширению присутствия России в Центральной Африке, именно сочетание экономических, военных и дипломатических усилий определяет нюансы эволюции политики Москвы. Стратегическое взаимодействие со странами Центральной Африки служит более широким геополитическим целям России, позиционируя ее как ключевого игрока на развивающемся африканском континенте. Эволюция российской политики в отношении Центральной Африки отражает динамичное взаимодействие, в котором экономические интересы уравновешиваются дипломатическими соображениями и соображениями безопасности, что знаменует собой значительное отклонение от исторических моделей.
Ключевые слова: Африка, Россия, отношения, сотрудничество, дипломатия, помощь, совместные проекты.
Ngoye S.T.
Postgraduate Student. Peoples' Friendship University of Russia.
Evolution of Russia's policy towards Central African
Abstract. The evolution of Russia's policy towards Central African countries has undergone a multifaceted transformation, reflecting Moscow's strategic recalibration and growing interest in the region. In recent years, Russia has strategically expanded its diplomatic, economic, and military engagements with Central Africa, signaling a departure from the relative neglect of the postSoviet era. Economic collaboration serves as a cornerstone, with Russia seeking to secure access to the region's abundant natural resources. Notably, the Power of Siberia gas pipeline project exemplifies Moscow's efforts to strengthen energy ties and enhance economic cooperation. Furthermore, the military dimension of Russia's policy in Central Africa is evident through its involvement in peacekeeping and security initiatives. Moscow has deployed military advisors and equipment to assist in stabilizing conflict-prone areas, fostering closer ties with Central African governments.
The Central African Republic, in particular, has witnessed a deepening
of military cooperation, with Russia providing training and support to bolster the nation's security apparatus. Diplomatically, Russia has engaged in high-level dialogues and partnership-building initiatives, emphasizing the importance of mutual respect and non-interference in internal affairs. The creation of diplomatic platforms, such as the Russia-Africa Summit, underscores Moscow's commitment to fostering diplomatic ties and strengthening its influence on the continent. This evolution in Russia's policy is characterized by a departure from a transactional approach to a more comprehensive and strategic engagement.
Moscow's interests in Central Africa extend beyond immediate economic gains, encompassing geopolitical considerations, security dynamics, and the projection of influence in the global arena. The utilization of soft power, including cultural and educational exchanges, further illustrates Russia's multifaceted approach to building lasting partnerships in the region. While economic initiatives have contributed to Russia's increased presence in Central Africa, it is the combination of economic, military, and diplomatic efforts that defines the nu-anced evolution of Moscow's policy. The strategic alignment with Central African countries serves Russia's broader geopolitical objectives, positioning it as a key player in the African continent's evolving landscape. The evolution of Russia's policy towards Central Africa reflects a dynamic engagement that balances economic interests with diplomatic and security considerations, marking a significant departure from historical patterns.
Key words: Africa, Russia, relations, cooperation, diplomacy, assistance, joint projects.
Introduction
The history of relations between Russia and the countries of Central Africa is characterized by a complex interaction of political, economic and diplomatic factors. Over the years, these interactions have evolved to reflect the changing dynamics of global politics and the strategic interests of both Russia and Central African countries. During the Cold War era, the Soviet Union, the predecessor of modern Russia, sought to expand its influence in various parts of the world, including Africa. In the Central African context, this often meant support for left-wing governments or movements espousing socialist ideology. Moscow provided military and economic assistance to several countries in the region, such as Angola and Mozambique, which were embroiled in conflicts with anti-communist forces. However, the end of the Cold War marked a significant shift in global geopolitics, which led to changes in Russia's approach to Africa. In the 1990s, when the Soviet Union collapsed, Russia
faced internal problems and went through a period of economic and political transformation [1].
This had consequences for its interaction with Central Africa, as Moscow's priorities shifted from ideological confrontation to pragmatic considerations. In the post-Cold War era, Russia has sought to revive and expand its presence in Africa, including Central Africa, although with an emphasis on economic interests rather than ideological orientation. The late 1990s and early 2000s saw increased diplomatic efforts as Russia sought to establish trade and economic ties with Central African countries. The Kremlin has sought to secure access to the region's rich natural resources, including oil, minerals and timber. One of the notable events of this period was the visit of Russian officials to the countries of Central Africa to explore opportunities for cooperation. Bilateral agreements were signed to promote economic cooperation, and discussions took place on issues ranging from energy partnerships to military cooperation.
These initiatives were part of Russia's broader strategy to diversify its global partnerships and expand its economic presence in emerging markets. However, the beginning of the 21st century also brought problems in Russia's relations with Central Africa. The region has faced challenges such as political instability, armed conflict and economic strife, which have affected the viability of Russian investment. In addition, the presence of other world powers, especially China, in Central Africa has increased competition for influence and resources. In recent years, Russia has continued efforts to strengthen ties with Central African countries, focusing on various sectors such as energy, infrastructure and defense. The Kremlin has pursued diplomatic initiatives, holding high-level visits and discussions aimed at deepening cooperation. Military cooperation, including the provision of weapons and training, has been a component of Russia's involvement in the region [2].
History of relations between Russia and the countries of Central Africa
At the same time, relations between Russia and Central Africa are subject to intense scrutiny and criticism. Some observers have expressed concerns about the nature of Russia's involvement, pointing to issues related to governance, human rights and the potential for escalating conflicts. The dynamics of this relationship remain complex and are determined by the interplay of geopolitical considerations, economic interests and regional issues. In conclusion, we note that the history of relations between Russia and the countries of Central Africa has undergone significant transformations, reflecting broader shifts in global geopolitics and Russian strategic priorities. Russia's engagement with Central Africa has evolved from the ideological confrontation of the Cold War to the pragmatic pursuit of economic interests in the post-Soviet era. The current landscape is characterized by a combination of diplomatic initiatives, economic co-
operation and military action, with both opportunities and challenges shaping the trajectory of these relations in the coming years.
Strengthening relations between Russia and the countries of Central Africa has become a prominent feature of recent years, reflecting mutual interest in developing diplomatic ties, economic cooperation and strategic partnerships. This evolution in relations marks a departure from the dynamics of the post-Cold War era and highlights a changing geopolitical landscape. Diplomatically, Russia is actively developing closer ties with Central African countries. Highlevel visits and diplomatic dialogues have played a decisive role in strengthening mutual understanding and developing cooperation. This interaction paved the way for the signing of bilateral agreements covering a number of areas including trade, investment and cultural exchange. Economic cooperation is a key factor in strengthening relations. Russia has expressed great interest in harnessing the economic potential of Central Africa, especially in sectors such as energy, minerals and infrastructure [3].
The region's rich natural resources, including oil, gas and minerals, offer opportunities for mutually beneficial partnerships. Bilateral agreements were concluded to facilitate trade and investment with a focus on promoting economic growth and development. In the energy sector, Russia is developing partnerships with Central African countries to ensure access to valuable resources. Agreements related to oil exploration and production were signed, allowing Russian companies to participate in the development of the region's energy sector. Such cooperation contributes to the energy security of both Russia and Central Africa by promoting a symbiotic relationship that serves the economic interests of both sides. Infrastructure development is another key to strengthening relations. Russia has demonstrated its readiness to participate in projects that contribute to strengthening ties and development of Central African countries. Investments in transportation, telecommunications, and other critical infrastructure contribute to the overall economic development of the region.
Such initiatives not only benefit the participating countries, but also contribute to Russia's broader strategy to expand its economic presence in emerging markets. Military cooperation has also played a role in strengthening ties between Russia and Central Africa. Components of this cooperation included arms sales, military training programs, and joint exercises. These initiatives are often touted as contributing to the security and stability of the region, addressing common problems such as terrorism and transnational crime. Military partnership serves as a means of building trust and cooperation, strengthening the overall relationship between Russia and Central Africa. Cultural and educational exchanges have further deepened ties between the two regions. These initiatives aim to develop connections between people, promoting a better understanding of each other's cultures and traditions.
Academic partnerships and exchange programs contribute to the development of education in Central African countries, while creating opportunities for the exchange of knowledge and experience.
Despite positive developments in strengthening relations, problems remain. Central Africa faces challenges such as political instability, governance problems and economic vulnerability. Solving these problems requires a detailed approach from both Russia and the participating Central African countries. Russia's commitment to long-term partnerships that promote sustainable development will be essential to addressing these challenges and building resilience in the face of uncertainty. In conclusion, recent efforts to strengthen relations between Russia and the countries of Central Africa reflect a multifac-eted approach covering diplomatic, economic, military and cultural dimensions. The mutual interests underlying this interaction highlight the strategic importance that both sides attach to developing cooperative ties. As this relationship continues to evolve, the success of this strengthening will depend on the ability of Russia and Central African countries to solve problems, capitalize on opportunities, and lay the foundation for strong and mutually beneficial cooperation [4].
Russia's efforts to strengthen ties with Central African countries have materialized through a number of specific cooperation initiatives spanning the diplomatic, economic, military and cultural spheres. This multifaceted approach aims to promote mutual benefit and strengthen the overall relationship between Russia and Central African countries. Diplomatically, Russia has participated in high-level dialogues and diplomatic visits, exemplified by the visit of the Russian Foreign Minister to the Central African Republic (CAR) in 2018. This diplomatic exchange laid the foundation for deepening political understanding and cooperation. Likewise, Russia has strengthened ties with the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) through diplomatic channels, signaling a commitment to deepening bilateral relations.
Economically, Russia is seeking strategic partnerships, especially in the energy sector. In 2019, the Russian state-owned company Rosatom signed an agreement with Rwanda to study the possibility of building a Center for Nuclear Science and Technology. This agreement underscores Russia's interest in supporting the development of Rwanda's energy infrastructure through nuclear technology. In addition, Russia sought economic cooperation with Angola, paying particular attention to the oil and gas sector. Russian energy companies are in talks with Angolan authorities to explore opportunities for joint ventures and investments. Military cooperation has also become a key aspect of Russia's interaction with Central Africa [5].
It is noteworthy that Russia supplied military equipment and offered training to the armed forces of the Central African Republic. The presence of Rus-
sian military trainers in the CAR signifies a commitment to building local capacity and addressing security concerns. In 2020, Russia provided military assistance to the DRC, helping to strengthen the country's defense capabilities. Economic cooperation extends to infrastructure development, with Russia actively participating in projects aimed at expanding ties in the region. An example is cooperation between Russia and the Central African Republic on infrastructure projects, including the construction of roads and the development of hydroelectric power stations.
These initiatives contribute to the economic development of the CARs and are consistent with Russia's broader strategy to expand its economic presence in emerging markets. In the cultural sphere, Russia promotes educational exchanges and cultural initiatives to deepen ties between people. This includes scholarships for students from Central Africa to study at Russian universities, as well as promoting educational partnerships that promote human capital development. Russia has also held cultural events in cooperation with Central African countries, promoting a common understanding of each other's traditions and heritage. These specific examples of cooperation illustrate the dynamic nature of Russia's interaction with Central Africa. Initiatives are varied: from diplomatic visits to specific economic projects and military partnerships. Collaboration is not limited to one sector, but includes a holistic approach to address the multi-faceted needs and opportunities in the region. The development of these partnerships is indicative of a broader trend that began in the second half of the 2010s.
Strengthening relations between Russia and the countries of Central Africa
Russia's increased focus on Africa, as outlined in its Africa Strategy, marked a strategic shift towards strengthening closer ties with African countries, including the states of Central Africa. This new emphasis coincides with efforts to diversify Russia's global partnerships and expand its presence in emerging markets. As these collaborative efforts continue to unfold, signs of a positive trajectory are emerging. The signing of bilateral agreements, the implementation of joint projects and sustained diplomatic contacts indicate a growing commitment on both sides. However, challenges remain, and the success of these initiatives will depend on the ability to navigate complex geopolitical dynamics, address economic and security challenges, and ensure equitable sharing of the benefits of cooperation. In conclusion, we note that Russia's interaction with the countries of Central Africa is characterized by specific and targeted cooperation initiatives in the diplomatic, economic, military and cultural spheres.
The diverse nature of this collaboration reflects an integrated approach to
building strong and mutually beneficial relationships. As these efforts continue to develop, they have the potential to shape the region's geopolitical landscape, promoting stability, economic growth and expanded global partnerships. Russia's interaction with Egypt is characterized by strengthening military and economic ties. In 2018, Russia and Egypt signed a comprehensive partnership and strategic cooperation agreement, signaling a commitment to strengthening bilateral relations. Military cooperation includes arms deals and joint military exercises, while economic cooperation includes joint infrastructure projects and discussions of nuclear energy cooperation [6].
Russia's involvement in Sudan extends to economic and military cooperation. Russian companies have shown interest in Sudan's energy sector by signing oil exploration and production agreements. In addition, Russia has provided military support to Sudan, contributing to efforts to address security issues in the region. This multifaceted interaction is consistent with Russia's broader strategy to secure economic interests and develop strategic partnerships. In the Central African Republic, Russia has expanded its involvement through a combination of military assistance and infrastructure development. Russia has provided military training and support to the CAR government, contributing to stability efforts. At the same time, Russian companies are engaged in infrastructure projects, including the construction of roads and hydroelectric power stations. This dual approach illustrates Russia's comprehensive strategy to address security challenges while promoting the country's economic development.
Russia's involvement in Libya has been characterized by diplomatic mediation and exploration of economic opportunities. Moscow is making diplomatic efforts to resolve conflicts and is seeking to participate in the reconstruction process. Economic cooperation includes discussions on energy projects and infrastructure development. Russia's involvement in Libya reflects its desire for influence in regional geopolitics and economic diversification. Russia's interaction with Mozambique is focused on cooperation in the fields of energy and security. Russian energy companies have invested in Mozambique's gas sector, signing exploration and production agreements. In addition, Russia has expressed interest in contributing to security efforts in the region, which is in line with Mozambique's goals of countering insurgency and promoting stability.
Angola has become a key partner of Russia in Africa, especially in the energy sector. Russian companies are negotiating with Angolan authorities about joint ventures and investments in oil and gas projects. This economic cooperation underscores Russia's interest in providing access to Angola's significant energy resources and contributing to the country's economic development. Russia's interaction with South Africa is characterized by cooperation in the field of nuclear energy. In 2014, Russia and South Africa signed
an intergovernmental agreement on strategic partnership and cooperation in nuclear energy. The agreement outlines plans to build nuclear power plants in South Africa, highlighting Russia's role in supporting the development of the country's energy infrastructure [7].
Nigeria has become an important partner of Russia in the field of defense and counter-terrorism. Arms deals between the two countries included the sale of military equipment to address Nigeria's security concerns. Russia expressed its readiness to support Nigeria in its efforts to combat terrorism and maintain regional stability. Russia's engagement with Ethiopia extends to nuclear energy cooperation and broader economic cooperation. Discussions about building a nuclear power plant in Ethiopia highlight Russia's interest in supporting the country's energy needs. The economic partnership covers various sectors, promoting economic diversification and infrastructure development in Ethiopia.
Russia's interaction with Zimbabwe involves military cooperation and investment in the country's natural resources. Agreements on military-technical cooperation were complemented by discussions on investment in Zimbabwe's mining sector. This multifaceted approach is consistent with Russia's strategy to secure access to resources while developing strategic partnerships.Moscow consistently endeavors to underpin its foreign policy with economic means, albeit no longer possessing the extensive economic capacities of the Soviet Union. While Russia's trade turnover with African states increased from $5.7 billion in 2009 to $20 billion in 2018, it remains relatively modest compared to Sino-African trade (around $200 billion) or Africa's trade with the United States (approximately $300 billion). Russia's primary competitive advantage lies in its flexibility, as the Kremlin refrains from imposing political conditionalities often emphasized by the United States and Europe. Unlike Beijing, Moscow avoids creating debt traps for its partners [8].
New priorities of Russian foreign policy
Similarly, Russia lacks the resources for significant development aid and investment programs, unlike the European Union, Japan, China, and the United States, which collectively allocate tens of billions of dollars for Africa. During the Russia-Africa Summit, President Putin announced the symbolic gesture of forgiving $20 billion in Soviet-era debts owed by African states. However, given the unlikely repayment of these debts, this gesture served more as a symbolic act. Despite Russia's comparatively limited economic significance, some of its companies, often supported by the Kremlin, have achieved notable successes in Africa. For instance, Rosatom signed agreements with Ethiopia for the construction of a nuclear power plant and with Rwanda for a Science and Technology Center during the Russia-Africa Summit. The state-owned geological com-
pany, Rosgeo, secured cooperation agreements with South Sudan, Equatorial Guinea, and Rwanda.
Additionally, Alrosa, a diamond mining company, operates in Angola and Zimbabwe, while Rosneft, the state-owned oil company, collaborates in developing over 20 oil extraction facilities in Nigeria. However, the most significant role Africa plays in Russia's perspective is as a market for arms exports. Arms sales are a crucial source of revenue for the Russian economy and serve as both a foreign policy and economic tool. By exporting weapons, Moscow can bind other states, create long-term dependencies, and support pro-Russian regimes. Many African states that were allies of Moscow during the Soviet era still operate armies equipped with outdated Soviet weaponry. Russia continues to sell weapons to these countries, sometimes using arms sales as a substitute for debt collection. For instance, when Moscow forgave Algeria's old debts of $4.7 billion in 2006, it simultaneously secured several defense contracts, solidifying key positions in Algeria's agricultural and energy sectors. In 2017, the two countries even agreed on the delivery of Iskander-E tactical long-range missiles. After the Sochi Summit, Russia confirmed its supply of weapons to 20 African countries, including Uganda, Rwanda, Angola, and Mozambique [9].
The total value of arms exports in 2019 amounted to $4 billion, constituting approximately one-fifth of the total trade volume. Algeria has been the largest buyer of Russian weapons in Africa over the past decade, accounting for around 75% of all arms imports from Russia. Uganda is another significant purchaser, acquiring various Russian weapons, including T-55 and T-90 tanks, as well as rockets for Suchoi Su-30 fighter-bombers. Meanwhile, Egypt primarily acquires air defense systems such as radar technology, rockets, and other equipment. Libya, under Muammar al-Gaddafi, was once the most important market for Russian weapons. However, with the dictator's fall, Moscow lost approximately $4 billion worth of pre-contracted arms deals, highlighting Russia's aversion to externally supported regime changes due to potential economic losses. The most popular Russian military product in Africa is helicopters, including Mi-8/17 military transport helicopters and Mi-24/35 attack helicopters.
Moscow appears willing to sell military helicopters to any buyer capable of payment, including Zambia, Chad, Angola, and numerous other countries. Nigeria, on the sidelines of the Sochi Summit, signed a contract for twelve Mi-35 attack helicopters. In addition to modern weaponry, Russia also sells outdated, long-retired weapons to Africa. Given the low-tech conflicts on the continent, even Cold War-era weapons remain useful. Small arms, mortars, armored vehicles, and obsolete tanks find utility in these conflicts. Sudan possesses the largest arsenal of old Soviet weapons, regularly acquiring Russian-made engines to keep T-55 tanks and BTR-80 transport vehicles operational. Although Russia does not have official military bases in Africa, private Russian military compa-
nies and mercenary groups are active in various armed conflicts. The notorious "Wagner Group", a private security and military company with close ties to the Russian Military Intelligence Service (GU, formerly GRU), already operated in the Central African Republic, South Sudan, Mozambique and Libya [10].
Despite its supposedly private status, the Wagner group acts more like a Russian proxy army. In the Central African Republic, South Sudan and Mozambique, Wagner mercenaries support the central governments in security matters, military training and reportedly in active combat. The head of the mercenary army, the Russian oligarch Yevgeny Prigozhin, regularly receives advantageous mining and oil production contracts as well as generous donations in return. For the Kremlin, the use of private military companies such as the Wagner Group offers several advantages. Firstly, in contrast to official military operations, the Russian government does not have to publicly justify the operations of the supposedly autonomous mercenary troops. Secondly, the use of a proxy army makes it possible to internationally deny Russian involvement in the conflicts in Africa. The Wagner group is so closely linked to the GU that it even uses joint training facilities, with Wagner recruiter Dmitri Utkin being a former intelligence officer.
The mercenary army's largest operation is currently taking place in Libya. Estimates vary, but it is likely that at least 1,500 Wagner mercenaries are active, not only providing support services but also actively participating in combat operations. US sources also report regular Russian land forces in Libya, although reliable information on this is difficult to obtain. The peculiarity of Russia's involvement in Libya is that Russia does not support the UN-recognized government in Tripoli, but rather the forces of General Khalifa Haftar, who is fighting against the central government. The motivations for Russia's involvement in Libya are diverse. These include the intention to secure a strategically important military base in North Africa and the Middle East, similar to what has already happened in Syria. Russia is also seeking concessions for oil production and would like to establish a checkpoint for migration flows from sub-Saharan Africa to Europe. These factors make Libya an extremely attractive destination for Moscow [11].
Conclusion
In conclusion, the evolution of Russia's policy towards Central Africa represents a strategic recalibration that has unfolded on multiple fronts, underscoring Moscow's concerted efforts to establish a robust presence in the region. The trajectory of this evolution reveals a departure from historical patterns, with Russia demonstrating a newfound commitment to diplomatic, economic, and military engagements with Central African nations. On the economic front, Russia's pursuit of resource partnerships in Central Africa is emblematic of
a strategic shift. The engagement in the Power of Siberia gas pipeline project exemplifies Moscow's endeavors to secure energy resources, underscoring the economic underpinnings of its evolving policy. Through strategic economic initiatives, Russia seeks not only to meet its domestic energy needs but also to establish a long-term economic foothold in the resource-rich Central African countries. In the military arena, Russia's deepening involvement in security and peacekeeping efforts signifies a departure from a passive role to an active participant in addressing regional conflicts [12].
The Central African Republic stands out as a focal point of military cooperation, where Russia has provided essential training and support. This military engagement aligns with Moscow's broader strategy to enhance its geopolitical influence and contribute to stability in a region marred by internal conflicts. Diplomatically, the creation of platforms like the Russia-Africa Summit highlights Moscow's commitment to nurturing diplomatic ties with Central African nations. Through high-level dialogues, Russia emphasizes principles of mutual respect and non-interference, positioning itself as a reliable diplomatic partner. The diplomatic dimension of Russia's evolving policy serves not only to strengthen bilateral relations but also to assert its influence in the global arena, positioning Moscow as an indispensable player in African affairs. This multi-faceted approach signifies a strategic departure from the transactional engagements of the past. While economic interests remain paramount, Russia recognizes the interdependence of economic, military, and diplomatic elements in shaping a comprehensive foreign policy.
The evolution of Russia's policy towards Central Africa reflects a more nu-anced and sophisticated understanding of the region's geopolitical dynamics. Importantly, Moscow's policy evolution is characterized by a pragmatic flexibility. Unlike some Western powers, Russia refrains from imposing political con-ditionalities on its engagements, offering Central African nations an alternative to traditional partners. The absence of debt traps and the flexibility to navigate regional complexities without overt political demands enhance Russia's appeal as a strategic partner in the eyes of Central African governments. Cultivating cultural and educational ties as part of its soft power strategy, Russia is investing in building lasting relationships beyond immediate economic gains. This long-term vision aligns with Russia's broader ambition to foster not just economic dependencies but also cultural affinities, contributing to a more sustainable and enduring influence in Central Africa. As Russia solidifies its position in Central Africa, it becomes increasingly clear that Moscow views the region not merely as a resource reservoir but as a strategic theater for global influence. The geopolitical implications of Russia's evolving policy extend beyond the African continent, as Moscow strategically positions itself as a key player in the broader multipolar world order. In the complex interplay of economic expan-
sion, military cooperation, and diplomatic maneuvers, Russia's evolving policy towards Central Africa demonstrates a departure from historical disinterest to a dynamic and multifaceted engagement. Moscow's recalibration reflects a strategic understanding that the convergence of economic, military, and diplomatic elements is essential for the realization of its geopolitical ambitions. Central Africa, once on the periphery of Russian interests, now occupies a central stage in the unfolding narrative of Russia's global resurgence [13].
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