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УДК 8
ЭКВИВАЛЕНТЫ ФРАЗЕОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ ЕДИНИЦ С КОМПОНЕНТОМ ОРНИТОНИМОМ В АНГЛИЙСКОМ, ТАТАРСКОМ И РУССКОМ ЯЗЫКАХ
К.А. Сахибуллина, Р.Н. Губайдуллина
Аннотация. В статье рассматриваются эквиваленты фразеологических и паремиологических единиц с компонентом оринтонимом в английском, татарском и русском языках, их общие источники, типы эквивалентности и способы перевода.
Ключевые слова: лингвистика, перевод, эквиваленты, фразеологические единицы, орнитонимы
Phraseological unit is more difficult to describe in the dictionary than the word. If to present the word in the dictionary, it is enough to show its origin and to put the vocabulary entries in the alphabetical order. This method is impossible to use with the units, which consist of more than one word. The main objective of the phraseological dictionary is to achieve high adequacy in the process of transferring PU of one language by the means of the other language. In this research, we tried to find different ways of translation given of phraseological and paremiological units from English into Russian and from Tatar into Russian.
The most of the scholars working in the field of translation VN. Komissarov, L.D. Dmitrieva, S.E. Kuncevich, E.A. Martinkevich, distinguish 4 basic types of translation of figurative phraseology: Phraseological equivalences; Phraseological analogues; Word for word translation; Descriptive translation of the PU;
This classification is considered the basis of the other classifications. Different scholars can add or distinguish other types of translation; for example, there can be full and partial equivalents, full and partial analogues, transcription and transliteration, but these four are constant [1].
Phraseological equivalents with the ornithonym component are usually PUs of mostly Latin, ancient Greek origin or the units originated from the holy books. Phraseological equivalents themselves are divided into two subgroups: full equivalents and partial equivalents. Full equivalents have the same significative-denotative meaning, the same subjective-evaluative, functional, stylistic, emotional and expressive components of connotative meaning and the same grammatical and componential structures. For example, an English PU eng. Repeat like a parrot [5] has the full equivalent in the Russian language рус. Повторять как попугай [5]. Both of these PUs have the same connotation, negative evaluation. They are also structurally equal and have verb+conjunction+noun model. Other examples: eng.one swallow doesn't make a summer [5] - рус. Одна ласточка весны не делает [5] (don't make hasty conclusions) - these PUs have the same components of connotation, the same evaluation and the same structure; eng. An ugly duckling [5] - рус. «Гадкий утенок» [5], these PUs are equal either in structure or in connotation. eng. White crow [5] - rus. Белая ворона [5] - is used to describe a person whose behavior or world vision is different from the others. First time this expression having such meaning was used in the Roman poet Juvenal's satire (II cent. AD), after that it spread in many other languages.
In the process of translation from Tatar into Russian, there also some full equivalents can be found. Tat. аккош щыры - rus. Лебединая песня - swan song. This phraseological unit was used for the first time in the fable of Ancient Greek fable writer Aesop (VI century B.C.), which is called "They say swans sing before they die". This term derived from the legend that, while they are mute during the rest of their lives, swans sing beautifully and mournfully just before they die. This isn't actually the case - swans, even the inaccurately named Mute Swans, have a variety of vocal sounds and they don't sing before they die. This expression was also popular in Ancient Rome, where Cicerone used it. After him, this expression became fixed. Nowadays it is utilized to speak about a final gesture or performance, given before dying or retirement. If people ever did believe in the 'singing before death' story, few would now
claim to do so. 'Swan-song' is now used figuratively and most commonly to refer to celebrated performers embarking on farewell tours' or final performances'. Thus, being originally from ancient Greece, this phraseological unit has equivalents not only in the Russian and Tatar languages, but also in English and many other European languages.
Another example of full Tatar - Russian equivalent: tat. аныц этэче дэ йомырка сала -rus. у него и петухи несутся (lit. even his cock lays eggs). This unit is used to describe unusual luck or wealth. Originally, there exist a full variant of this expression in the Russian language: rus. Кому поживется, у того и петух несется. It is impossible to distinguish, whether this expression originated from the Russian language or from Tatar. We suppose that in both languages these phraseological units may appear separately. It is necessary to mention, that there are quite many variations of this expression in the Tatar language, where the ornithonym cock is replaced by the other elements: tat. аныц этэче дэ кубыз уйный(И1 Even his cock plays jew's harp), аныц угезе дэ бозаулый (lit. even his ox brings the young, аныц сан-дугачы сайрый (lit. his nightingale is singing), аныц сарыгы да буре тота (lit. even his sheep caches the wolf), аныц мэчесе дэ куян тота (lit. even his cat catches rabbits), аныц квне алга бара (his day is going on). All of these variants have an ironic shade, but used to describe a person who is in his way to success. We can observe positive evaluation in all of these examples. However, in the Russian language, this and the same unit may be interpreted negatively, because there exists a belief, that the cock lays an egg with the chick that brings misfortune.
There are also partial phraseological equivalents that can be found in different languages. PUs belonging to this group do not have big difference in their plane of expression and content. Comparing all partial equivalents extracted from the dictionaries, we divided them into three subgroups. The first subgroup of partial equivalents includes PUs where ornithonym component of one language is changed by another one in the other language. For example:
goose - hen: eng. The goose that lays golden eggs [5] - рус. Курица которая несет золотые яйца [5] (lit. a hen that lays golden eggs) -this phraseological unit means that someone or something is a source of wealth. As it is usually used to describe a subject, feature or event, it has more neutral evaluation rather than positive or negative. The fact that ornithonym components differ, does not have a reflection on the evaluation. Thus, the neutral evaluation is retained in phraseological equivalents.
lark - cock: eng. Be up with the lark [5] - рус. Вставать с петухами [5] (get up with cocks). The ornithonym lark is changed by the cock, this can be explained from the national and cultural point of view. For Russian people cock is the part of household, and it is the bird, which wakes up very early. Long ago people used to know the time hearing the cockcrow. For the English speaking culture, lark is more common bird that is observed as an early bird. However, these differences do not reflect on the evaluative component. The evaluation in both units is neutral. The Russian equivalent renders the neutral evaluative seme, thus the translation changes only social perception and does not change the evaluation.
There is the phraseological unit in the Tatar language: tat. Сандугачны каргага алыш-тырган (lit. To change a nightingale to a crow) which is translated into Russian as выменял кукушку на ястреба (lit. to change a cuckoo to a hawk). Both of these units have pejorative evaluative seme. However, it is necessary to pay attention to the fact, that in the Tatar language, this expression means to change something good for something bad. In the Russian language this expression is interpreted as changing something bad for a worse (the cuckoo had a symbolic meaning of a "baleful" person, the hawk was perceived as an evil soul. Though in both of the languages this expression endowed with the negative evaluation, the level of expressiveness differs.
The second subgroup of partial equivalents is made up from PUs where the ornithonym component in one language is changed by some other element in the other language:
chicken - egg: eng. As a hen with one chicken [5] -рус. Носится как курица с яйцом [5]; The ornithonym chicken is replaced by the egg in the Russian language. Either chicken or
К.А. Сахибуллина, Р.Н. Губайдуллина ЭКВИВАЛЕНТЫ ФРАЗЕОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ ЕДИНИЦ С КОМПОНЕНТОМ ОРНИТОНИМОМ В АНГЛИЙСКОМ, ТАТАРСКОМ И РУССКОМ ЯЗЫКАХ
egg both are used to reproduce the same meaning of the object of care. This phraseological unit has pejorative evaluation as it is used concerning a person who is concentrated on caring about one thing, hasting doing something, slopping about somebody. Usually it is used in negative meaning when people do not like someone to care about somebody too much.
duck - fish: eng. Take to something, like a duck to water [5] - рус. Чувствовать себя как рыба в воде [5]. Both of these partial equivalents have ameliorative evaluative seme. They are used to describe a person who is good at something. When in the English language duck in the water is used, in Russian it is fish in the water. We must mention that it the English language there is also a phraseological unit take something, like a fish to water that is used exactly as the one with the unit duck.
Analyzing the variants of translation PPUs from Tatar into Russian, there also some examples of partial equivalents of this type were found:
crow - dog: tat. Ала каргадан аласыц булсын - rus. с худой собаки хоть шерсти клок - better a small fish than an empty dish. The phraseological unit is interpreted as it is better to have something than to have nothing at all. The ornithonym карга - crow is replaced by the component собака-dog. In spite of the fact, that these expressions mean "to be satisfied with what you have", they are endowed with negative evaluation.
The third subgroup of partial equivalents is the equivalents, which differ in their structures or in some aspect of connotative component of meaning. For example: eng. Chatter like a magpie [5] - рус. Трещать как сорока [5], the word chatter is replaced with the word трещать instead of болтать (chatter), which has more negative connotation. This idiom has equivalents in many languages. There is no definite source to define where and when it appeared. But what concerns the ornithonym "magpie", it had the meaning of talkative, gossipy woman. This phraseological unit has negative evaluation, because for both cultures talking too much is a sign of being not intelligent. One more example: eng. Solemn as an owl [5] - рус. Мудрый как сова [5] - this is the meaning which Kunin gave in his dictionary of phraseological units, but he mentioned that in this case "мудрый KaK сова" has an ironic shade and negative connotation. At the same time, there is another PU eng. As wise as an owl - which also can be translated as "мудрый как сова" but it means "wise person" and has positive connotation. This PU is not mentioned in the dictionary compiled by Kunin.
Based on analysis conducted, we can make the following conclusions:
1. Phraseological equivalents may be full or partial. Full equivalents, which were found in the dictionaries, have the same symbolic meaning or associated with the same thing.
2. Translator should be careful with so-called phraseological equivalents, as sometimes, it is possible to find phraseological units of two languages being equivalents formally (having equivalent component parts and the same structure) with different connotations. Evaluation is usually retained in calques as it is the word for word translation, but depending on a culture it can be differently perceived by peoples.
3. Partial equivalents may differ by one element (ornithonym component) or can have different connotation, on the scale of the emotiveness one of them may be placed higher than the other and vice-versa.
Литература
1. Arsentiyeva E.F. Contrastive analyses of phraseological units. Kazan: Izd-vo Kazanskogo universiteta, 1989. 128 p.
2. Ayupova R.A. Phraseology and phraseography of the English and Russian languages. Kazan: Izdatelstvo Kazanskogo Universiteta, 2013. 269 p.
3. Cowie A.P. Phraseology: Theory, Analysis and applications. Oxford: Clarendon press, 1998. 258 p.
4. Kunin A.V. Phraseology of the modern English language. M.: Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya, 1996. 375 p.
5. Kunin A.V. English - Russian phraseological dictionary. About. 5000 units. 7th ed.,stereotip. M.: Rus. Yaz. - Media, 2006. 571 p.
6. Safiullina F.S. Tatarcha-Ruscha phraseologic suzlek. Kazan: Megarif, 2001. 335 p.
Сведения об авторах
Сахибуллина Кадрия Азатовна (Казань, Россия), старший преподаватель КФУ, e-mail: kadria85@yahoo.com; Губайдуллина Рамзия Нургалиевна, старший преподаватель КФУ, e-mail: ramzia.gubaidi@gmail.com
Abstract. Phraseological and paremiological units with ornithonym component in the English, Tatar and Russian languages are discussed in the article. Equivalents of such phraseological units are analysed, as well as the sources of these equivalents, their types and methods of correct translation.
Keywords: linguistics, translation, equivalents, phraseological units, ornithonym component
Data about the authors
Sakhibullina K., senior lecturer, KFU, e-mail: kadria85@yahoo.com; Gubaidullina R., senior lecturer, KFU, e-mail: ramzia.gubaidi@gmail.com
EQUIVALENTS OF PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS WITH THE ORNITHONYM COMPONENT IN THE ENGLISH, TATAR AND RUSSIAN LANGUAGES
K.A. Sakhibullina, R.N. Gubaidullina
