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Zelimkhan Musostov, Alisa Olisaeva, Isa Basnukaev RT&A, Special Issue № 4 (70) ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS IN THE CONDITIONS..._Volume 17, November 2022
ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS IN THE CONDITIONS OF GLOBALIZATION AND TRANSNATIONALIZATION OF THE WORLD
ECONOMY
Zelimkhan Musostov1, Alisa Olisaeva2, Isa Basnukaev3
1Chechen State University, Grozny named after A.A. Kadyrov, Russia
zmr@hotmail. co.uk 2North Ossetian State University named after K.L. Khetagurov, Russia 3Grozny State Oil Technical University named after Acad. M.D. Millionshchikov, Russia
[email protected] [email protected]
Abstract
The relevance of the topic of the impact of the economy on the environment is evidenced by the current process itself and the large-scale coverage of the consequences of the development of environmental problems. The anthropogenic impact on the environment has reached its maximum level due to the development of scientific and technological progress. The article focuses on environmental issues in the context of the development of the world economy. Ecology is considered from the point of view of the economy and environmental problems are characterized in the context of globalization and transnationalization of the world economy. In accordance with this, the article presents the basic concepts of globalization and transnationalization and ways to solve environmental problems in the framework of improving environmental policy and the supranational environmental management system, unifying and coordinating the methods used.
Keywords: globalization, sustainable ecological development environment, ecology, environmental problems, transnational corporations (TNCs)
I. Introduction
An interdisciplinary approach to the study of complex problems of human interaction with the environment has gone beyond the scope of only biological science, including here the ecological directions of various branches of knowledge, it has been elevated to the category of generalizing sciences.
The existence of ecology today is one of the branches of natural science that studies the historical relationships of organisms with their physicochemical, biotic and anthropogenic nature at the level of species, species populations, biogeocenoses and the whole biosphere in order to identify the patterns of these processes and solve urgent problems of health, economic activity and environmental safety.[7].
Under conditions of increasing anthropogenic load, the central problem of human society is sustainable ecological development or sustainable functioning of the biosphere, since the biosphere is an integral part of the main shells of the earth, and only with this approach is the very existence of mankind possible.
Various interactions, which are the main product of the current biosphere,occurred on Earth for 3-4 billion years. The composition of the atmosphere has remained unchanged for the last 50 million years, but due to anthropogenic impact in recent decades, significant changes in its composition have been observed, an increase in its pollution with sulfur and nitrogen oxides, mercury, lead and carcinogens, in particular benzapyrene, as well as changes such as the appearance of smog, changes in transparency, depletion of the ozone layer.
II. Methods
As we know, all economic activity is directly related to a significant burden on the environment, which, due to the uncontrolled change in economic growth, entails an increasing cost of natural resources. The reasons that reduce the prospects for the formation of the current society and pose a threat to the life of mankind, which began to worsen from about the 1970s, were environmental problems: lack of resources, depletion and pollution of the environment.
Both industrialization and urbanization have led to changes in living conditions and deterioration of human health, as well as to an increase in morbidity, as a result of anthropogenic impact on the environment. During the assimilation of man into the urban environment, the main mechanisms of perception could not adapt to the changed visual environment and changes in the atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere. The population living in ecologically unfavorable areas of the city are more susceptible to various diseases caused by a decrease in immunity, such as endocrine and cardiovascular disorders [3].
III. Results
The greatest damage to the environment has been inflicted since about the middle of the twentieth century due to the increase in the growth rate of the global economy. Compared with 1950, by the beginning of the 21st century, the world's population had increased to 7 billion people, i.e. became 2.5 times more and in connection with this, the industrial production of the world increased seven times. When the population increases by another 50%, the world economy is projected to grow by 500% in the period from the 2000s to the 2050s [2]. By 2030, population growth will lead to an increase in food and energy consumption by 50% (by 2050 - by 70%) and drinking water - by 30% [4].
The impact of an individual on the environment, i.e., anthropogenic impact, according to researchers, by the 1990s, had assumed alarming proportions. The scale of global production and consumption has led to a serious imbalance in social and natural systems and to the fact that the natural environment is unable to cope with anthropogenic impacts. It is estimated that "Humanity's debt to the environment is about 4 trillion US dollars", since the ability of the environment to cope with the consequences of human activity has already doubled [4].
Factors that destroy the natural environment and lead to its degradation, such as the destruction of natural ecosystems, accidents at defense and industrial facilities, which are the consequences of the intensive development of human economic activity, lead to environmental disasters. In this regard, the rational use of natural resources and the effective reduction of emissions from industrial production have become the main tasks of mankind today, although since ancient times many scientists have been dealing with the problems of the relationship between man and nature.
For example, Ashoka, the Indian emperor, in 243 BC. e. developed decrees prescribing the
protection of forests, fish and animals. The author of the first environmental decrees in Russia was Peter I (1673-1726); Anaximander the philosopher, he is the author of the first philosophical work in Greek, On Nature; Ramazzini Bernardico (1634-1715) Italian doctor wrote a treatise "On the diseases of artisans. Reasoning". Auguste Comte (17991856) French philosopher, in his writings considered the system "human geography - human ecology - sociology". Due to the fact that the population of the city was suffocating from the stench of coal soot, Edward I, from 1273, the English king, by a special law forbade heating the houses of London with coal.Bthe basics of the system for the safe development of the Russian technosphere were laid by the authors of the fundamental ideaslike: D.S. Likhachev, V.I. Vernadsky, V.P. Kaznacheev, N.F. Reimers, N.N. Moiseev, V.A. Legasov, A.L. Yanshin, G.V. Stadnitsky, DanilovDanilyan, A.I. Rodionov, O.S. Chekhov, G.A. Bogdanovsky, A.V. Yablokov, O.N. Rusak, I.I. Mazur, V.I. S.V. Belov [5].
The era of globalization has become the modern stage in the evolution of thecommunities. Globalization is an inevitable phenomenon at the stage of development of the world community. the essence of globalization lies in the strengthening of integration between countries in all spheres of society, both in political and economic, cultural and spiritual interdependence. Including questions relating to the very existence of mankind.Economic globalization is the main driver of globalization, which has a significant impact on the environment. However, the rapid change in the technological and social spheres lead to new imbalances in the global economy, which is the main problem of globalization. This is mainly due to the uneven formation of national economies. The reason for the increase in the gap between rich and poor countries was the growth in the 20th century of world GDP, less than three times in the poor and six times in the developed countries.
Globalization limits the development and implementation of the environmental strategy of each state. Globalization contributes to the separation and institutionalization of ecological "branches" from the traditional branches of scientific knowledge, and leads to their convergence and merging with other branches of scientific knowledge of the same origin into a single whole, making the interconnection of these spheres such as nature, social and anthropogenetic obvious. This is connected with the circumstance, which was first substantiated by I. Kant, that the aggregation of knowledge, as you know, is the most important condition and prerequisite for their systematization [6].
Today, the world is experiencing globalization, which is changing the nature of nature management. On the other hand, it contributes to strengthening the impact of market forces, competition, stimulates environmental policy. But, globalization enhances the influence of international economic institutions on national relations, exposing them to adverse economic conditions. Therefore, it is necessary to create supranational environmental management systems, unifying and coordinating the methods used. At the same time, it is necessary to take into account the socio-cultural characteristics of the country when conducting environmental policy in the country and in its regions.
Therefore, we can conclude that there are links between the processes of globalization and the mechanisms for the transformation of scientific fields into institutions that change the art of building a system and the purposefulness of scientific policy. Therefore, it can be said that the very birth of environmental science can be partly seen as an indirect consequence of globalization. This conclusion is especially important, since the intensive interaction between such disciplines as scientific policy, environmental policy and economic policy destroy the traditionally drawn boundaries [1].
Transnational corporations (TNCs), which are a subject in modern economic relations between countries, are the structures that have the greatest impact on the environmental situation
in the context of globalization. The production of goods and services that are competitive in the market is the basis for the formation of an effective economic system, the socio-economic development of any country and economic growth in general. Economic entities, such as transnational corporations and all countries of the world, are competing to increase their international competitiveness. Some states, namely national ones, in many respects turned out to be marginalized due to the fact that the basis of the process of strengthening the interdependence of national economies, i.e. economic globalization have become transnational companies.
Competition, which leads to lower costs when introducing the latest technologies and increasing the scale of production, the search for cheap labor, the location of production in countries with relatively low taxes, is the reason for such a large increase in the scale of TNCs. Transnational corporations are the main consumers of natural resources, the main producers of goods and service providers that pollute the environment. To minimize environmental costs, TNCs transfer their "dirty" production to more favorable and favorable conditions in terms of politics and economics, thus causing significant damage to the habitat in some countries. The exploitation of differences in investment and environmental laws between developing and developed countries is common among TNCs, often saving costly environmental investments in least developed countries and thereby circumventing environmental laws.
At the same time, in recent years, TNCs began to improve their environmental practices and began to use the environmental factor in their competition, as with the development of the world economy, consumer demand has become more environmentally oriented. For example, in Canada, the oil and gas company Shell deserved high praise from environmentalists, although this company did not find recognition among the "greens" in such countries as Nigeria, the Netherlands, Russia. This serves as an example of the fact that the environmental policy of the same TNC is carried out in different countries in different ways.
We single out 2 main hypotheses, according to economists, which allow us to identify which trends in the environmental practice of transnational corporations are the main ones:
- Transnational corporations play a positive role, since the environmental corporate standards of international companies are higher than those of domestic producers with smaller capitalization and lower financial capabilities.
- Multinational corporations move production to countries with weak environmental legislation
It was TNCs that played a special role in solving environmental problems. This became clear in the 1960s and 1970s, with the realization of the importance and magnitude of environmental problems. The development and implementation of "green" technologies takes place at the corporate level. Today a large number of people are willing to overpay for a highly economical product with an appropriate certificate. Although obtaining the necessary licenses and producing organic products requires a lot of financial and capital investment, some of the largest companies are engaged in environmentally friendly products, which bring them large profits. Increasing demand for green goods is the main goal of corporate marketing campaigns, the quality of which determines the number of consumers who are ready to buy green goods, despite their high cost.
IV. Discussion
After the creation of such a new direction as a "green" brand, the current marketing has reached a new level, and as a result, the largest companies are embarking on the path of greening their production. One of the most profitable and successful areas of strategic development for a multinational company is eco-marketing with great potential. The main reasons for the
introduction of environmentally oriented ideas around the world are the limited natural resources, increased resource consumption and environmental pollution. In recent decades, taking into account compliance with environmental requirements has become a strategic priority in the activities of leading TNCs, which was influenced by a combination of the following factors: public influence, the need to comply with strict legal norms, opportunities to increase the competitive advantages of TNCs abroad,
Only with a harmonious relationship between society, technology and nature, a comprehensive solution of environmental problems is possible. The reproduction of natural resources, as well as environmentally modern production, are the basis of industrial complexes, which necessarily include decisive tasks, the main of which is the rational use of natural resources.
In its essence, the natural environment has the ability to self-heal, i.e. has the ability to perceive on a certain scale some of the impact of an individual on the environment without changing its basic properties, but a person seeks to consume, rather than preserve, and the natural exceeds the established ecological limits. On the one hand, the economy must develop, on the other hand, it is economic efficiency that is the main factor in the development of environmental problems.
A rational approach to nature management, as well as the integrated use of natural resources, is the main way to obtain socio-economic and environmental benefits from the use of natural resources, which pushes humanity to the widespread use of waste-free technologies and the reuse of depleted resources. This approach will save raw materials and reduce the negative impact on the environment.
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