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161
УДК 334.72
ПРЕДПРИНИМАТЕЛЬСТВО В РОССИИ: ОСОБЕННОСТИ И
ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RUSSIA: CHARACTERISTICS AND
PERSPECTIVES
Голушко А.В., Гучигов Х.М.
Южно-Российский институт управления - филиал Российской академии народного хозяйства и государственной службы
Golushko A.V., Guchigov H.M.
South-Russia Institute of Management - branch of Russian Presidential
Academy of
National Economy and Public Administration
Аннотация: В данной статье были рассмотрены особенности развития предпринимательства в России и условия для его формирования . На основе социологического опроса, проанализированы личные характеристики, мотивы и цели предпринимателей в России. Рассмотрена государственная поддержка предпринимательства.
Ключевые слова: Предпринимательство в России, особенности российских предпринимателей, государственное стимулирование предпринимательства.
Annotation:In the article characteristics of entrepreneurship in Russia and conditions for its developing were considered . Russian entrepreneurs personal characteristics, motives and aims were analyzed , based on social survey. Government support of entrepreneurship was reviewed.
Key words: Entrepreneurship in Russia, characteristics of Russian entrepreneurs, government stimulating of enerpreneruship.
Russia is a large country with developing transition economy and undoubtedly the history of entrepreneurship is very interesting for research. Russian history has made "impression" on psychology of Russian entrepreneurs and we would like to answer the question who are Russian entrepreneurs?
The concept of a modern entrepreneurial Russia has remained a mystery. The country has gone through tremendous economic transformation and has a history of free-market capitalism.
One thing is clear- the pure drive and ambition of the young entrepreneurs in Russia.
Russian entrepreneurships have several characteristics:
- Entrepreneurship is Russia is developing at a fast rate. However, it's prominent only in large cities such as Moscow.
- Entrepreneurs have somewhat different meaning in Russia. Most of the wealthy businessmen who own their firms and call themselves Entrepreneurs, have got rich benefits from the government. For example, if chief manager was in charge of a plant or a manufacturing facility in Soviet time, they basically took over it or privatized it for insignificant amount of money. There was no bidding system or a structured sale of government facilities.
- As for today there are many firms that are owned privately.
- There is an enormous amount of FDI flowing into Russia
- Because of the large size of the country it's relatively easy to start up a new business - If a business is making significant profits, there is a need of protection against organized crime.
- Complicated tax and employment law regulations
- In recent years the number of small entrepreneurship entities has been growing with the annual growth rate of 6%.[6]
Russian history of developing sole proprietorship is very complicated because of the balance the government regulation and enforcement which allowed organized crime gangs, from street thugs to sophisticated financial swindlers, to flourish. Moreover to extortion, kidnapping, counterfeiting and drugs are increasingly becoming the activities of Russian organized crime groups.[4]
Social analysts studying entrepreneurship have emphasized three distinct sets of variables: the institutional environment, sociological variables, and personal and psychological characteristics.
In the survey Nizhny Novgorod and Dzershinsk; Perm and Chaykovsly, and Rostov on the Don and Taganrog, took part . [1]
Tahlr 1 : Differences between entrcpreiwurs and ndcVcrticprcncurs
Entrcpicncurs Noi> SE ¿ill J
(E) пИсргстснг sipiil it'uncc к
__< Nr 1 d i iVctcntc
Pant] Л: lndi> ¡dual с hit rut ttrtvlics Russian nationality, "A Rfliiiinus. believer. % Married, "/л
Number ofdiitdren, %
Were you in the (up Jtftb in Secondary School? % CuiinitiVeabiIjIч lest score Speat lurcign tanjiLtiyes. %
Mymhcr OT|>KviDiB professiond octivilks Number of Imn! Hies Lived I'lan lo move, %
Acocpt a risk-neutral jjatnble l+A tin w $20), % Ciixid iJt very iMKid health (self-described). Practice npiirb (rtgutajiy or from time lo lime), % Overweight м otx^c, % I'anrl If; Pmit* for I nt«nir a*>d nt'allh Spend more lltiti half of inoome on lood. % i >SAti a house. %
t>V>n El С51Г. %
Own a cimipulLT, W
Piinrl C: MntKitian. nrrcd lind h^iipincM
Wouid retire if \%on !(K) limes OOP per capita. % Would retire if won SOO times tПЗР |ier capita. % Wh> not recite if earned 500 limes GDI* pec capita (□imin^ [ho.se replying uixild щ retire, several answers permitted I
- I like ivhal 1 do,
- I uunl DWfe nuincy, %
- M> \vwfc nen.es a useful ячш! piirptisi, % Vciv ha|ip\ or quite liappy m hie. % Vers sueecssiii! or quite successful in life, %
Over 90% of the respondents are Russian, and there is no statistically significant difference in ethnic composition between entrepreneurs and non-
entrepreneurs. there is similarly no difference in religious beliefs between the two groups : married status , secondary school, education.
Entrepreneurs also declare more often that they plan to move in the future
and
Spend much on food, own a home, a car and a computer.
Interestingly, entrepreneurs claim to be both happier and more successful than nonentrepreneurs: while only slightly over 40% of non-entrepreneurs consider themselves successful, the comparable figure for entrepreneurs is 73%.
Cultural differences also appear to play some role - but less than some would have expected. Entrepreneurs appear to have a stronger work ethic than non-entrepreneurs on average: nearly three quarters of entrepreneurs consider work to be an important value compared to slightly over half of non-entrepreneurs (Table 2).[1]
Tabic 2: Comparing the values of entrepreneurs and non-entrepreneurs
The jbüotoiiig
is wry importara in life for:
Respondent
Respondent ¿ family
)ther people (according K respondent)
E, % MR, hi Si. Er E. % NE, % St. Er E, % N, % Sí Er
Work 74.3 54.8 [3.9]'" 46.8 49.5 [5.0] 35.5 50.4 [4.6]
Politics 0.Э 3.6 [1.3] 7.в Э.9 [1.5] 10.B 6.7 [3-е]
Powe 103 5.4 [2.4]" 10.3 7.7 [1.3] 20.3 17.5 [4 3]
Intellectual
achievement 42.3 35.1 [3.6 г 23.3 249 [3.1] 7.0 10.6 [1.9 ¡'
Freedom 61.5 53.5 [4.9] 40.8 44.3 [3.3] З4.е 40.1 [2.5]"
Family 84.3 81.2 [2.1] аз.о 83.8 [4.8] 42.5 57.1 [6.7]
Health 75.0 S0.8 14.0] 74.a 77.2 [2.5] 49.3 53.6 [6.5|
Service to
others 20.a 19.5 [3.3] 14.0 13.6 [2.2] 5.0 7.8 [3.5|
Financial
security 52.a 51.2 [4.3] 52.8 55.6 [5.0] 540 57.8 [3.1]
Fiiends 42.5 43.3 [4.0] 34.3 33.8 [3.4] 25.5 32.3 [3.6!
Leisure time 22. a 21.8 рщ 19.5 19.6 [4.7] 17j6 20.2 [2.1]
Religion 12.0 12 1 [2.9] 7.3 7.7 [2.1] 4.в 4.a [2.5]
Notes; For non-entrepreneurs we report means conditional on non-entrepreneurs having the same distribution over town, age, gender, and education as entrepreneurs. Robust standard errors for the difference in means between entrepreneurs and non-entrepreneurs adjusted for clustering at the town level are in brackets. *, "and *** respectively denote 10%, 5% and 1% significance levels for the difference ¡n conditional means.
Table 3: Values on legal social nouns
1Ъе following l líji At justified by
Respondent E, % NE, % 5/. Er
Other jieople (according tu respondent)
P % N % SL Er
Paying a bribe to a government official 53.3 39.3 [6.7] 54.5 42 4 [7.21
Accepting a bribe 3Î.S 20 .3 [3.9]" 38.5 27.2 |S:Q]
Avoiding a tare on public transport 75.8 79.3 [4.7] 76.8 76.2 [7.2] Buying something you know was
stolen 22.8 23.3 [4.2] 36.8 28.1 [B.I]
Entrepreneurs and non-entrepreneurs share similar values( family, friends, leisure time, religion, service to others, financial security, health, and freedom .
In terms of social norms regarding corruption and cheating, both paying and receiving bribes are considered more acceptable by entrepreneurs than non-entrepreneurs (Table 3). Many entrepreneurs are immersed in business environments where there frequently is corruption and have come to accept it as a part of doing business. entrepreneurs and non-entrepreneurs avoiding a fare on public transport and buying a stolen item.
Entrepreneurs have more trust in business partners, employees and other business people then do non-entrepreneurs, (Table 4). However, in terms of
overall trust of friends, families, and others, entrepreneurs and non-entrepreneurs are largely similar.
Table 4: Self-expressed trust of others
Have a lor о/ imsl in: Respondent Standard Error and
significance of
E, % NE, % difference
Family members 89 5 B8.3 [3.0]
Friends 49.0 45.0 [3.2!
Business partners 25.5 1S.5 [2.4f
Employees 10.3 6.9 It.9]'
Other business people 3.0 1.1 ftt.&r
Local government officials 1.0 0.3 [031
Regional government officials 1.0 0.9 [0.6]
Central government officials 15 1.3 [0.5!
Other people in town 2.5 0.3 [1.0!'
Russian people 13 0.3 [0.5!"
Foreigners 1.0 1.2 [0.7!
Notes: For non-entrepreneurs .we report means conditional tin non-entrepreneurs liaving the same distribution over town, age, gender, an J education as entre preneurs, ko bust standard errors for the difference m means between entrepreneurs and non-entrepreneurs adjusted for clustering at the town level are in brackets. . and respectively denote 10%, 5% and 1% Significance levels for the difference in conditional means.
Table 5: Perceptions of the institutional environment
_Rt>.ipú/iíJt'/it__Standard
E, % NE, % Error and significance
_of difference
People in your town are favorable towards entrepreneurs ee.o 65.0 [5.7]
Local government is favorable towards entrepreneurs 43.0 50.1 {6 3!
Regional government is favorable towards entrepreneurs 49.0 47.0 [7.6]
Centra] government is lavorable towards entrepreneurs 54.5 51.5 [6.6]
Go to court if cheated by supplier or client 65.6 76.2 ¡4-21
Go to court if government official abuses power bi.s 74.0 J3.i]
Private entrepreneurs pay bribes to avoid regulations «3.5 64.7 [3.5]
Private entrepreneurs pay bribes to change rules 4gjj 51.Q (6 £j
It is relatively easy in town to find money to start business 21.0 132 ¡3.3]
Most people in town can be trusted 16.0 16.5 J4.0]
There were also survey questions regarding respondents' subjective perceptions of the attitude that the population as a whole, and different government officials, have towards entrepreneurs. entrepreneurs and non-entrepreneurs appear to have very similar perceptions in this dimension, with a few exceptions, mostly notably less willingness among entrepreneurs to use the courts to punish a government official who abuses her / his power, and a stronger belief among entrepreneurs that it is easy to find money to start an enterprise (Table 5). [1]
In summary, there are significant differences between Russian entrepreneurs and nonentrepreneurs along many personality (self-confidence and risk accepting behavior) and other 9 characteristics (cognitive ability), in terms of certain cultural values (work ethic), as well as in their family and social background, in particular the high density of entrepreneurs among their family and friends. Fewer differences are seen in views on the business environment and the ability to trust others.[5]
Why do entrepreneurs decide to start-up?
Having entrepreneurs in the family or friends ,the individual characteristics, the score on the cognitive exam (testing recall) , parent's education, , social network effects, the individual perceptions of business climate and many others factors influenced on their choice to become an entrepreneur.
Now let's talk about the reasons why people don't want to become entrepreneurs. The three main reasons that stand out are lack of money, lack of entrepreneurial skills ("I do not have what it takes") and risk aversion towards entrepreneurial activity. Individual characteristics play an important role in the choice to become or not an entrepreneur. Confidence in starting one's own business is boosted by having entrepreneurs in one's family and among one's friends. [1]
1 able 8 The reasons for not running own business I Percentage of people who indicated thai the following is the reason)
The one main All reasons
reason that apply
% SE % SE
I cannot find the startup money 21.9 II 8] 45 6 [2.1]
1 think. [ do not have what it takes 18,7 11-71 3&.1 [2 1]
Entre preneursbip is too risky 15.6 [1.6] 50.7 [2.2]
1 would not know what kind of business to start 7.6 [11] 2K.3 [K9]
I would not know how to start 6.5 fU] 30.6 [2.0]
Business may involve breaking the law, J cannot/ do
not want to do that 5.0 [09] 31.9 [2.0]
Too hard. 1 would need to work too much work 4.3 [09] 19 3 [1.7]
I have more important goals in hie than making money 3.3 10 S3 20.0 [1.7]
Current job brings more money 3.0 [0.7] 8.9 [1,2]
1 am afraid that my prod ucts/serv ices will not sell 1.3 [0.5] ISO [1.7]
The attitude of my lamily and friends towards
entrepreneurs is hostile 0.6 Ш 6 9 [11]
The attitude of local government towards entrepreneurs
is hostile 0.6 [0.3] 8.7 P m
The attitude of central government towards
entrepreneurs is hostile 0.2 [0.2] 43 [0.9]
The attitude of the majority of population tow ards
entrepreneurs is hostile 0.0 [00] 7.4 [11]
The attitude of regional government towards
entrepreneurs is host lie 0.0 fû.o] 5.4 [ВД
i.Xher 10.6 |13] 16.7 [16]
Russia's strategic task in the development of small and medium-sized enterprises up to 2020, which puts the government, is to approach the main indicators for economic development of countries. The share of small and medium-sized companies in the GDP should be at least 40% (instead of 20% now). The share of employment in small and medium-sized companies should approach the 50% of the total economically active population (instead of 20% now). Russia should move closer to global figures on the share of citizens who want to start their own business. This figure represents 10% of all citizens. Therefore, one of the major challenges in the near future - is to increase the number of small and medium-sized enterprises and their contribution to economic development.[2]
State policy of promoting entrepreneurship is determined by the need to create a competitive environment in Russia. High quality goods and services given the competition for the customer. The legislation extends the capabilities to protect the interests of small and medium-sized companies. Conditions are being created to support community business organizations - an essential
element of civil society. To support small and medium-sized businesses in 2012 spent about 0.2% of the costs of the federal budget.[3]
The main directions of state support:
• Increased demand through the availability of state and municipal order ;
• The mechanism of participation of small and medium-sized enterprises in public procurement;
• Enhancing the competitiveness of small and medium-sized companies through grants exporting enterprises;
• Availability of office and industrial real estate;
• Availability of technological infrastructure;
• Grant support entrepreneurs;
• Financial support;
• Reduce the administrative burden on business;
• creation of business associations for feedback;
• Propaganda of Business;[5]
The determinants of entrepreneurship in Russia are multiple. Russian entrepreneurs are driven by their work, they like to take risks and are greedy. Social network effects - having entrepreneurs in the family and among one's friends - appear important for the choice to become an entrepreneur. Individual characteristics are the most important, in particular cognitive ability, risk-taking and greed. Cultural differences do not seem to play a key role in Russia, even though there are some notable differences between entrepreneurs and nonentrepreneurs, including their self-expressed work ethic. Credit constraints appear to play some role in discouraging people from starting or expanding an enterprise but they are only one factor among others
Список литературы:
1. Simeon Djankov, Edward Miguel, Yingyi Qian, Gérard Roland, Ekaterina Zhuravskaya /«Who are russia's entrepreneurs?»/ November 2005
2. Феликс Шамхалов/ О государственной поддержке предпринимательства в России/ "Государство и предпринимательство"Номер 2/98
3. Кобилев А.Г. Предпринимательство и наука: вопросы стратегического партнерства // Государственное и муниципальное управление. Ученые записки СКАГС. 2009. № 3. С. 23-28.
4. Овакимян М.А. Проблемы и перспективы взаимодействия муниципальной власти, предпринимательства и местного сообщества: опыт России // Государственное и муниципальное управление. Ученые записки СКАГС. 2012. № 2. С. 38-45
5. Гончарова О.Ю. Современные проблемы развития российского малого предпринимательства и пути их решения // Государственное и муниципальное управление. Ученые записки СКАГС. 2010. № 4. С. 75-85
6. Гончарова О.Ю. Проблемы развития малого инновационного предпринимательства В России // Государственное и муниципальное управление. Ученые записки СКАГС. 2011. № 4. С. 82-90
