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ПОЛИТИКА, ЭКОНОМИКА И ИННОВАЦИИ № 5 (52), 2023
УДК 330.111.4
Дживика Маникандан, студентка международного медицинского института Курского государственного медицинского университета, Курск, Россия
Email: mj eevikamj eevika@gmail. com
ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИЕ РЕСУРСЫ
Аннотация: дефицит ресурсов, по сути, связан с текущим спросом на ресурс, превышающим имеющееся предложение. Это может привести к неустойчивому росту и усилению неравенства по мере роста цен, что делает ресурс менее доступным для наименее обеспеченных слоев населения.
Ключевые слова: экономические ресурсы, дефицит
Jeevika Manikandan, student of the International Medical Institute, Kursk State Medical University, Kursk, Russia
Email: mj eevikamj eevika@gmail .com
ECONOMIC RESOURCES
Abstract: resource scarcity is essentially about current demand for a resource exceeding available supply. This can lead to unsustainable growth and a rise in inequality as prices rise making the resource less affordable for those who are least well- off.
Key words: economic resources, scarcity
One of the defining features of economics is scarcity, which deals with how people satisfy unlimited wants and needs with limited resources. Scarcity affects the monetary value people place on goods and services and how governments and private firms decide
ПОЛИТИКА, ЭКОНОМИКА И ИННОВАЦИИ № 5 (52), 2023 to distribute resources. Scarcity is one of the key concepts of economics. It means that the demand for a good or service is greater than the availability of the good or service. Therefore, scarcity can limit the choices available to the consumers who ultimately make up the economy. Scarcity is important for understanding how goods and services are valued. Things that are scarce, like gold, diamonds, or certain kinds of knowledge, are more valuable for being scarce because sellers of these goods and services can set higher prices. These sellers know that because more people want their good or service than there are goods and services available, they can find buyers at a higher cost [2].
Scarcity of goods and services is an important variable for economic models because it can affect the decisions made by consumers. For some people, the scarcity of a good or service means they cannot afford it. The economy of any place is made up of these choices by individuals and companies about what they can produce and afford.
The goods and services of any country are limited, which can lead to scarcity. Countries have different resources available to produce goods and services. These resources can be workers, government and private company investment, or raw materials (like trees or coal). Certain limits of scarcity can be balanced by taking resources from one area and using them somewhere else. Sellers like private companies or governments decide how the available resources are spread out. This is done by trying to strike a balance between what consumers need or want, what the government needs, and what will be an efficient use of resources to maximize profits. Countries also import resources from other countries, and export resources from their own [3].
Scarcity can be created on purpose. For example, governments control the printing of money, a valuable good. But, paper, cotton, and labour are all widely available across the world, so the things required to make money are not themselves scarce. If governments print too much money, the value of their money decreases, because it has become less scarce. When the supply of money in an economy is too high, it can lead to inflation. Inflation means the amount of money needed to buy a good or service increases— therefore money becomes less valuable, and the same amount of money can buy less over
ПОЛИТИКА, ЭКОНОМИКА И ИННОВАЦИИ № 5 (52), 2023 time than it could in the past. It is therefore in a country's best interest to keep its paper money supply relatively scarce. However, sometimes inflation can help an economy. When money is less scarce, people can spend more, which triggers a rise in production. Low inflation can help an economy grow. Water scarcity in India is an ongoing water crisis that affects nearly hundreds of millions of people each year. In addition to affecting the huge rural and urban population, the water scarcity in India also extensively affects the ecosystem and agriculture. India has only 4% of the world's fresh water resources despite a population of over 1.39 billion people [4]. In addition to the disproportionate availability of freshwater, water scarcity in India also results from drying up of rivers and their reservoirs in the summer months, right before the onset of the monsoons throughout the country. The crisis has especially worsened in the recent years due to climate change which results in delayed monsoons, consequently drying out reservoirs in several regions. Other factors attributed to the shortage of water in India are a lack of proper infrastructure and government oversight and unchecked water pollution. The acute shortage of water for daily needs has prompted many governments and non-government organizations to take stringent measures to combat the problem. The Government of India has launched multiple schemes and programs, including the formation buck of an entire 'Jal Shakti' Ministry to deal with the problem. The government has also insisted on techniques such as rainwater harvesting, water conservation and more efficient irrigation. Agriculture alone is responsible for 80% of the country's water usage. Several large cities of India have experienced water shortages in recent years, with Chennai being the most prominent in 2019.[5] The shortage of water affected the entire city of 9 million people and resulted in the closure of several hotels, restaurants and businesses. According to a report by the National Institution for Transforming India (NITI Aayog), at least 21 major Indian cities, including the capital New Delhi will completely run out of groundwater by 2020.The report also noted that approximately 200,000 people die in India each year due to the lack of access to safe drinking water[6].
ПОЛИТИКА, ЭКОНОМИКА И ИННОВАЦИИ № 5 (52), 2023
Plus, the problem is only going to get more severe, as the population grows, while water becomes even more scarce. It should be evident, then that India is facing a water crisis, one that whoever comes to power would be expected to help resolve Reasons for scarcity
Monsoon is defined as a seasonal reversing wind accompanied by corresponding changes in precipitation. The North-East monsoon is responsible for 10%-20% rainfall of the total rainfall in India, while the South-West monsoon provides approximately 80% of rainfall. Therefore, the effects of climate change on the monsoon seasons is one of the important reasons for decrease in rainfall and water shortage in India. In recent years, monsoons in India have become more sporadic while also reducing in their length and hence reducing the total precipitation [8]. In 2018, the North-East monsoon decreased by 44% and the South-West monsoon was deficient by 10%.The summer South-West monsoon that usually results in rainfall from the months of June till September was delayed for 10 days, causing the rainfall in the area to decrease by 36 percent in comparison to the 50-year average. Because of the lower rainfall, water levels in reservoirs across the country decreased and led to extreme shortages of water in many major cities of India. During the first half year of 2019, 91 major reservoirs in the country recorded a 32% drop in their water capacity, resulting in disasters such as the Chennai Water Crisis. The economic impact of rising sea levels is substantially evident within India. The damage cost is estimated at between US$24 billion and US$36 billion. This is primarily due to the rate of high emissions in conjunction with the increasing instability of ice sheets. These rising emissions are a predominant factor behind why India is consequently facing higher temperatures. The 'wet-bulb temperature', an approximate tool that integrates heat and humidity is expected to be at a constant rate of 31 Celsius. That rate resembles an adverse impact on human life due to the impacts of climate change in relation to water. Infrastructure River pollution.
Due to the lack of a long-term water management plan, many of the country's rivers either run dry or have been polluted. Although one of the most important river in India,
ПОЛИТИКА, ЭКОНОМИКА И ИННОВАЦИИ № 5 (52), 2023 Ganga is also the one that is most severely polluted. The pollution mostly results from untreated sewage from densely populated cities, industrial waste as well as due to religious ceremonies in and around the river. Ganga is a holy river in Hindu mythology and during religious festivals, over 70 million people bathe in the Ganges, believed to wash off them sins. The bones and ashes remaining after Hindu cremation are also thrown into Ganges along with other religious waste. Sometimes, half-cremated bodies are also thrown into the Ganges in order to let them decompose in water. Although the Ganga Action Plan was launched in 1984 in a bid to clean the Ganges River within 25 years, the river is still highly polluted, with a high proportion of heavy metals and lethal chemicals that can even cause cancer. The unsatisfying result of the Ganga Action Plan has been attributed to a "lack of technical knowledge "and "misplaced priorities". Other cited reasons also include lack of maintenance of the facilities as well as inadequate fees for the services[9]. India is the world's biggest groundwater user, extracting 251 billion cubic metres (251 cubic kilometres; 203 million acre-feet; 60 cubic miles) of groundwater in 2010, compared to 112 billion m3 (112 km3; 91-million-acre ft; 27 cu mi) of groundwater extracted by the United States. From 2007 to 2017, the continued exploitation of groundwater caused the groundwater level in India to decrease by 61 percent, according to the Central Ground Water Board (CGWB). The unmonitored and unregulated extraction of groundwater has diminished and contaminated the water resources, and therefore threatens the people who depend on these water sources for their daily needs. According to a report by NITI Ayog in 2018, "the country was suffering from the worst water crisis in the history". The report also pointed out that 21 Indian cities will run out of ground water by 2020.
Groundwater meets more than half of the country's need of water supply, and nearly 89% of the groundwater extracted in India is used for irrigation. The traditional techniques of irrigation are also to blame for the water crisis as they result in a majority of water loss and evaporation during the irrigation process. According to the Central Water Commission, even though climate change has resulted in a reduction in rainfall and thereby the water supply, the country still receives enough rainfall to meet the needs of
ПОЛИТИКА, ЭКОНОМИКА И ИННОВАЦИИ № 5 (52), 2023 over 1 billion people. However, India only catches only 8 percent of its annual rainfall due to poor rainwater harvesting. Due to rapid urbanisation, a lot of the ponds used to capture water have been lost due to the rising population and inefficient implementation of city planning guidelines. India has also been lacking in the treatment of wastewater for reuse. Approximately 80 percent of domestic wastewater is drained out as waste and ends up flowing into other water bodies which lead to salt water sources such as the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea[10].
References
1. Resource scarcity - www.tutor2u.net
2. Scarcity - scarcity (nationalgeographic.org)
3. water scarcity in India - water scarcity in India - Wikipedia
4. By 2030 the demand for water in India will be twice as much as the supply -elections 2019: what have India's politicians promised to do about the water crisis? (scroll.in)
5. Reasons for scarcity - water scarcity in India - Wikipedia
6. Water scarcity in India -https: //en.wikipedia. org/wiki/Water_scarcity_in_india
7. Today's India-https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20210329-the-great-indian-thirst-
8. Water scarcity over various places -https://www.circleofblue.org/indiawater/
9. India waterportal-https://www.indiawaterportal.org/articles/water-scarcity-and-security-india
10. Watercrisis-https://www.mapsofindia.com/my-india/society/water-the-next-looming-crisis
