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UDC / УДК 546.18.003.13:631.582:631.855+631.851:631.862+631.84/83
EFFICIENCY AND BALANCE OF PHOSPHORUS FOR TWO CROP ROTATIONS IN MAKING THE ANNUAL AND SPARE APPLICATION OF SUPERPHOSPHATE AND PHOSPHORITE MEAL IN COMBINATION WITH MANURE AND NITROGEN-POTASSIUM FERTILIZERS
ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТЬ И БАЛАНС ФОСФОРА ЗА ДВЕ РОТАЦИИ СЕВООБОРОТА ПРИ ЕЖЕГОДНОМ И ЗАПАСНОМ ВНЕСЕНИИ СУПЕРФОСФАТА И ФОСФОРИТНОЙ МУКИ В СОЧЕТАНИИ С НАВОЗОМ И АЗОТНО-КАЛИЙНЫМИ УДОБРЕНИЯМИ
А
Nebytov V.G. , Candidate of Biological Sciences, Associate Professor, Senior Research Worker of Laboratory of Agricultural Chemistry Небытов В. Г., кандидат биологических наук, доцент, старший научный сотрудник лаборатории агрохимии E-mail: nebuytov@yandex. ru Kolomeichenko V.V.2, Doctor of Agricultural Sciences, Professor, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences Коломейченко В. В., доктор сельскохозяйственных наук, профессор, член-
корреспондент РАН Mazalov V.I.1, Candidate of Agricultural Sciences, Director Мазалов В. И., кандидат сельскохозяйственных наук, директор E-mail: gnuсхос@уandex. ru 1Shatilovo Agricultural Experiment Station of State Scientific Institution the all-Russia Research Institute of Legumes and Groat Crops, Orel Region, Russia 1Шатиловская сельскохозяйственная опытная станция ВНИИЗБК, Орловская
область, Россия
о
Federal State Budgetary Educational Establishment of Higher Education "Orel State Agrarian University named after N.V. Parakhin", Orel, Russia
2 ФГБОУ ВО «Орловский государственный аграрный университет имени Н.В. Парахина», Орел, Россия
KEY WORDS
superphosphate, phosphorite meal, manure, agro-chemical properties. КЛЮЧЕВЫЕ СЛОВА
суперфосфат, фосфоритная мука, навоз, агрохимические свойства почвы.
Introduction. In the condition of the systematic application of phosphate fertilizer plants unused phosphorus presents in the soil in a reversible condition in the four pools and respectively is available for plants in different amounts, providing a lasting effect as an aftereffect [1]. Therefore periodic (in stock) application of phosphorus fertilizers is justified, taking into consideration that with overphosphating of soil this method loses its advantage in comparison with the annual and the need for phosphorus fertilizers is reduced. Scientific rationale for the use of phosphorite meal on the northern border of black earth is due to the field experience of «Enriching of the soil by phosphates» [2, 3]. The experimental data set that the effect of phosphorite meal in comparison with superphosphate on the yield of cereals under its basic application is practically the same, a long-effect on subsequent crops is considered and its introduction to stock up on crop rotation as a permanent system
of admission to fertilizers recommended [4, 5]. However, unbalanced unilateral use of low pay and grain yield of phosphate fertilizers in three-field crop rotation determined the need for use of nitrogen- potash fertilizer to enhance phosphate plant nutrition.
The purpose of the study is to research the effects of annual and reserve making of superphosphate and phosphorite meal made by N60K60 background and background with manure and N60K60 on crop yields and changes in the content of available phosphorus in the soil for two crop rotations.
Methodology of the study. Research was conducted in 2006-2013 years in a
stationary field experiment F1. The field experiment was laid in 1899 in the six-pole
clover rotation. In each field the effect of agricultural practices (timing and methods
of sowing, seeding rate, depth of tillage techniques care of crops), on the harvest of
crop rotation and agrophysical soil properties against the clear and fertilized 36 t/ha
manure steam were studied. In 1912 the six-pole rotation was divided into manure
and phosphate three-field by A.N. Lebedyantsev [6]. The experience of «Enriching of
the soil by phosphates» was deployed on 4, 5, 6 fields of rotation, where
superphosphate (Ps145) and phosphorite meal (Pf1135) kg/ha P2O5 are applied
annually and with varying frequency (Ps345, Pf3135, Pf®135) in the corresponding cycle
of the three-field crop rotation separately and on the manure. From 1949 till 2005
after effect of fertilizers has been studied in experiments. Since 2006 they have been
moving to the territorial deployed on four fields (F1, F2, F3, F4), crop rotation -
fallow, winter crops, silage corn, spring. Superphosphate and phosphorite meal
(Psd90 and Pf90) were brought at each field successively and are made annually
and in reserve (Psd270 and Pf270) on the back Naa60Kh60 and on the manure
Naa60Kh60 with the same field where they were made from 1913 till 1949. The dose
of manure fertilizer applying in a fallow is 24 t/ha. Total area of the control plots and
2 2 separate phosphorus fertilization is 144 m , on the background of manure - 288 m .
The replication of completely experience is double. Varieties of winter rye Orlovsky
maluysh, winter wheat Nemchinovskaya 57, spring wheat Daria, hybrid corn
Krasnodar 194 are cultivated. Soil is agroochernozem, clay-illuvial, typical, heavy,
and saturated, moderately on loess-like loams. According to the generally accepted
procedures [7] in the soil samples was determined the following: the content of
humus by Tyurin; mobile phosphorus and potassium - by Chirikov, calcium and
magnesium with the help of complexometric method using trilon B; pH of salt -
potentiometrically; hydrolytical acidity - by Kappen. The main experimental results
were processed using the method of analysis of variance by Dospehov [8].
Results and discussion. Meteorological conditions during the period of conducting research significantly influenced the growth and development of plants, harvest of crops. In 2007 the weather conditions for wintering of winter crops were favorable, damage and thinning of plants of winter rye was not observed. Precipitation in June, July, contributed to the formation of winter rye harvest 3-5 tons/ha. 2008 was characterized by drought conditions with maximum temperatures of 35-36°C in August and adverse conditions for the growth of corn. 2009 in the number of rainfall during the growing season was favorable for plant growth and development of spring wheat.
In 2011 the lack of moisture in the 2nd and 3rd decade of May (12.2 mm.) and the first and the second decades of June (9.7 mm.), high average of daily air temperature (in May - 4.6°C, June - 2.6°C above average long-term norms) produce a negative impact on plant growth and development of winter wheat. 2012 was characterized by predominantly warm weather. The mean annual air temperature
was 1.5°C above mean annual. Rainfall was 720 mm which favorably influenced the growth of corn plants. In May 2013 average daily air temperature was above 7°C, rainfall was 23% of mean normal we have. From 4 till 25 June there was a lack of precipitation. In June and July the average daily air temperature was higher at 3°C and 0.2°C, rainfall was 51% in June, in July, 69% average annual norms. Non-sufficiency of moisture at high average daily temperatures had a negative impact on the growth and development of the plants and their productivity.
Manure introduced at a dose of 24 t/ha had a significant impact on the harvest of all crops in rotation (Table. 1).
Variant I rotation(2007-2009) II rotation(2011-2013) Average, 2 rotation, t s e/ha
Winter rye, Orlovsky maluysh Corn for silage, Krasnodarskiy 194 MB. Spring wheat Daria Total for rotation, t s e/ha Winter wheat, Nemchinovskaya 57 Corn for silage, Krasnodarskiy 194 MB. Spring wheat Daria Total for rotation, t s e/ha
Control 3.50 42.7 2.00 12.7 2.50 34.4 1.84 10.3 11.5
N60K60 4.33 66.1 2.15 17.7 2.52 57.2 2.14 14.4 16.0
N60Ps90K60 4.46 67.3 2.15 18.1 2.59 61.9 2.19 15.3 16.6
N60Ps270K60 4.42 67.9 2.20 18.2 2.92 62.8 2.21 15.8 16.9
N60Pf90K60 4.79 68.2 2.05 18.4 2.81 59.1 2.18 15.0 16.7
N60Pf270K60 4.52 67.1 2.05 17.9 2.67 58.6 2.17 14.8 16.4
Manure 24 t/ha-M4 4.79 69.1 2.25 18.8 4.06 54.8 2.17 15.5 17.2
N60K60 +H4 4.82 71.7 2.20 19.2 4.07 63.7 2.16 17.0 18.1
N60Ps90K60 +M4 5.40 73.9 2.25 20.2 4.32 68.5 2.25 18.2 19.2
N60Ps270K60+M4 5.27 73.7 2.24 20.0 4.19 70.4 2.27 18.4 19.2
N60Pf90K60 +M4 5.24 72.9 2.25 19.9 4.02 64.4 2.18 17.1 18.5
N60Pf270K60 +M4 4.97 72.7 2.24 19.6 4.07 64.5 2.19 17.2 18.4
HCP05 0.23 4.7 0.17 - 0.24 5.6 0.26 - -
Grain yield increase of winter rye, winter and spring wheat, corn green mass relative to control by crop rotation , respectively, were as follows: in the first - 1.29, 0.25, 26.4 t/ha, in the second - 1.56, 0.33, 20.4 t/ha. Nitrogen-potash (N60K60) was less effective than manure. In the first rotation 0.83 and 23.4 t/ha grain yield increase of winter rye and corn green mass was obtained. In the second rotation gain green mass of corn and spring wheat accounted for 22.8, 0.30 t/ha. The significant differences in the first crop rotation on N60K60 background and manure in combination with an increase in N60K60 winter rye grain yield between the annual and emergency application of superphosphate was not identified. Relative to the control, respectively, - 0.96 and 0.92 and 1.90 and 1.77 t/ha grain yield increase of winter rye was obtained.
Of the 97 experiments conducted on Shatilovskaya Experimental Station in 1920s-1930s phosphorite meal in applying 90 kg/ha P2O5 provided an increase in grain yield of winter rye 0.5-0.7 t/ha. [9] Between annual and reserve methods of applying of phosphorite meal by N60K60 and manure combined with N60K60 to control significant differences in yield increase of winter rye were obtained. On the
background of N60K60 the advantage was for its annual applying on the background with farmyard manure with N60K60 - reserve, grain yield increase was respectively of 1.29 and 1.47 t/ha. Among compared methods of making forms of phosphate fertilizers in the second rotation there are significant differences in yield increase of winter wheat due to applying reserve superphosphate. On the background N60K60 compared with an annual reserve application of superphosphate helped to obtain -0.73 t/ha grain yield increase. In the first and second crop rotations significant differences in yield growth of green mass of corn and spring wheat from the ways of application forms of phosphate fertilizers is not found. In the second crop rotation advantage of reserve applying of superphosphate was established, compared with an annual farmyard manure on background with N60K60, increase in yield of green mass of corn was 8.1 t/ha.
In general, in two manure crop rotations manure introduced at a dose of 24 t/ha has provided higher - 17.2 t s e/ha productivity of crop rotation in comparison with the nitrogen-potassium (N60K60) - 16.0 t s e/ha and 16.4-16.9 t s e/ha of phosphate fertilizers. The highest productivity - 19.2 t s e/ha was obtained in the hierarchy of annual variations and reserve applying of superphosphate N60K60 and manure.
In the first and second crop rotations phosphorite meal applying by each year and the reserve for N60K60 was as effective as superphosphate and during two rotations from the annual and reserve its payment received almost the same 18.4 and 17.9 15.0 and 14.8 crop productivity. On the background of manure in combination with N60K60 average of two crop rotation yield increase from applying of phosphorite meal was somewhat less than 14-14.2% compared with the annual and reserve applying of superphosphate.
Phosphorus fertilization increased the content of mobile phosphorus in arable (0-20 cm) layer of soil (Table. 2).
Table 2 - The content of available phosphorus in the soil (0-20 cm), mg/kg
Variant Before application of fertilizers, 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 Average, 2 rotations
Control 27.9 28.1 28.8 29.3 30.2 29.5 29.8 29.3
N60K60 28.5 27.5 28.9 27.6 30.5 29.3 28.3 28.7
N60Ps90K60 26.1 36.5 35.2 34.9 36.5 38.2 37.9 36.5
N60Ps270K60 29.9 35.5 35.9 35.7 42.5 39.9 40.7 38.4
N60Pf90K60 25.8 31.9 30.4 30.9 32.9 32.4 31.3 31.6
N60Pf270K60 29.0 34.8 34.7 34.1 34.7 35.7 35.1 34.9
Manure 24 t/ha - M4 29.5 32.9 31.6 30.0 32.3 33.1 30.0 31.7
N60K60 +H4 30.9 31.7 30.9 30.7 31.4 31.9 31.4 31.3
N60Ps90K60 +M4 33.0 39.1 40.9 41.2 41.1 41.9 42.2 41.1
N60Ps270K60+M4 30.6 43.4 40.9 39.5 44.1 43.6 42.9 42.4
N60Pf90K60 +M4 32.1 37.8 38.9 38.9 38.9 39.8 39.9 39.0
N60Pf270K60 +M4 32.7 39.2 39.9 39.5 39.9 40.2 39.8 39.7
On average, in two rotations the content of mobile phosphorus in the topsoil under the influence of the annual applying of superphosphate on the background N60K60 to compare with baseline increased by 10.4 mg/kg. Under the influence of the emergency reserve application of superphosphate 270 Ps on the background
N60K60 content of mobile phosphorus increased by 8.5 mg/kg. Phosphorite meal with an annual and reserve applying, as compared with superphosphate on the background N60K60, was less effective, the content in the topsoil of mobile phosphorus increased by 5.8 and 5.9 mg/kg. According to the manure background N60K60 with superphosphate, applying to stock up on crop rotation contributed the largest - 11.8 mg/kg increase in soil mobile phosphorus. In variants of the annual and reserve applying of phosphorite meal by N60K60 content of mobile phosphorus increased by 6.9 and 7.0 mg/kg. When applying superphosphate in stock (Pf270 on the background N60K60 and manure n60k60) content of mobile phosphorus in the soil in 2011 increased by 12.6 and 13.5 mg/kg. Later in 2012 and 2013 the gradual reduction to 10.8 and 12.3 mg/kg was noted.
Phosphorus balance in the control and the variants with application of manure and N60K60 was negative (Table 3).
Table 3 - Changes in
the content of mobile phosphorus average
Variant P205, kg/ha Increase in content P2O5, mg/kg Costs P2O5 at increasing the content of mobile phosphorus in the soil at 1 mg/100 g, kg/ha
applied removal balance
Control - 108 -108 - -
N60K60 - 144 -144 - -
N60Ps90K60 270 149 120 10.4 116
N60Ps270K60 270 152 117 8.5 137
N60Pf90K60 270 151 119 5.8 205
N60Pf270K60 270 147 122 5.9 206
Manure 24 t/ha - M4 60 158 -98 - -
N60K60 +H4 60 165 -105 - -
N60Ps90K60 +M4 330 175 154 8.1 190
N60Ps270K60+M4 330 175 154 11.8 130
N60Pf90K60 +M4 330 169 161 6.9 233
N60Pf270K60 +M4 330 165 164 7.0 234
or two crop rotations
To increase the phosphorus content in the soil at 1 mg/100 g, respectively -116-234 kg/ha P2O5 removal of excess harvest was consumed. Costs of fertilizer to increase the content of mobile phosphorus to 1 mg/kg in topsoil in annual and reserve variations of use of superphosphate on the background N60K60 were respectively 116 and 137 kg/ha. Compared with superphosphate to improve the content of the mobile phosphorus to 1 mg/100 g in topsoil to 1 mg per 100 g of P205 more phosphorus was spent - 205 and 206 and 233 and 234 kg/ha in alternate variants of the annual and reserve phosphate applying. Compared methods of applying of superphosphate the advantage of applying of superphosphate Ps270 N60K60 and manure at a low cost was set - 130 kg/ha an increase in the content of mobile phosphorus to 1 mg/100 g in topsoil .
On average phosphorus fertilization was sufficient to ensure a positive - 117164 kg/ha phosphorus balance in two crop rotations. With annual and reserve ways of applying with the additional use of superphosphate N60K60 and N60K60 with manure a positive balance of phosphorus - 116, 131 and 190, 130 kg/ha was adequately provided, the intensity of which was - 177 and 188%.
CONCLUSIONS
1. Application of crop rotation 24 t/ha of manure contributed gross productivity increase of crop rotation to 17.2 t s e/ha and getting in the first and second rotations a yield increase of winter rye, winter and spring wheat, corn for silage, that is equal to 1.29, 0.25, 26.4 t/ha and - 1.56, 0.33, 20.4 t/ha.
2. Of comparable forms of phosphorus fertilizers, superphosphate with reserve applying in combination with manure on N60K60 was the most efficient -19.2 t s e/ha during two crop rotations, increased the content of mobile phosphorus на 11.8 mg/kg, low (130 kg/ha) costs increase in mobile phosphorus on 1 mg/100 g in topsoil.
3. Phosphorite meal applied by each year and in the reserve for nitrogen-potassium background has provided almost the same - 16.7 and 16.4 t s e/ha superphosphate productivity of crops for two crop rotations.
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