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РАЗДЕЛ 1 МОДЕЛИ, СИСТЕМЫ, СЕТИ В ЭКОНОМИКЕ И УПРАВЛЕНИИ
УДК 338.2
ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКАЯ ДОСТУПНОСТЬ ПРОДОВОЛЬСТВИЯ В РОССИИ НА СОВРЕМЕННОМ ЭТАПЕ
Л. Г. Котова, В. А. Муравина
ECONOMIC AVAILABILITY OF THE FOOD IN RUSSIA AT THE PRESENT STAGE
L. G. Kotova, V. A. Muravina
Аннотация. Рассмотрена проблема экономической доступности продовольствия в России на современном этапе. Отражена взаимосвязь между доходами населения и доступностью продовольствия, приведены статистические данные зависимости доходов населения от уровня роста цен, дана оценка продовольственной безопасности страны как глобальной мировой проблемы.
Ключевые слова: продовольственная безопасность страны, глобальные мировые проблемы, проблема экономической доступности, продовольствие, доходы населения, доступность продовольствия, рост цен.
Abstract. This article is devoted to a problem of economic availability of the food in Russia at the present stage. The interrelation between the income of the population and availability of the food is reflected, statistical these dependences of the income of the population on rise in prices level are given, the assessment of food security of the country as global world problem is given.
Key words: food security, global world problems, problem of economic availability, food, income of the population, availability of the food, rise in prices.
The urgency of the called subject is caused by that development of the Russian economy is permanent is accompanied by the crisis phenomena in all spheres of activity in the conditions of which questions of level of the income of the population and availability of the food leave into the forefront. Level and quality of providing the population food directly influence an economic situation, wellbeing and quality of life.
According to Federal service of the state statistics for 2011 the average monetary income per capita in Russia is 20 700,7 rubles. Thus, the real located income of the population of Russia increased only by 23 % in comparison with 1991.
Despite this positive tendency, Russia in 2011 on a standard of living in a world rating takes the 63rd place, between Morocco and Philippines, and in the European rating near Russia there is Belarus and Ukraine. On economic indicators Russia fell in a world rating from the 39th place by the 64th.
The internal statistics which says that the living wage in 2 sq. 2012 corresponds 6385 rubles worsens a reality picture. Aggravates a situation and that the minimum wage corresponds 4611 rubles that for 20 % below a living wage. These indicators essentially worsen situation in the country and economy in particular because they don't represent the facts.
The living wage in ten years grew more than three times. But, it is clear that to exist on this minimum not really. The structure of a consumer basket was established for Russians for 2010-2012 by the Federal law from December 08, 2010 of No. 332-FZ. The norms operating today define that the able-bodied citizen consumes in a year: 107,6 kg of potatoes; 97 kg of vegetables and gourds; 23 kg of fresh fruit; 134 kg grain; 37 kg meat; 16 kg of fish products [1].
Only on food the share of expenses of a family makes more than 50 %, then there are expenses on not foodstuff (clothes, footwear, drugs). Third category payment for utilities, expenses on transport.
In 2012 the minimum wage (minimum wage rate) in Russia is 4611 rubles. In two years (since 2009) the minimum wage rate was increased by 6,5 %, and the rise in prices for the same period is 24,3 %. The average salary for May, 2012, according to the RUSSIAN FEDERAL SERVICE OF STATE STATISTICS, is 36 611 rubles. In 1991 it is 548 rubles that is purely arithmetically the salary increased almost in 67 times [2].
But what tell real figures? In 1991 it was possible to buy for average compensation 1034 liters of milk, 645 kg of bread, in 2012 only 606 liters of milk and 619 kg of bread. The provided data testify that in a question of economic availability of the food there are many unresolved problems. In it wine and developers of economic, agricultural and other programs and, of course, authorities in the center and on places.
At the end of June, 2012 the Government of the Russian Federation approved a new consumer basket for 2013. Cost of the updated basket will grow in comparison with present for different categories of citizens by 200-400 rubles (for able-bodied population on 200 rubles or for 3,2 %, pensioners on 411 rubles or 3,2 %, children on 250 rubles or 4,1 %). In the Federal budget for 2013-2014 the increase in social payments is provided [3].
The structure of a food basket changes a little. Minister of Labour and Social Protection Maxim Topilin gave the following comment: "In an offered basket in large volume the products which are most valuable in the nutritious relation are presented. It is offered to increase volumes of consumption of meat, fish, milk, eggs, vegetables and fruit in comparison with existing rules. To reduce norms of consumption of bread, vegetable oil, margarine and other fats. The increase in consumption of meat by working citizens is planned for 57 %, pensioners for 71 %, children for 30 %".
However it is necessary to note that accepted by the Government of Russia of the resolution not fully solve available problems.
Domestic analysts of the Finekspertiz company, after studying of changes in an existing economic situation in the Russian Federation, came to conclusions: the consumer basket to be the real indicator of a standard of living of Russians, should be increased by 43 % and make 8594 rubles; the living wage should be equal 9454 rubles; the poverty line at the Russian citizens passes at level of 13 000 rubles. (officially behind it there are about 15 % of the population, and really 40 %) [4].
Causes alarm that fact that now the Russian agrarian and industrial complex provides physical availability of the population at a minimum level of consumption -for 20 % lower in comparison with the countries entering into the European Union. It is possible to explain it to that: the territory of Russia is huge and located in various climatic zones; what is production is conducted only for 12-13 % of all territory of the country; what is production is distributed extremely non-uniformly on the territory; 40 % of gross output of agrarian and industrial complex gives only 14 regions.
However these explanations don't solve a problem of quality and volumes of agricultural production.
The important direction in ensuring physical availability of consumption with the population is development of infrastructure of the food market. Analysts note that the operating trading infrastructure of agrarian and industrial complex doesn't promote development of agricultural production. Annually producers of agricultural products lose to 30 % of the income. The agricultural enterprises meet serious difficulties in the course of sale of made production because of high cost of trading places in the markets, confused and by no means opaque system of economic communications with distribution networks. As a result made qualitative production not fully arrives on counters of the markets and network shops and, naturally, not always reaches the consumer.
Experts, analyzing the reasons of high cost of domestic products in relation to import, revealed the following situation that from the means obtained for sold production, the producer manages at the best 20 %. From this received money the producer should pay off for the credits rates on which are often unreasonably high, fuel, seeds, the forage etc. and to provide worthy existence of the family.
State authorities who, unfortunately, play now generally a role of detached onlookers should take part in the solution of this difficult problem.
In EU, the USA positive experience is turned out. In these countries producers of agricultural production manage at least 40 % from the final price of the goods. The state organizations not only supervise and regulate the relations between the producer and the firms buying for realization the food, but also strictly carry out of the obligations on the state purchases, on allocation of grants to farmers.
Scientists and producers of agricultural production consider that it is necessary to develop the cooperative and wholesale food markets which should be focused mainly on domestic producers. At the expense of the low price for trading places, absence of numerous intermediaries the price for food will be much lower, than in the commercial markets and in grocery shops. It can help to solve a problem of physical availability of the food for Russians with low level of the income. As also positive example the Penza region where day off fairs when producers of area without intermediaries and with the minimum expenses can finish the product to the end user - the populations are arranged can serve. Experience showed that this action arranged by local authorities favourably, both for producers, and for consumers. Thus, the price is much lower than the store.
Calculations of scientists show that Russia, possessing 10 % of a world arable land, 55 % of world chernozem soils, 20 % of water resources of a planet, could make agricultural production which would suffice for livelihood of 500 000 000 people. However, in the country to be made from world production only 5 % of milk, 2 % of meat, 3 % grain.
Now about 60 % of agricultural productions are imported to Russia. This fact says that the state to be behind critical line of food security. It is imported: to 41 % (1319 thousand tons) meat, to 26 % (829,1 thousand tons) milk and dairy products, to 25 % (3181 thousand tons) vegetables, 60 % (3595 thousand tons) fruit [4].
From 2009 an import of agricultural production increased twice and makes 35,2 billion dollars. Because of a growing import of the food Russia appears in food dependence on the countries of the European Union and the USA. Experts note vulnerability of domestic market therefore to be delivered import poor-quality, cheap agricultural production which forces out domestic producers. Unusable to a food every fourth ton of meat, the tenth ton of meat, 30 % of canned food and baby food annually admit.
On August 22 2012 Russian Federation officially entered the World Trade Organization (WTO), proclaimed purpose liberalization of international trade. Negotiations on Russia's accession to the World Trade Organization were long and difficult. They proceeded in total 19 years [5].
At the same time with the positive moments of accession to WTO, threat of food security of Russia amplifies. Experts predict that negative influence on production of agricultural production will be rendered by obligations of Russia to the WTO.
First, it is a question of restriction of the state support of branch from 9 billion US dollars in 2012 to 4,4 billion US dollars in 2018.
Secondly, for 30 % rates of import duties on all food made in the territory of Russia decrease. In the special report of the Ministry of Agriculture and the food in the Government of the Russian Federation it was told: "The decrease in import duties connected with Russia's accession to the World Trade Organization, will make the Russian agrarian sector unattractive for investments, and production, respectively, not competitive... " [6].
On food security will have also negative impact: cancellation of subsidies of fuels and lubricants that will cause increase in expenses on the average on 40 billion rubles a year; the ban on deduction of the price on mineral fertilizers, expenses will increase on the average 16 billion rubles a year; cancellation of subsidies for domestic agricultural machinery. These cancellations can cause, first of all, growth of costs of production, decrease in the income of the agricultural enterprises and as a result their bankruptcy.
About 40 % of the domestic grain markets supervise the foreign companies. China bought and mastered 80 thousand hectares of the Russian farmlands (the price of the transaction made 21,4 million dollars). The Swedish investment fund Black Earth Farming through the Russian company "Invest" supervises about 30.000 hectares; the Swedish company Alpcot agro invested 230 million dollars in Russia and supervises more than 490 000 hectares; the Rav Agro-Pro company with participation of the Israeli, American, British capital supervises 150 000 hectares; the Danish company Trigon Agrri bought 121 000 hectares.
After Russia's accession to the World Trade Organization there can be following negative consequences: the weakened state support and protection of producers of agriculture; falls of a standard of living of a part of the population; insufficiently developed infrastructure; weak functioning of system of wholesale trade.
For decrease in negative consequences it is necessary to hold the following events: improvement of customs and tariff policy; introduction of non-tariff methods of state regulation directed on support of export of the food and protection
against an inefficient import; improvement of legislative and regulatory base; carrying out actions for support of vulnerable and low-paid categories of the population; assistance to small business; purposeful implementation of the state target program of development of infrastructure of the food market; formation of effective system of wholesale trade by foodstuff on the basis of the latest developments.
The State Program of development of agriculture and regulation of the markets of agricultural production, raw materials, the food is directed on the solution of these tasks for 2013-2020, approved by the resolution of the government of the Russian Federation from July 14, 2012.
Russia's accession to the World Trade Organization complicated a situation in a question of ensuring food security of the country. There are forecasts of emergence of a number of the problems concerning effective providing the population with the qualitative food. Results will be how positive, depends on competitiveness of economy of Russia. The solution of this problem will need a purposeful state policy, work of all bodies of the public and local administration. The major tasks in modern difficult conditions remain: maintenance of the guaranteed economic and physical availability of food for all population of Russia in compliance the established rational norms of consumption; providing with state authorities of a quality assurance and safety of made and consumed food; system creation on prevention of internal and external threats of violation of food security.
Thus, the official statistics doesn't correspond a reality. According to Public service of statistics level of the income of the population grew. However the standard of living in our country decreases and the problem of food security connected by low volume of production of agricultural production and noncompetitive quality of production in the world market becomes ripe. That causes replacement of the domestic goods import, especially, in the conditions of joining of Russia to the WTO.
List of reference links
1. О потребительской корзине в целом по Российской Федерации в 2011-2012 годах : федер. закон № 332-ФЗ : [принят 8 дек. 2010 г.].
2. О минимальном размере оплаты труда : федер. закон № 82-ФЗ : [принят 19 июня 2000 г. ; в ред. от 01 июня 2011 г.].
3. Указ Президента РФ от 30.01.2010 № 120 «Об утверждении Доктрины продовольственной безопасности РФ» // Российская газета. - 2010. - № 12.
4. Официальный сайт Министерства финансов РФ. - URL: http://www.minfin.ru/ru/
5. Бондаренко, И. ВТО и «продовольственный» суверенитет России // Российские вести. - 2012. - № 23.
6. Официальный сайт Министерства экономического развития РФ. - URL: http://www.economy.gov.ru/minec/main
Котова Людмила Геннадьевна
кандидат экономических наук, доцент, кафедра экономической теории и мировой экономики, Пензенский государственный университет E-mail: lgkl@bk.ru
Kotova Lyudmila Gennadievna Candidate of economic sciences, associate professor, sub-department of economic theory and world economy, Penza State University
Муравина Виолетта Александровна магистрант, факультет экономики и управления,
Пензенский государственный университет
E-mail: violettapenza@mail.ru
Muravina Violetta Alexandrovna MA student, faculty of economics and management, Penza State University
УДК 338.2 Котова, Л. Г.
Economic availability of the food in Russia at the present stage / Л. Г. Котова, В. А. Муравина // Модели, системы, сети в экономике, технике, природе и обществе. -2013. - № 1 (5). - С. 8-13.
