CC BY
30
UDC 8
Luneva D.A.
4th year student of Belgorod State University,
Belgorod, Russia
DOMESTIC ABUSE: ESSENCE OF CONCEPT, CAUSES AND TYPES
Annotation
The article is devoted to the topical for modern Russia problem of domestic violence, which undermines the foundations of not only family, but also social, national-state security of the society. The author discusses domestic violence against women and provides her own definition of the concept. The author also gives explicit characteristics of the types of domestic violence and determines the victims of such violence. It is noted that domestic violence differs from other kinds of violence as the offender and the victim are related by kinship or other close relations. This adds to the psychological trauma received by the victim. Most often, the subject of domestic violence are women (57 %) and children (36 %). In this regard, the greatest attention is given to these two categories. The article presents statistics on the number of crimes committed within the family against women and children. Based on these data the conclusion about an annual significant increase in the number of crimes committed against women in the family is made. It is important to acknowledge the data on the children and other persons' resort to the child helpline concerning violent acts against children by parents. These allow you to see a more complete picture of violence in the family, given its high latency. Many cases result in deterioration of health, disability, death. It is shown that children-victims of domestic violence are a subject of complex consequences such as low self-esteem, increased anxiety, retarded mental and physical development, reduced intellectual abilities, isolation, excessive credulity or a heightened fear of strangers. They often have difficulties when communicating with other children, and poor academic performance. One of the most serious consequences is the negative assimilation patterns of behavior of parents and transfer of their negative experiences of family relationships into other social groups.
Keywords
violence / domestic violence / crime against women / crime against children
The most relevant topic for discussion in recent years has been the need for the adoption of the law "On Domestic Abuse" in Russia. Domestic abuse is now decriminalized. However, looking at current trends and various high-profile cases, such as the case of the Khachaturian sisters, it becomes clear that domestic abuse is a serious and widespread problem in Russia. We should understand what it is, how to deal with the consequences of domestic abuse and how to protect ourselves from this phenomenon.
Domestic abuse is a serious problem in Russia. Thousands of women die every year in Russia from domestic abuse. No other forms of financial or psychological abuse are considered. In addition, most displays of domestic abuse are hushed up, as even the victims often come to the conclusion that "it is not necessary to wash dirty linen in public." To prevent and combat this phenomenon, there is no need to hide the true facts of domestic abuse [5, p. 413].
Family abuse, which can also be described as battering or domestic violence, is an act of aggression that has a growing system and character. This act is committed by one of the family members (rarely, by several family members), which they direct against certain relatives of this family. Such an aggressive act can have various displays: physical, psychological, sexual or economic.
In psychology, domestic abuse in the family (family, domestic) is the cruel treatment of one of the relatives (cohabitants) in relation to others (one or more at the same time). This includes both moral pressure and physical mutilation, rape [2, p. 487].
The cause of domestic abuse is always the personality of the aggressor, his internal problems. Sometimes the reason for this is a feeling of inferiority, an undeveloped resentment. That is why the situation is so difficult to resolve. After all, we need to start with the tyrant's problems and not rush to make contact. By the way, this also includes the principles of behavior learned in the family, when the child himself becomes a tyrant.
Signs of domestic abuse will depend on the specific type of abuse - physical, sexual, psychological, or financial (also called economic abuse). However, some common factors can be identified:
1. Constant anxiety and stress in the family. For example, households suffer from constant oppression from one of the relatives, who constructs this or that model of physical, psychological or economic dominance (superiority);
2. In all quarrels and conflicts, a person devalues your point of view, your opinion, uses gaslighting and manipulation;
3. Explicit physical abuse - blows, claps, pinches - all this can be a sign of physical domestic abuse;
4. Excessive aggressiveness, which can be expressed in the form of sharp blows on the wall, knocking on dishes and furniture. Such a person at some point may not restrain himself and carry out his aggression directly on members of his family;
5. Constant humiliation and psychological insults. Humiliation can be accompanied by painful comparisons, exposing you as the lowest link in the relationship [6, p. 120].
Psychologists distinguish types of domestic abuse.
The most obvious form is physical. This is due to the fact that it can be corrected and proved, for example, by bruises on the body, abrasions, scratches, and so on. Of course, it is possible that the rapist himself is quite sophisticated, leaving traces of physical impact invisible to others. Very often, physical violence is recorded in Russian families.
Often a husband makes fun of his wife, or there is abusive treatment of women in the family. Such an opinion leaves an incurable imprint on a person's personality, especially on the mental state of a child growing up in such an atmosphere.
Sexual abuse. This type of violence is rightly considered the most traumatic, especially against minor children. These acts of a sexual nature leave a deep wound and an imprint for life. Many victims are not able to overcome this fact of their lives even in their adult and conscious age [1].
A lot is observed - an unhealthy attitude towards the institution of marriage, rejection of oneself, fear of the chosen one and, in principle, asexuality or, conversely, debauchery. All this is connected with one factor - a sense of guilt and "dirt" on the body. In fact, it is simply impossible to describe the state of a person who has been subjected to any manifestations of sexual violence.
—sexual abuse includes the following actions against a child:
—an obsessive manifestation of one's sexual interest in relation to someone (in words or deeds) without the consent and desire of the child;
—obscene comments, telephone conversations and letters;
—embarrassment, oppression of the child with views, statements, sexual phrases;
—i nvolvement in sexual relations through deception, intimidation;
—pushing to sexual actions with the help of physical force;
—rape;
—the use of a child for pornographic purposes or involvement in prostitution, etc [4, p. 320].
Child sexual abuse. For children, this is the most traumatic condition and event. According to statistics, the most common sexual crimes committed in the family are those committed against children aged 8-11. Most children do not understand what is happening to them. And the understanding itself comes later - already in adolescence. It is this understanding that so shocks the victims of violence that they cannot come to terms with
what has happened. On this basis, suicides are very frequent.
Despite the tragedy of the situation, most people try in every possible way to justify the rapist and themselves, the current situation, which gives rise to many speculations.
Psychological or emotional abuse is the most common type of domestic abuse. Most often, it is emotional stiffness that is not included in official statistics, because it is very difficult to prove and recognize it.
Economic. Many consider financial (economic) violence to be an absurd distinction between a type of domestic abuse. However, this opinion exists and is not unfounded. Economic violence is accompanied by the deprivation of one family member of another financial independence (by any means), which is also accompanied by complete economic control.
In addition, economic violence can be expressed in the fact that, for example, the spouse refuses to work and shifts all financial obligations to his partner. In this case, the victim is forced to work in pairs to ensure a normal life.
Often this type is typical for spouses. However, this can also apply to children. For example, a ban on training or specialization is a form of financial abuse.
The domestic abuse model is based on the "object-subject" principle. The subject in this case is the rapist himself or the aggressor, who exerts influence and pressure on the victim. The object is a person who is directly exposed to domestic abuse. On this basis, the following objects of abuse can be distinguished:
—Spouse (wife or husband);
—Children;
—Brothers and sisters;
—Relatives (grandfathers, grandmothers, uncles / aunts, as well as people with varying degrees of relationship).
The very degree of criminality of the acts committed depends on the subject. In general, if the actions of the rapist fall within the scope of a specific offense defined in the articles of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, a stricter form of liability is provided for children. This is due to the fact that children are recognized as the most vulnerable cell of our society, because they cannot physically and morally repel the aggressor.
Any little thing can cause violence: an accidental push of a vehicle, the "wrong" color of a jacket, any action that does not meet the expectations of the attacker. It is impossible to name all situations and reasons. However, two main mechanisms or ways of developing readiness to use violence can be distinguished: frustration of basic needs and social learning. Let's take a closer look at both mechanisms:
The psychologist experimentally and through observation has established that violence as a model of behavior is assimilated by their families, media, culture and social subcultures. Moreover, this behavior is formed not at the expense of punishments and reinforcements, but on the basis of copying and identification, imitation of a significant person.
1. The theory of victimization. This theory suggests that the very institution of the family has long outlived itself. That is, in the modern family there is no classical understanding of parental love, care, support and understanding. And the parents themselves do not show the child how to understand social norms, defend their interests and, moreover, understand what is good and what is bad. Thus, a child brought up in a family where domestic abuse has been observed becomes an aggressor or a victim.
2. The presence of anxiety, including an anxiety disorder of the personality;
3. Decreased self-esteem of the victim;
4. Asthenia;
5. Self-flagellation - a person becomes indifferent to his life, his plans for the future and the future in general;
6. Development of neurosis to neurotic disorder;
7. Insomnia and constant nightmares. Nightmares may haunt the victim throughout his life, in which he
always finds himself in the same turbulent situation;
8. Feeling guilty about what happened [3, p. 705];
Thus, domestic abuse is the threat or repeated violent actions of one person against other people close to him. Today this problem is considered to be a fairly widespread and acute social phenomenon. Of particular concern is the increase in the number of crimes against sexual integrity and sexual freedom of people, as well as crimes such as suicide, illegal manufacture, sale or supply of drugs that induce a person to use them. List of references:
1. The Constitution of the Russian Federation (subject to amendments made by the laws of the Russian Federation "On Amendments to the Constitution of the Russian Federation" dated December 30, 2008 No. 6-FKZ and dated December 30, 2008 No. 7-FKZ) // Rossiyskaya Gazeta No. 4831 dated January 21, 2009
2. Collection of legislation of the Russian Federation 2016. On the prevention of domestic abuse in the Russian Federation [feder. law No. 1 183 390-6: adopted by the State Duma on September 28, 2016] // Prior Publishing House, 2016. - 487 p.
3. Family Code of the Russian Federation. - M.: Omega-L, 2020. - 705p.
4. Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. - M.: Eksmo, 2016. -320 p.
5. Abgadzhava, D.A. Violence and conflict in intercultural interaction / D.A. Abgadzhava, N.V. Petrova // Vestnik of St. Petersburg University. Philosophy and conflictology. - 2018. - 413 p.
6. Antonov, A.I. On the strategy and tactics of family and demographic policy in connection with the institutional crisis of family functions and human resources / AI Antonov. - M.: Ekon-Inform, 2018. - 120 p.
© Luneva D. A., 2023
УДК 89.92
Егошина Н.Г.
канд. пед. наук, доцент ПГТУ, Алгаева Е.И.
студент ПГТУ, г. Йошкар-Ола, РФ
ОБРАЗ ДОМА В РОМАНЕ Н. ГОТОРНА «ДОМ О СЕМИ ФРОНТОНАХ»
Аннотация
В статье представлен анализ образа дома как одного из главных героев романа. Авторы статьи раскрывают образ дома через характеристику персонажей, проживающих в нем. Дом предстает как унылый и мрачный особняк, напоминающий свою престарелую хозяйку. Появление новой, молодой и деятельной героини ведет к возрождению старого дома.
Ключевые слова:
англоязычная литература, образ дома, главные герои, эволюция образа, лексическое воплощение
Творчество Натаниеля Готорна относится к числу крупнейших явлений в истории литературы США. Его книги и литературные герои неразрывно связаны с жизнью Новой Англии, ее природой, историей, традициями. Роман Готорна «Дом о семи фронтонах» - наиболее яркое проявление романтизма с его повышенным интересом к проблемам морали, к духовному миру человека. Сам писатель подчеркивал, что «он пытался вязать прошлое и настоящее в специфически нравственном аспекте», его интересовала
