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Karakulov Nurbol Maidanovich, lecturer, The Tashkent State Pedagogical University named after Nizami, Tashkent, Uzbekistan E-mail: nkaraqulov@mail.ru Amanbayeva Ziyoda Abduvoisovna, candidate of geographical sciences, docent The Tashkent State Pedagogical University named after Nizami, Tashkent, Uzbekistan Nodira Burxonovna Sultanova, senior lecturer, The Tashkent State Pedagogical University named afterNizami, Tashkent, Uzbekistan Xidirov Muhiddin Shermamatovich, Master, The Tashkent State Pedagogical University named after Nizami, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM IN UZBEKISTAN
Abstract. This article highlights the development of tourism in Uzbekistan and the problems and prospects for its development. Also, given information about tourism in Uzbekistan and an assessment of the place of Uzbek tourism in the economy.
Keywords: tourism, GDP, hotel, motel, sanatorium, resort, recreation, economy, services.
Modern tourism is a global phenomenon of the twenty-first century, which is not only a form of recreation and leisure, but also one of the most active forms of communication among people, the development of new territories and a key sector of the economy. Tourism is characterized by the selectivity of spaces, depending on the characteristics and properties of the territory, and on modern motives of tourist and recreational activities. The modern needs of tourists underlie the formation of specialized territorial tourist and recreational systems, which change in space and time [4].
Up to the present time, tourism has become one of the leading sectors of the global economy.In this regard, Uzbekistan pays special attention to the modernization of the tourism industry, the development and improvement of the regulatory framework for the sustainable development of the industry, and the organization of services for foreign guests in accordance with international standards.
During the years of independence, Uzbekistan made a significant breakthrough in this area, coupled with the preservation and enhancement of the historical and cultural heritage of the people, the revival of national traditions and customs, the restoration and arrangement of the sights of the republic.
The sphere of tourist interests in Uzbekistan includes both active forms of recreation and sports tourism, such as climbing and alpine skiing, as well as traveling for educational purposes,
where the object of knowledge is the rich archaeological and religious history of this country.
According to the State Statistics Committee of Uzbekistan, the share of tourism in GDP was 2.4% in 2016, in 2014 this figure was 2.7%, in 2015-2.6%. Whereas, the share of tourism in exports was 11.4% in 2017, and in 2014 this figure was 7.8%. But Uzbekistan has a huge tourism potential in order to increase the share of tourism in the country's economy [2].
In order to create a modern, highly efficient and competitive tourist complex in the republic, a solid legal and regulatory framework has been formed, the core of which is the Law "On Tourism", adopted on August 20, 1999.
An important step in shaping the national model of tourism was the creation in 1992 of the National Company Uzbek-tourism by decree of First President Islam Karimov. Since then, the structure has been coordinating the activities of sectorial organizations, has been training relevant personnel, facilitates the flow of domestic and foreign investment in creating new and expanding existing material and technical base, stimulates the development of all types of tourism, actively participates in foreign events, organizes major international forums. In 2016, Uzbektourism was abolished and the State Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan for the development of tourism was established on the basis ofthe abolishing Uzbektourism. The State Committee for the Development of Tourism is designated by an authorized state body in the field of tourism.
Section 2. Geography
From the first years of independence, Uzbekistan has been actively increasing cooperation with international organizations, and regularly comes up with initiatives to deepen cooperation in this promising direction.
An important milestone in the annals of domestic tourism was the accession of the republic in 1993 to the UN World Tourism Organization (UNWTO). Within the framework of cooperation with it in 1994, 19 countries of the world adopted the Samarkand Declaration on Tourism along the Silk Road. In 1999, the Khiva Declaration on Tourism and the Preservation of Cultural Heritage was adopted, supported by UNWTO, UNESCO and the Council of Europe. In 2002, the Bukhara Declaration on Tourism along the Silk Road, which emphasizes the benefits of sustainable tourism and identifies concrete steps to promote cultural and ecological tourism in this direction.
The presence of Uzbekistan is evidenced by the presence of over seven thousand sites of material cultural heritage of different eras and civilizations, including the historical centers of Bukhara, Khiva, Samarkand and Shahrisabz, included in the UNESCO World Heritage List.
The efforts of the leadership of the Republic of tourism infrastructure in recent years raised to a fairly high level. According to the State Statistics Committee of Uzbekistan, about 550 tourist organizations successfully operate in the country. Over the past 5 years there has been an increase in the number of firms and organizations engaged in tourist activities. So, for example, in 2012 their number was 345 units. And by the beginning of 2018 increased by 104 and amounted to 449 units.
In the regions of the Republic of Uzbekistan in 2017, there is a tendency that the main number of firms and organizations are registered in the city of Tashkent (321 units) and 70.8 thousand foreign visitors. In Samarkand region there are 57 tourist organizations and 20.8 thousand foreign visitors. In the Bukhara region - 18 tourist organizations and, accordingly, 13.1 thousand foreign visitors.
In the Khorezm region - 8 tour firms and 51,2 thousand foreign visitors.
In 2017, there are 676 hotels in the country, the number of rooms is 17703 rooms and 34140 places. There are 143 1-star hotels, 2 -star 19 units, 3-star hotels - 96 units, 4-star -38 units, 5-star hotels - 9 units and 371 hotels without a category [2].
In recent years, new types of travel, including ecological tourism, have been actively introduced in Uzbekistan. The presence in the republic of reserves, national parks, nurseries, wildlife reserves, natural monuments, biosphere reserve makes ecotourism in a very promising direction.
In addition, geotourism, medical tourism, sports tourism, as well as mountaineering and rafting have developed in Uzbekistan. Recreation areas and comfortable infrastructure fa-
cilities are being built in the regions. For example, in the sports and recreation centers "Chimgan", "Beldersay" and "Charvak", located in the Tashkent region, the necessary conditions for skiing and other winter sports have been created. Here are built mountain trails of different types with a length of 300 to 3 thousand meters. Vacationers can climb the cable car using a special lift.
The Uzbek mountains are attractive for those who love active forms of recreation such as mountaineering, mountain hiking and climbing. The most popular highlands of Uzbekistan are the Chimgan Mountains with the dominant Big Chimgan peak, 3309 meters high. This area is the beginning of many climbing paths, hiking routes, climbing, horseback riding routes, ski slopes, etc.
A popular rafting route on the rafts is the Chatkal River, which flows into the Charvak reservoir and has rapids of several categories of complexity.
For cavers, the Baysuntau ridge with deep caves is of interest: Boy-Bulok (amplitude 1415 m), Festival-Icefall (-580 m), Ural (-565 m); Kiev Cave (-990 m) on the Kirktau Plateau; Zaidman cave (-506 m) on the Chatkal ridge and others.
Winter holidays in the mountains of Uzbekistan are organized only in Chimgan and Beldersay. There are several modern guesthouses of hotel type and hotels. In addition, there is a large selection of private sector cottages.
Chimgan and Beldersay are located relatively close to the capital of Uzbekistan - Tashkent: at a distance of only about 90 km. Therefore, many lovers of skiing prefer to make day trips to the mountains. The longest ski trail in the mountains of Uzbekistan is Beldersay (3017 m.). Chimgan also has a chairlift, although it is not as extensive as in Beldersay. Its length is 800 m, the upper station is at an altitude of 1925 m. The length of the route is 1500 m.
In Uzbekistan, the gastronomic direction of tourism is also gaining popularity, the development of which allowed making pilaf and other national dishes to be a recognized brand of the country.
In addition, a sanatorium-resort business is developing in the republic.
Sanatorium-resort business (activity) - a set of all types of scientific and practical activities on the organization and implementation ofdisease prevention, treatment and rehabilitation of patients based on the use of natural healing resources, studying their properties and mechanism of action, a set of measures for the organization, construction, management of resorts, providing treatment and cultural and community services for citizens at a resort, exploitation and protection of natural therapeutic resources and health protection of resorts [3].
The main type of treatment and prophylactic institution in Uzbekistan is a sanatorium (sanare, lat. -Heal, improve) -a
treatment institution intended for the treatment, prevention, and medical rehabilitation using natural therapeutic physical factors in combination with artificial factors, therapeutic physical culture, medical nutrition and other methods in a specially organized mode [3].
There are 71 sanatoriums for adults, 33 children's sanatoriums in the country.
Of them, the sanatorium "Mersian", "Chinobod", "Zan-giotaZam-Zam", "Botanika", "Buston", "Chatkal", and "Hum-sonBulak" are the best sanatoriums.
Significant role in ensuring the accelerated development of the tourism sector of Uzbekistan, the formation and maintenance of the country's image on the world market are played by maj or events regularly held in the country. One of the most important annual events is the Tashkent International Tourism Fair "Tourism on the Silk Road", etc.
Representatives of Uzbekistan also regularly participate in international fairs and exhibitions held abroad in order to present the tourist potential of the republic. Participation in them allows you to stay abreast of the latest trends in the global tourism market, enter into business contracts, and develop cooperation with foreign partners.According to the State Statistics Committee of Uzbekistan, from year to year there is a tendency of growth in the number of foreign citizens entering the Republic of Uzbekistan. Over the past 15 years, the number of foreign citizens visiting Uzbekistan increased 15.5 times - from 442.1 thousand people in 2002 to 2847.9 thousand people in 2017.
The citizens of Uzbekistan who went abroad amounted to 5182.5 thousand people in 2017, which is 6.5 times more than in 2002.
In the CIS countries, the dominant stream of foreigners falls on Kazakhstan - it is 1.783.8 thousand persons (67.7% of the total number of foreigners from the CIS countries), then on
Kyrgyzstan - it is 375000 persons (14.2%), on Tajikistan - this is 261900 persons (9.9%), to the Russian Federation -143000 persons (5.5%) and to other states -16.9% (this is Turkmenistan (62500 persons), Azerbaijan (4300 people), Belarus (3000 people), Ukraine (0.7 thousand people) for 2017.
In far-abroad countries, the largest flow of foreign citizens is accounted for by citizens from Turkey (55200people), then from Korea (37400 people), from China (19700 people), from Germany (7800 people), from the UAE (5800 people), from France (5700 people), Israel (4200 people), Japan (4100 people), Pakistan (3800 people), Great Britain (3300people), Malaysia (3200people), USA (1500 people) and from other states (61000 people) for 2017 [2].
Architectural and historical sights of Uzbekistan: Tashkent: Khazrati Imam and Sheikhantaur ensembles, Abdulkasim Sheikh, Barakhan and Kukeldash madrasahs;
Samarkand: Region Square, BibiKhanum Mosque, Gur-Emir Mausoleum, ShakhiZinda complex, Ulugbek Observatory;
Bukhara: Poi-Kalyan ensemble, Ark citadel, Samanid mausoleum, Lyabi-khaus;
Khiva with its preserved inner city Ichan-Kala, numerous mosques, madrasahs, minarets, walls and gates are all world-recognized landmarks
Although it is often mistakenly believed that there are no attractions in Tashkent, there are also historical monuments, including the mausoleum of Sheikh Zainudin and the mausoleum of Sheikh Hovendi at-Tahur.
Thus, the intensive development of the tourism industry in Uzbekistan, including respect for the historical and cultural heritage, the creation of infrastructure that fully meets international standards, the strengthening of international relations have turned our region into one of the most visited countries in the world.
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