CC BY
0Development of special flexibility in volleyball
players
UDC 7967012.68
Postgraduate student A.A. Rzhanov1 PhD, Professor A.A. Akhmatgatin2
Dr. Med., Professor V.Yu. Lebedinsky1
PhD, Associate Professor A.V. Yani2
1Irkutsk National Research Technical University, Irkutsk
2Kuban State Agrarian University named after I.T. Trubilin, Krasnodar
Corresponding author: [email protected]
Received by the editorial office on 11.05.2023
Abstract
Objective of the study was to determine the means and methods for developing the special flexibility of volleyball players, methods for assessing it and influencing the effectiveness of the performance of a technical element: receiving the ball with two hands from below after a serve or an attacking blow from an opponent.
Methods and structure of the study. In the course of the pedagogical experiment, the experimental group (EG) trained using the developed methodological tools that develop the special flexibility of volleyball players, including a set of special exercises and tools for its assessment. Methodological influences were carried out for 30 minutes during each training session. The control group (CG) was engaged in the program for the Children's and Youth Sports School. The experiment involved 62 pupils of the Sports School of the Olympic Reserve of the city of Angarsk, aged 11-14 years. The experiment lasted from September 2019 to September 2021.
Results and conclusions. In the course of the study, it was found that in the CG there were no significant changes in the values of indicators characterizing the special flexibility and mobility of the joints that affect the effectiveness of the performance of game techniques, and in the EG their significant improvement was observed. In the process of conducting special testing, the results of performing a ball reception from below and the values of indicators characterizing the level of development of the SG were evaluated and compared.
As a result of the study, a methodology for the development of special flexibility was developed, which includes a set of special exercises that develop this quality, as well as methods for assessing the values of special flexibility and the effectiveness of performing the technique from below, as a game technique that allows assessing the width of the amplitude of movement of the lower limbs and the spinal column.
Keywords: special flexibility, volleyball, developmental technique, bottom hold.
Introduction. With all the variety of game techniques and situations that arise in the course of competitive activity in volleyball, the main quality of players that determines the effectiveness of their game activity is the ability to accurately select and take the optimal position to receive the ball after the opponent's serve or attack in a defensive action [1].
At the same time, the successful application of the technical element "reception" depends on psychomotor reactions and high mobility of the ankle, knee, hip joints and spinal column [4].
Special flexibility is understood as a characteristic that allows performing technical elements and tech-
niques with maximum amplitude [3]. Unfortunately, scientific sources do not pay enough attention to the development of special flexibility in volleyball. However, the mobility and flexibility of the limbs and spine of volleyball players not only affect the quality and accuracy of getting under the trajectory of the ball, but also to exclude possible injuries and reduce the recovery time after them [2].
All this suggests that the use of special flexibility development methods in volleyball can significantly increase game performance, provide an opportunity for more virtuosic performance of complex techniques, reduce the level of injuries among players and shorten the period of their post-traumatic recovery [5].
Objective of the study was to determine the means and methods for developing the special flexibility of volleyball players, methods for assessing it and influencing the effectiveness of the performance of a technical element: receiving the ball with two hands from below after a serve or an attacking blow from an opponent.
Methods and structure of the study. In order to test the effectiveness of the developed methodology, a pedagogical experiment was organized and conducted, which included an assessment of the level of development of special and general flexibility, as well as the performance by athletes of receiving the ball with two hands from below.
Determining the effectiveness of receiving the ball with two hands from below was carried out using tests for target accuracy:
• After his own impact on the floor, hitting the ball cart.
• After one's own throw into the basketball backboard, hitting the basketball basket after the rebound.
• After attacking from the partner's bollard through the net, hitting the ball cart.
Testing was carried out for three days, in each of which the participant performed six attempts. Hits in the first attempt were estimated at 2 points, in the rest - at 1 point. For the assessment, the sum of points scored by the subjects within three days was used.
The experiment was conducted with pupils of Angarsk sports schools from September 2019 to September 2021. The CG included 32 boys aged 11-14 years of the volleyball department of the Olympic Reserve Sports School "Ermak", and the EG - 30 boys of the Olympic Reserve Sports School "Angara" of the same age. Athletes took part in the pedagogical experiment
of their own free will and in agreement with their parents.
Athletes from the CG and the EG were tested for the significance of differences in the values of indicators characterizing the mobility of their hip, knee, ankle joints and spine flexibility.
Reception from below in volleyball is most often used to reflect the power supply or attack of the opponent. A high-quality reception from below ensures the transition of the team from defense to attack. A high level of technical readiness, as well as speed and coordination abilities, cannot fully ensure the accuracy of entering the trajectory of a flying ball and taking the right position for its accurate reception from below. The pass from below with two hands is performed at a low position of the body with legs wider than shoulders, which reduces the time to reach the desired point and provides more variable and flexible rotation of the forearms forming the platform. The movement of the legs on toes in a deep squat puts a load on the joints: ankle, knee, hip, and also the spine. The maximum possible amplitude of their mobility and flexibility provides the opportunity for the most effective exit under the angle of attack and accurate reception.
The athletes from the CG trained in the usual mode, provided for by the training program of the Sports School of the Olympic Reserve, and the EG athletes trained using the developed developmental methodology, which includes a set of special developmental exercises (Table 1) and methods for assessing flexibility (Table 2).
The assessment of the significance of differences in the results of performing a technical game technique was carried out using the nonparametric MannWhitney test (Table 3).
Table 1. Developmental exercises
No. Exercises Description
1.1. Static Stretching is a system of static exercises aimed at developing flexibility. The physiological essence of stretching is to stretch the muscles and hold them in a certain position under a static load, while activating the processes of blood circulation and metabolism.
1.2. Ballistic Slow stretching and holding in the final stationary state with the maximum possible range of motion.
1.3. Proprioceptive Fast sharp contractions in the extreme phase of the available range of motion of the joints, produced by antagonist muscles in relation to those muscles that provide extension of the joint
1.4. Plyometric The plyometric method of training is aimed at developing explosive strength, but when using it, an increase in the amplitude of joint mobility is achieved. It provides for the performance of vertical jumps, jumps to the surface of various heights, jumps from the surface, side jumps, long jumps, jumps with a turn and mixed jumps with landing on one leg, on two with a pause before continuing or a short static load, etc. Mixed static loads with ballistic ones are applied - static-dynamic.
1.5. Neuromuscular The unconscious response of a muscle to a signal regarding the dynamic stability of a joint. The neuromuscular training program addresses several aspects of sensorimotor function and functional stabilization and is based on biomechanical and neuromuscular properties that improve sensorimotor control and compensatory stability. Unlike conventional dynamic loads, neuromuscular exercises are aimed at improving the quality of movements and focus on the psychomotor control of joint movement in all biomechanical planes.
Table 2. Methods for assessing general and special flexibility
No. Methods for assessing special flexibility Description
2.1. Measurement of the overall flexibility of the spinal column and lower limbs Tilt forward with arms stretched down in a standing position on the pedestal, performed similarly to the GTO test. Measured in cm below zero
2.2. Measurement of mobility in the knee joints The subject performs a squat with arms extended forward or behind the head. Full (deep) squatting indicates high mobility in these joints. The distance is measured from the depth of the hips to the floor surface in cm, the feet are parallel to the width of the shoulders
2.3. Measurement of mobility in the ankle joints The measurement was taken in the supine position. In this case, the following parameters were measured: - the angle of deviation of the ankle from itself (optimal result - 0°). - angle of inclination of the ankle on itself (worst result -90°)
2.4. Measuring the mobility of the hip joint Estimated planting depth on transverse twine in mm (best result is 0 mm)
2.5. Stabilometry Assessment of mobility of the lower extremities. The athlete stands on one leg, the other leg is raised and bent at the knee joint. Arms crossed over chest, eyes closed. The task is to stand for at least 1 minute. The athlete is given three attempts with a change of legs
The technology of sports training of the 4th and 5th years of study is 48 hours per month. The total time allocated for solving the problems provided for by the developed methodology for the development of special flexibility included 30 minutes at each training session and for two years amounted to 288 hours.
In the complex, the methodology for developing special flexibility included: tests for measuring special flexibility, assessing the quality of receiving the ball with two hands from below, a set of special exercises aimed at developing the special flexibility of volleyball players.
Results of the study and their discussion. At
the beginning of the experiment, there were no differences in the results of evaluating tests for special flexibility between athletes from the CG and the EG. At the end of the experiment, there were statistically
significant differences between the CG and the EG in the results of all five tests. The average increase in values characterizing the level of development of special flexibility relative to own initial results at the end of the experiment in the EG was 33%, and in the CG - 7.7%.
The results of the tests for technique and target accuracy showed that at the beginning of the experiment, the hit rate for most athletes was less than 50% and there were no significant differences between athletes from the CG and the EG. At the end of the experiment in the CG and the EG, the percentage of the control exercise for accuracy increased significantly; in the EG, at the end of the experiment, several players had 100% hits in all attempts. In the CG, at the end of the experiment, the best result of hitting 60% was recorded.
At the end of the experiment, statistically signifi-
Table 3. The results of assessing the performance of the reception from below with two hands
No. Control group Experimental group Significance of differences between EG and
Start End Start End CG
Me (25; 75) Me (25; 75) Me (25; 75) Me (25; 75)
3.1. 5 6 5 12 P|HH >0,05
(4,5; 6) (5; 7) (4,5; 7) (8,5; 15) PKOH <0,01
p<0,01 p<0,01
3.2. 7 9 6 15,5 P|hH >>0,05
(5,5;9) (7; 11) (5; 8) (13,5; 18) Pkoh <0,01
p<0,01 p<0,01
3.3. 6 8 6 14 PHaH >>0,05
(5; 8) (6; 9) (5; 8,5) (13; 16) pHaH. <0,01
p<0,01 p<0,01
cant differences were observed between the test results obtained in the CG and the EG, which indicates the effectiveness of the developed methodology for developing special flexibility in the training process of volleyball players. At the same time, the influence of the level of special flexibility on the effectiveness of the performance of receiving the ball with two hands from below was proved experimentally.
Conclusions. The application of the methodology for the development of special flexibility of volleyball players in the training process made it possible to statistically significantly improve the values of indicators characterizing this physical quality among athletes, which ultimately provided a significant increase in the effectiveness of the performance of receiving the ball with two hands from below after the opponent's serve or attack.
References
1. Kleshchev Yu.N. Voleybol. Podgotovka komandy k sorevnovaniyam [Volleyball. Preparing a team for competitions]. Study guide. Moscow: TVT Divizion publ., 2009. 208 p.
2. Marakhovskaya O.V., Slavnova M.Yu., Emmert M.S., Fedoseeva N.Yu., Barkova O.E. Prime-neniye uprazhneniy stretchinga v uchebno-tre-nirovochnom protsesse voleybolistov [The use of stretching exercises in the training process of volleyball players]. Uchenye zapiski universiteta im-eni P.F Lesgafta. 2020. No. 6 (184). pp. 233-237.
3. Platonov V.N. Dvigatelnyye kachestva i fizich-eskaya podgotovka sportsmenov [Motor qualities and physical training of athletes]. Moscow: Sport publ., 2022. 656 p.
4. Rytsarev V.V. Voleybol: popytka prichinnogo is-tolkovaniya priyomov igry i protsessa podgotovki voleybolistov [Volleyball: an attempt at a causal interpretation of the techniques of the game and the process of preparing volleyball players]. Moscow: ZAO «Kniga i biznes» publ., 2005. 384 p.
5. Tukhvatulin R.M., Morchukova L.V. Gibkost i meto-dika yeye sovershenstvovaniya v sporte [Flexibility and methods of its improvement in sports]. Study guide. Smolensk: SGAFKST publ., 2011. 53 p.
CHILDREN AND YOUTH SPORT
Interactive sensor technologies in the training of athletes of the children's department of the student sports club
UDC 796.015.5
PhD V.E. Vasyuk1 Ren Yichen1
PhD, Associate Professor V.V. Bakaev2 PhD D.A. Lukashevich1 T.V. Karaseva2
1Belarussian National Technical University, Minsk
2Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg
Corresponding author: [email protected]
Received by the editorial office on 20.06.2023
Abstract
Objective of the study was to substantiate the effectiveness of the use of interactive sensory technologies in motor-cognitive training of young athletes.
Methods and structure of the study. Taekwondo athletes aged 11-12 (n=45) from the children's department of the sports club of the Belarusian National Technical University took part in the scientific work. A sample of athletes was formed with a random division into the control (n=22) and experimental group (n=23). The control group trained according to the standard program using traditional training aids, and the athletes of the experimental group additionally trained twice a week for two months according to the program using training aids based on interactive sensory technologies.
Results and conclusions. The results of the study showed that the practice of performing training tasks in conditions close to the specifics of a sport using sensor technologies makes it possible to achieve positive changes in the development of the motor-cognitive potential of athletes at the stages of early sports improvement. The results obtained allow us to conclude that the use of sensory technologies in controlled interactions of athletes is of high practical value, which reflects significant improvements in the performance of the participants in the experiment in all key parameters characterizing the effectiveness of motor actions in test tasks with different coordination complexity.
Keywords: cognitive abilities, motor abilities, controlled training environment.
Introduction. The process of training young athletes requires the creation of such conditions in which each child will be motivated to perform a variety of motor tasks that contribute to his comprehensive development, and the process itself is inspiring, interesting, exciting, fun and conducive to obtaining the maximum benefit [7]. One of the forms of achieving these goals in the digitalization of sports training is the widespread use of interactive information and measurement systems. This allows you to create a controlled training environment and conjugate to develop cognitive and motor abilities, which corresponds to the principles of the social concept of the harmonious development of the individual [1, 2].
The results of review studies covering data over the past 15 years indicate the usefulness of motor-cognitive training [4-6, 8]. At the same time, many authors agree that the effectiveness of such training when transferred to sports results strongly depends
on the degree to which the training environment is representative of the conditions for the implementation of the main training and competitive activities, as well as on the accuracy of the actions required as a response [9, 10, 11]. This encourages specialists from different countries to pay even more attention to the development of motor-cognitive abilities and their impact on sports results [1, 3, 4].
The practice of performing training tasks in conditions close to the specifics of a sport will make it possible to achieve positive changes in the development of the motor-cognitive potential of athletes at the stages of early sports improvement [5].
Objective of the study was to highlight the issue of motor-cognitive training and the prospects for using interactive sensory technologies for their implementation, to substantiate the effectiveness of motor-cognitive training of young athletes using interactive sensory technologies.
Methods and structure of the study. In accordance with the goal, a pilot experiment was conducted with the participation of taekwondo athletes aged 11-12 (n=45) from the children's department of the sports club of the Belarusian National Technical University. A sample of athletes was formed with a random division into the control (n=22) and experimental group (n=23).
The control group trained according to the standard program using traditional training aids, and the athletes of the experimental group additionally trained twice a week for two months according to the program using training aids based on interactive sensory technologies. The complex of tasks developed with adjustable motor and cognitive complexity on the SpeedCourt sensor platform (Fig. 1) and the Blazepod reflex trainer (Fig. 2) was aimed at developing such qualities and abilities as dexterity, coordination, reaction, perception of information, attention, thinking, the ability to navigate in space, the speed of movement, the ability to abruptly change direction, etc.
Figure 1. SpeedCourt Interactive Touch Platform
Figure 2. Blazepod reflex trainer
An interactive touch platform with sound and visual signals displayed on the screen, as well as light sensors of the reflex simulator, made it possible to form a training space for trainees and made it possible to change the configuration of exercises due to a program sequence of signals depending on the type of task and the level of complexity. At the same time, the process of completing tasks was accompanied by the registration of parameters characterizing the effectiveness of tasks (execution time or the number of effective actions), as well as additional ones that can be used for a more detailed analysis of the quality of performing these tasks (number of errors, the distance traveled, the amount of excess path , signal response time, etc.).
Various unpredictable situations that arise in the process of performing exercises, multilevel motor-
CHILDREN AND YOUTH SPORT
cognitive tasks, in which the trainees immersed themselves in a controlled training environment, made it possible to simultaneously diagnose and develop both cognitive and motor abilities.
Tasks in the experimental group were built with an increasing level of complexity, while it was possible to move to a higher level only after reaching a certain threshold result.
In accordance with the designated goal, the athletes of the experimental group performed six training tasks on the SpeedCourt interactive sensor platform:
1) Tapping test. It is necessary to perform the maximum number of movements (running in place) in 3 seconds.
2) Brainmath. It is necessary to strive to make a decision in the shortest period of time, avoiding mistakes, and solve 15 simplest mathematical examples in the shortest time.
3) Reaction test. It is necessary to quickly respond to the signal that lights up on the screen and click on the corresponding cell on the platform with your foot (reaction speed for six signals).
4) Starrun. It is necessary to strive to overcome the distance in the shortest time, running segments from the central zone to the peripheral ones, which light up in a random order.
5) ColororWord. Strive to make a decision in the shortest possible time (comparison of information in the cells with the conditions and search for the desired zone on the site), avoiding mistakes, and make the maximum number of effective actions in 60 seconds. The search for the target zone is determined by a cell that specifies the type of criterion by which it must be found: a specific color, or a letter.
6) Chasenext 100. It is necessary to strive to overcome a distance of 100 m in the shortest time, quickly responding to signals indicating the current and next zones on the site to which you need to move.
The Blazepod reflex trainer was also used in the Reactivekicks challenge, in which the athletes tried to deliver the maximum number of accurate kicks in 15 seconds to the sensors attached to the blower, responding only to the target signals of red and yellow.
All of the above tasks simultaneously acted as test tasks to assess the training effect before and after the study. In addition, in athletes of both groups, using the NS-Psychotest hardware-software complex, a simple visual-motor reaction was recorded and the Romberg test, the Target test and the Evolvent test were performed using a stabilometric platform. At the same time, athletes of the control group did not use tasks with interactive tools based on sensory technologies in training.
Results of the study and their discussion. The
results of pedagogical testing of taekwondo athletes
CHILDREN AND YOUTH SPORT
The results of pedagogical testing of the participants of the experiment
Tasks CG EG
Before After Dynamics, % Before After Dynamics, %
Reactivekicks, number of strokes 14,5 15,2 4,8 12,2 13,9 14,4**
SVMR, ms 241,5 240,2 -0,5 257,5 235,3 -8,6**
The "Romberg" sample CEF, % OE 69,7 73,5 5,5* 77,1 80,7 4,6*
CE 56,2 60,3 7,2* 61,5 65,8 7,0*
The "Target" test CEF, % 57,0 62,5 9,6* 65,1 74,9 15,0**
The "Evolvent" Test CEF, % 28,1 32,7 16,5** 27,9 34,3 22,8**
Tappingtest, number of movements 32,6 31,9 -2,4 31,4 34,9 11,5**
Reactiontest, ms 794,9 836,9 5,3 860,2 812,4 -5,6*
Starrun, s 28,5 27,5 -3,5 28,4 26,2 -7,6*
Brainmath, s 59,6 41,2 -30,8** 44,3 36,9 -16,8**
ColororWord, number of actions 14,2 16,1 13,0* 13,1 18,5 40,8**
Chasenext 100, s 52,9 45,5 -14,2** 48,2 43,1 -10,7**
Notes: CEF - the coefficient of the equilibrium function; OE - open eyes; CE - closed eyes; * - statistically significant differences at p<0.05; ** - statistically significant differences at p<0.01.
aged 11-12 in the control and experimental groups are presented in the table.
The test results demonstrate that the athletes of the experimental group show significant improvements in results in all controlled parameters. The conclusion about the presence of significant differences in key parameters was made on the basis of statistical analysis using Student's t-test for dependent samples for each of the groups that took part in the experiment. It is impossible not to note a more significant increase in indicators among the participants in the experimental group. This allows us to conclude about the high practical value of using interactive sensory technologies to create a controlled training environment that allows assessing and developing the motor-cognitive abilities of trainees.
Conclusions. The practice of performing training tasks in conditions close to the specifics of a sport using digital technologies and sensory approaches makes it possible to achieve positive changes in the development of the motor-cognitive potential of athletes at the stages of early sports improvement. Purposeful tasks with increasing difficulty of their implementation allow counteracting the achievement of automatism by an athlete in solving specialized tasks and contribute to the development of the ability to control their actions and reduce the time of cognitive information processing in conditions of more complex motor tasks.
References
1. Afonshin V.E., Popechitelev E.P Biotekhniches-kiy kompleks podgotovki sportsmenov v interak-tivnoy polimediynoy vneshney srede [Biotechni-
cal complex for training athletes in an interactive polymedia environment]. Simvol nauki. 2016. No. 1. pp. 18-26.
2. Lukashevich D.A., Paramonova N.A., Xue Li Gen-ezis tekhnologiy otsenki sposobnostey detey v sportivnom otbore [Genesis of technologies for assessing the abilities of children in sports selection]. Uchenye zapiski. 2022. No. 25. pp. 60-68.
3. Basevitch I., Boiangin N., Saenz-Moncaleano C. Mobile technologies and perceptual-cognitive training. Advancements in Mental Skills Training. Routledge, 2020. pp. 123-134.
4. Collins, L.F, Long C.J. Visual reaction time and its relationship to neuropsychological test performance. Archives of clinical neuropsychology. 1996. Vol. 11, iss. 7. pp. 613-623.
5. de Joode T., Tebbes D.J.J., Savelsbergh G.J.P. Game Insight Skills as a Predictor of Talent for Youth Soccer Players. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living. 2021. Vol. 2. p. 609112.
6. Renshaw I. et al. Evaluating weaknesses of «per-ceptual-cognitive training» and «brain training» methods in sport: An ecological dynamics critique. Frontiers in psychology. 2019. Vol. 9. pp. 2468-2482.
7. Komaini A. et al. Motor Learning Measuring Tools: A Design and Implementation Using Sensor Technology for Preschool Education. International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies. 2021. Vol. 15, iss. 17. pp. 177-191.
8. Murr D., Larkin P., Höner O. Decision-making 10 skills of high-performance youth soccer players. German Journal of Exercise and Sport Research. 2021. Vol. 51, iss. 1. pp. 102-111.
9. Ehmann P. et al. Perceptual-cognitive performance of youth soccer players in a 360-envi- 11 ronment-Differences between age groups and performance levels. Psychology of Sport and Exercise. 2022. Vol. 59. p. 102120.
Kalén A. et al. The role of domain-specific and domain-general cognitive functions and skills in sports performance: A meta-analysis. Psychological bulletin. 2021. Vol. 147, iss. 12. pp. 1290-1308.
Broadbent D.P. et al. Training perceptual-cognitive expertise: How should practice be structured?. Anticipation and Decision Making in Sport. Routledge, 2019. pp. 286-305.
Improving the effectiveness of competitive activity of football players aged 14-15 years on the basis of the development of power abilities proper
UDC 796.332.001.3:796.015
Postgraduate student K.I. Bedarkov1
Dr. Hab., Professor V.G. Shilko1
1National Research Tomsk State University, Tomsk
Corresponding author: [email protected] Received by the editorial office on 15.06.2023 .
Abstract
Objective of the study was to prove the effectiveness of the methodology, which includes a set of special physical exercises aimed at developing the strength abilities of young athletes.
Methods and structure of the study. The algorithm of the experiment assumed a consistent solution of the following tasks: the development of a complex of physical exercises and its implementation through the method of circular training (experimental group) and the repeated method (control group), which involve the purposeful development of the actual strength abilities and the assessment of the influence of the developed and traditional methods on the indicators of competitive activity in in general. The training process using both methods was carried out for six weeks, two workouts per week.
Results and conclusions. For the development of self-strength abilities, special exercises of varying complexity were selected: YWTL, crunches with twisting, pike push-ups, twisting with a twist of the pelvis, "superman", pull-ups in a horizontal position, "bike", flexion and extension of the forearms (raising the biceps) with bent legs, push-ups from the back with a support on three points, lifting straight legs from a prone position, etc. The results of the pedagogical experiment confirmed significant changes in the achievements of the representatives of the experimental group, who practiced according to the developed methodology, in comparison with the athletes of the control group, whose classes were organized according to the traditional methodology, applied without taking into account the peculiarities of the sport.
The authors state that one of the effective means of educating self-strength abilities of young football players is a special set of physical exercises (16 exercises), applied on the basis of the circuit training method, which has proven its advantage over a set of traditional exercises using a repeated method and which will contribute to increasing the effectiveness of preparing young football players for competitive activities in general.
Keywords: football, power abilities proper, circular method, repeated method, diversification, acyclic sport.
Introduction. Football is an acyclic sport, the game activity of which is carried out in conditions of constant changes in the volume and intensity of physical activity. Modern football is hard to imagine without a power struggle, which takes place in almost 50% of game situations that occur around the entire perimeter of the football field. Therefore, an important role in the development of a young athlete as a future professional is played by the level of his physical fitness, including the development of self-strength abilities, the sensitive period of development of which is the age of 14-15 years. The intensive development of the actual strength abilities in a given age period is expressed by the laws of the psychophysiological development of the organism
(its ontogenesis). This is due to the fact that at this age almost all muscle groups that fix the vertical position of the body - static muscles (ilio-lumbar, muscles of the abdominal walls, etc.) develop intensively.
During puberty, along with the development of strength abilities of the main muscle groups of adolescents, there is also an active growth of tubular bones and tendons [2, 5].
Objective of the study was to prove the effectiveness of the methodology, which includes a set of special physical exercises aimed at developing the strength abilities of young athletes.
Methods and structure of the study. The contingent of subjects consisted of two groups. The control
List of control exercises and criteria for assessing the actual strength abilities of football players aged 14-15 [1]
Control exercises Criteria
Pull-ups on the high bar Number of times completed
Flexion and extension of the arms in the lying position Number of times completed
From a hanging position, straight leg raises Number of times completed
Rope climbing Number of times completed
From the starting position lying on the bench, hands behind the head, legs bent at the knee joints - raising and lowering the torso Number of times completed
and experimental groups included 12 football players aged 14 to 15, 24 in total.
Before the start of the experiment, the initial levels of development of the actual strength abilities of the football players of both groups were tested using the control exercises presented in Table 1. The experimental studies were carried out on the basis of the private educational institution "Strategy".
The results of testing the levels of development of the actual strength abilities of football players aged 14-15 in both groups are shown in Figure 1.
To determine the homogeneity of the two groups, the P-value indicator was used, with the help of which it was possible to reveal the absence of statistically significant differences (P-value> 0.05) in representatives of both groups, on the basis of which it can be concluded that both groups before the pedagogical of the experiment did not have significant differences (p>0.05) in terms of the level of physical fitness [6]. Testing data is presented in the form of a diagram in Figure 1.
Figure 1. The results of testing the development of the actual strength abilities of football players aged 14-15 in the control and experimental groups before the start of the experiment
For the development of proper strength abilities, special exercises of varying complexity were selected: YWTL, crunches with twisting, pike push-ups, twisting with a twist of the pelvis, "superman", pull-ups in a horizontal position, "bike", flexion and extension of the forearms (biceps curls) with bent legs, push-ups from the back with a support on three points, lifting straight legs from a prone position, etc. [2]
The experimental group was engaged in accordance with the program, two workouts for six weeks, which in the end amounted to 12 sessions. The circular method of training sessions aimed at developing self-strength abilities assumed the sequential fulfillment of tasks at four stations, four special exercises at each (total 16 exercises). At the same time, in the process of passing the station, only one exercise out of four was performed, and then the transition was carried out. The duration of the exercise was no more than 1 minute of rest, when moving from one station to another, no more than 30 seconds. At the same time, three players were engaged at all stations. Every week, the exercises were rotated, their volume and intensity changed, both in terms of the number of repetitions and the duration of execution, and the rest pauses were also reduced [3]. During one training session, the players went around the circle four times, performing one exercise at each station (four exercises in total).
The control group trained according to the traditional method, also for six weeks, with two training sessions per week. The training process in this group was carried out using the repeated method. The training program consisted of four exercises (squats, an exercise for the extensors of the back muscles, pushups in the lying position and reverse crunches (sitting on the floor, bending the legs at the knees and pulling them to the front wall of the abdomen), performed in four approaches each, with 12- 20 repetitions in the approach.The duration of rest after each approach in the exercise was up to two minutes, and after completing the exercise and moving on to the next, from three to four minutes.Each subsequent week when performing exercises, the number of repetitions in the approach increased, and the duration of rest, respectively, decreased [4].
To assess the effectiveness of the experimental methodology, after the end of the study, a second test of the levels of physical fitness of the players who took part in the experiment was carried out.
Results of the study and their discussion. The results of the study are shown in Figure 2. The analysis of the obtained materials made it possible to identify significant differences, using the P-value criterion, (P-
value <0.05), in terms of the development of the actual strength abilities of 14-15 year old football players in the experimental group compared to the control group ( Figure 2), which indicates the high efficiency of the experimental technique developed by the author, which made it possible to successfully achieve the goal of the study.
¡;: | - | 113 3 ^ ^ |
Exercisel Exercise 2 Exercise 3 Exercise 4 Exerdse 5
Figure 2. The results of testing the development of the actual strength abilities of football players aged 14-15 after the end of the experiment
Conclusions. The results of a pedagogical experiment focused on the development of self-power abilities of 14-15-year-old football players confirm significant changes in the achievements of the representatives of the experimental group, who were trained according to the developed method, in comparison with the athletes of the control group, whose classes were organized according to the traditional method, applied without taking into account the characteristics of the type sports.
Taking into account the materials of the study, it can be stated with confidence that one of the effective means of educating the self-strength abilities of young football players is a special set of physical exercises (16 exercises), used on the basis of the circuit training method, which has proven its advantage over a set of traditional exercises, with using a repeated method, and which will increase the effectiveness of
preparing young football players for competitive activities in general.
References
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Psychophysiological characteristics of cybersportsmen during intense game activity
UDC 796.334.2
Yu.A. Karvounis1 N.A. Karvounis1
PhD, Associate Professor Yu.G Kalinnikova1 Dr. Med., Professor L.V. Kapilevich1 1National Research Tomsk State University, Tomsk
Corresponding author: [email protected]
Received by the editorial office on 16.05.2023
Abstract
Objective of the study was to conduct a comparative analysis of the psychophysiological characteristics of cybersportsmen and unprepared persons during intense gaming activity.
Methods and structure of the study. A comparative analysis of the psychophysiological characteristics of e-sportsmen and unprepared persons during intense gaming activity was carried out. In total, 40 athletes took part in the work, 20 of them are cybersportsmen and 20 athletes of various sports, who are students of the Faculty of Physical Education of the National Research Tomsk State University. The study was aimed at the primary assessment of the stress resistance of athletes and the specifics of their reactions in order to predict and further prevent the "tilt effect".
Results and conclusions. According to the psychophysiological study, cybersportsmen showed a low level of anxiety and lack of discomfort, which is explained by their presence in their own environment, while beginners were partially unstable and felt anxiety and discomfort. According to the test for noise immunity, a fairly high level of the average reaction time of cybersportsmen was established, but a large number of errors were also revealed, primarily errors of lead. The inclusion of psychological practices in the training regimen will also reduce the level of stress among esports athletes and will allow developing individual methods for getting out of the "tilt effect" state for each athlete.
Keywords: cybersport, digital sports, psychophysiology, stress.
Introduction. The modern era of digitalization of society dictates new formats for the implementation of all spheres of human life. Sport, as one of the important components of social interaction, does not remain aloof from these changes. Recently, more and more attention is paid to sports with the use of the latest technical means and the inclusion of elements of digital reality in sports and training activities [1, 3]. An example characterizing these trends is the International Multisport Tournament planned for February 2024 in the concept of digital "Games of the Future", which will be held in Kazan. The concept of digital in a generalized sense refers to the unification of competitive activity in the physical and digital dimensions [2, 4]. Competitions of the new format actualize for science and practice a lot of issues related to the training of cyber - and digital -athletes [5, 6].
Objective of the study was to conduct a comparative analysis of the psychophysiological characteristics of cybersportsmen and unprepared persons during intense gaming activity.
Methods and structure of the study. The work represents the first preparatory stage of an interdisciplinary study of digital sports activities. This stage was implemented from September to December 2022 at the National Research Tomsk State University, with the involvement of teams of e-sportsmen of the city and students of the Faculty of Physical Education of this educational institution. In total, 40 athletes took part in the study, 20 of them are e-sportsmen and 20 athletes of various sports, who are students of the Faculty of Physical Education of the National Research Tomsk State University. At the same time, the students were offered to master gaming activities similar to eSports for the duration
of the experiment, and further in the work they will be designated as "beginners".
It should be noted that in the absence of experience in e-sports, the subjects of this group were all active athletes of various sports, such as football, athletics, swimming, and others. Differentiation by sport and gender were not considered at this stage. The age of all participants corresponded to the period from 18 to 22 years.
One of the central tasks of the research stage was identified - the search for solutions to prevent such a condition as the "tilt effect", which is most often manifested in team cyber and digital sports disciplines. The very concept of "tilt" is now part of the slang in eSports, borrowed from the language of poker players. In the future, a theoretical study of this definition is required; at the time of the study, we adopted the terminology "tilt effect" to denote the considered state of the player. In the team disciplines of digital sports, victory equally depends on each of the players. A mistake by one of the participants can lead to the fact that other members of the team begin to follow the actions of the allies, and not their own game. First, emotions capture the e-sportsman, and then the "tilt effect" makes him focus too much on details and specific actions. The course of the game does not fit into the framework of prepared plans, causes a negative reaction from the player, additional resources are spent in order to build a new strategy of behavior. All this greatly affects the performance of the game.
This study was aimed at the primary assessment of the stress resistance of athletes and the specifics of their reactions in order to predict and further prevent the "tilt effect".
The results of the test "pressure reaction" * - significant difference between groups, p<0.05
As the main methods, three standard training tests of e-sportsmen were used: exactaiming, flickaiming, press reaction and their indicators were studied. The selected set of neurophysiological studies was aimed at identifying the differences between professional e-sports athletes and athletes "beginners" of e-sports. Techniques such as the Luscher test, tapping test, noise immunity tests, and simple visual-motor reaction were used.
Results of the study and their discussion. According to the results of tapping testing, the beginners were found to have a pronounced weakness of the nervous system, while the performance of e-sportsmen was better. At the same time, the average number of strokes among the respondents differed slightly. According to the results of testing a simple visual-motor reaction, a higher speed of sensorimotor reaction was observed in e-sports-men, but a slightly lower level of functionality. In our opinion, this may be due to the depletion of reserves for excessive fussiness in some actions. The test "flickaiming" allows you to evaluate the speed of hand movement with a reverse return to the point of origin of movement. The respondent must hit the target and return with the cursor to the center of the screen.
Based on the results of testing, it was found that e-sportsmen have a fairly high rate of hitting a target and a high percentage of hits, but the number of misses and losses of targets remained high. This is due to the rather high speed of response to the appearance of targets, but not sufficient accuracy of its destruction.
The next test was precision aiming, where you need to hit an increasing target that can appear anywhere on the screen. As a result, a high level of misses among professionals was confirmed with a fairly high speed of hitting targets.
In the "pressreaction" test, the speed of pressing the buttons of a computer mouse is calculated when a target suddenly appears, and cybersports-men also showed a high level of response in it (see figure).
According to the psychophysiological study, cy-bersportsmen showed a low level of anxiety and lack of discomfort, which is explained by their presence in their own environment, while beginners were partially unstable and felt anxiety and discomfort. According to the test for noise immunity, a fairly high level of the average reaction time of cybersports-
men was established, but a large number of errors were also revealed, primarily errors of lead.
Conclusions. Based on the results of the study, the main hypotheses about the behavior of cybersportsmen in the framework of the training process were put forward. Recommendations were given on the further development of the training process, namely the inclusion of additional means of physical activity in the training regimen, such as table tennis, basketball, aerobics, and training using VR technologies. The inclusion of psychological practices in the training regimen will also reduce the level of stress among esports athletes and will allow developing individual methods for getting out of the "tilt effect" state for each athlete. Adding new methods to the further stages of the study, such as oculography (eye tracker), photoplethysmogra-phy (assessment of the level of anxiety and stress), EEG (synchronization within the team), CIG (excessive reaction tracking) will significantly improve the training process of cyber and digital athletes and increase efficiency application and accuracy of diagnosing the upcoming "tilt effect".
The study was supported by the Development Program of Tomsk State University (Priority 2030).
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