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DEVELOPMENT AND PROSPECTS OF INFORMATION ECONOMY OF
UZBEKISTAN
Otakuziyeva Zukhra Maratdayevna
Candidate of Economic Sciences, associate professor, managing of "Postal communication technology"
Departmentin the Tashkent University of information technologies,
Tashkent, theRepublic of Uzbekistan
Summary: Today a major factor of development of any country is effective creation of information economy. Though in each country information economy is formed individually, but at the same time it has global character. In Uzbekistan there is a rapid growth of development and introduction of information technologies in all spheres of activity. However the increasing importance of formation of information economy as prepotent development factor of economy of the republic, hasn't found due reflection in economic researches yet. It gives the special importance to research of formationprerequisites and development features of information economy in Uzbekistan.
Keywords: information economy, information and communication technologies (ICT), information products, information services, information society, telecommunication infrastructure, index.
РАЗВИТИЕ И ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ ИНФОРМАЦИОННОЙ ЭКОНОМИКИ УЗБЕКИСТАНА
Отакузиева Зухра Маратдаевна
Кандидат экономических наук, доцент,заведующая кафедрой «Технология почтовой связи»
Ташкентского университета информационных технологий, город Ташкент, Республика Узбекистан
Аннотация: Сегодня основным фактором развития любой страны является эффективное построение информационной экономики. Хотя в каждой стране информационная экономика формируется индивидуально, но имеет глобальный характер. В Узбекистане происходит бурный рост развития и внедрения информационных технологий во всех сферах жизнедеятельности. Однако возрастающая значимость становления информационной экономики, как доминантного фактора процесса развития экономики республики, еще не нашла должного отражения в экономических исследованиях. Это придаёт особую значимость исследованию предпосылок формирования и особенностей развития информационной экономики в Узбекистане.
Ключевые слова: информационная экономика, информационно-коммуникационные технологии (ИКТ), информационные продукты, информационные услуги, информационное общество, телекоммуникационная инфраструктура, индекс.
Today there is a reconstruction of world economy and the new economic order, because of the getting more and more significant role and value sector of the information and communication technologies (ICT) is formed. In evolution of a human civilization there comes qualitatively new stage which essence consists in developing and large-scale use of information practically in all areas of human activity. At the present stage ofinformation doubling on various directions of human knowledge (2-3 years, and in branch of the market of information - 0,5 - 1 year) ability to foresee future prospects is important. By the progress of the informationmarket there is a transition to information society, change of industrial technological basis on information, raw materials and energy on information and knowledge. Development of the informationmarket is inseparably linked with development of the information economy (IE).
Thedevelopment of IE in Uzbekistan was characterized on the performance on the enlarged meeting of the Cabinet, devoted to results of social and economic development of the country in 2015 and the most important priority directions of the economic program for 2016 by the President I. A. Karimov who has noted that: "Today about 5,5% of world GDP fall to the share of ICT. For example, in the Republic of Korea it makes over 11,8%, in Sweden - 7%, the USA - 6,8%. In spite
of the fact that in recent years the sector of ICT of our economy develops by advancing rates, it is necessary to recognize that we are only at an initial stage - only about 2% of GDP fall to the share of ICT. At the same time we have all necessary resources and opportunities for the accelerated development of this sector" [1].
Hypothesis of research is based on the growths of a rapid development of information sector of Uzbekistan IE willhold a leading position. An objective of this research is study and the analysis of development of IE in Uzbekistan at the present stage of world informatization and identification of the main problems of its development. The position of the author is that Uzbekistan is at an initial stage of transition to IE and the author is convinced of insistent carrying out large-scale comprehensive investigations.
Today there is a set of methodological approaches of an assessment of IE, but there is yet no technique by whichmeans it could be possible to analyses in all aspects. Development of IE is characterized by a number of such indexes as innovative indexes (economy of knowledge (KEIKI), innovations (GII)), an index of readiness for the electronic government (E-government development Index, EGDI), indexes of the market of ICT [2]. Value of an readiness indexfor the electronic government is calculated by a special technique, which basis of three main indicators:
l.Online communication in a network of government agencies (web presence);
2. Current state of telecommunication infrastructure of the country;
3. Development of the human capital.
IE represents new economy which is directed to expansion of the opportunity for thehuman development and also promotes growth of welfare thanks to application of information, knowledge and innovative technologies [3]. Processes of generation, processing, accumulation and information transfer through ICT fall within the scope of IE functioning. They are carried out between the producers of information, the equipment and information translators, its consumers, the state and civil society integrated into networks. The main driving force of IE is production and consumption of information product, which demand and supply in the market will be defined by specific factors and theoperation mechanism of market laws. IE isbased onthe negentropy principle of information, which assumes existence of registrationdefinitions of perfection and is realized according to the principles of unity of the world and universal communication [4, p. 42]. The sphere of IE includes Information society and space, ICT and different types of production, the rendered services, production and non-productive infrastructure [5, p. 50].
Such scientists as F. Makhlup, M. Kastels, D. Bell, E. Toffler, A. Mol, J. Stigler, J. Gelbreyt, V. B. Kor-neychuk and others devoted own works to research of information society [6,7,8,9,10]. The substantial analysis of IE has been presented in the works of such scientists as M. Porat, D. Bell, U. Dayzard, M. Kastels, M. Konnorz, U. Martin, A. Norman. Category IE has been introduced in the science circulation 1976 by the American in economist M. Porat and one year later its main problems were analyzed by him [11, p. 71]. For this type of economy existence of the prevailing in economy information sectors [12, p. 130] was the key characteristic. Thanks to Spanish-American economist M. Kastels, which in 1996-1998 has published the three-volume monograph "Information era: economy, society and culture"the term IE was included into a wide turn. By periodical criterion formation of theories of IE includes three periods: origin and identification of tendencies in development of IE, as new phenomenon (1960-1970th); intensive development of IE in the developed countries (the 1980-1990th); development of the theory of IE in interrelation with economy of knowledge (since 2000).
The present stage of evolution IE belongs to the period of formation and is characterized by high dynamics of development and the maximum uncertainty of the future. While comparing traditional, industrial and information economy, respectively lead the branches of extracting, manufacturing and science act. Development of IE requires increase in a share such in-formationcapacious of services sectors as education, information and communication and intellectual services, development of innovations. Therefore in the conditions of development of ICT demand for highly skilled workers and intellectuals increases.
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The main sphere of IE can be divided into primary and secondary sectors [13]. The spheres of the public relations, for which the production of goods and services connected with creation, generation and distribution of information aredefinedby research and development (RD) belong to primary sector; distribution of information and communication; information processing, etc. The secondary sector includes spheres of the public relations, for which the information activityis auxiliary, for example use of the automated production, maintenance of software products, etc. Most of authors point out the economic, social and technological criteria's characterizing IE [14]. Economic criteria characterizes GDP share which is created in the sphere of ICT. Difficulties of contributiondefinition of information sector to GDP of the country belong to difficulties of definition of these criteria. Indicators of employment of the population in production of information products and means of informatization, and also rendering information services belong to social criteria. Technological criteria characterizes distribution of ICT in society.
Nowadays it is possible to note a number of the features characterizing development and domination of IE:
1) Knowledge and information are the main parts of the created cost of production and the rendered services. To indicators it is possible to refer growth of knowledge- based manufactured products, increase in costs of researches and developments, increase of balance weight of ICT in GDP, excess of total expenses of ICT over others;
2) Growth of balance weight of workers in the sphere of ICT to 50% and more from all employable population of the country [15, p. 209];
3) Fast aging of equipment and technologies, marketing ideas and transformation of unique products into ordinary;
4) Increase of management role in control of ICT;
5) The network for information transfer becomes basic infrastructure;
6) New information technologies are being implemented in all branches of economy and households;
7) Intensivelyraisesthe role of scientists and highly qualified specialists in national economy, etc.
The rapid and stable growth of costs of science noted in the last report of UNESCO on development of world science [16] is a direct consequence of development of IE in the countries of the world. Gross domestic expenditures on scientific researches and experimental design developments (Research and development) have grown in comparison with 2007 by 31%, having made in 2013 1478 billion USA. The highest level of knowledge intensity is recorded in such countries as Israel (4,21%), South Korea (4,15%), Japan (3,49%), Sweden (3,42%), Finland (3,32%) and Denmark (3,05%). For the developed countries the level of knowledge intensity has the wide range of dispersion -the USA (2,81%), Germany (2,94%), Italy (1,25%), Canada (1,63%), etc. In the report is also notedfreezing or decrease in the public expenditures in a number of such countries as Italy (1,25%), Great Britain (1,63%) and France (2,23%). Among developing countries for the last decades China (2,08%), where the number of
publications in 5 years has grown twice, has considerably increased knowledge intensity. Among the Central Asian countries the highest level of knowledge intensity is presented in Uzbekistan (0,41%). Other indicator, which is indirectly characterizing the condition of information economy, belongs tothe services sector. Luxembourg (86%), France (77,6%), the USA (79,6%), Belgium (76,1%), Great Britain (74,5%) belong to the countries, which share of the income from services sector makes a considerable share of GDP. The shareof services sector in GDP of Uzbekistan makes 54,5% [1]. Besides, it should be noted that costs of information development in the USA 2,7% of GDP makes (more than 400 billion USA), the European Union — 2% (270 billion The USA), Japan — 3,4% (150 billion USA) [17]. At the same time technological level of the USA exceeds Japan level by 2,5 times, Germany — by 3,6 times, Great Britain — five times [18, p. 118].
Amidst the CIS countries it is possible to mark out knowledge intensity level of Russia (1,12%), which formation and development of IE can be subdivided into four stages [19]:
1) Introductionof information technologiesto the manufacture;
Presented day in Uzbekistan is observed dynamics of consecutive growth of quantity of the state information resources (GIS) and the information systems (IS) of government bodies, which are used for automation of activity of the organizations and rendering electronic services to the population, and also subjects of business (see fig. 1) [21].
For January 1, 2016 the number of domains in the zone "UZ" made more than 25,2 thousand units, and the quantity of educational resources in the ZiyoNET network has reached 109 thousand. More than 260 types of modern services for the population and subjects of business are introduced successfully functioning Uni-
2) Mass introduction of information technologies and the standardized systems;
3) Prevalence of information sector over all other branches of economy;
4) The dominating prevalence of production of information and knowledge.
The history of development of ICT in Uzbekistan is also characterized by 4 stages [20, p. 268] :
1. The initial stage of development of ICT in Uzbekistan (from 2000 to 2002), when phased introduction of ICT has allowed to begin work on improvement of public administration;
2. At the second stage (from 2003 to 2007) here adopted the fundamental laws at ICT sphere, which have laid the foundation for universal introduction of ICT;
3. The third stage (from 2008 to 2012) was presented by the mechanism of introduction of ICT in the state, which reflects the beginning of active introduction of internal information systems and software products in government bodies, providing information and directory electronic services;
4. The fourth stage (since 2012 till present) is characterized by distribution of ICT to all spheres of activity.
form portal of interactive state services. Since the beginning of 2015 the total of the rendered interactive services has exceeded 400 thousand. Today 100% of the tax and statistical reporting are giventhrough the Internet in electronic form. Electronic declaration of goods and registration of export-import contracts has allowed to accelerate customs registration of goods and rendering other accompanying services from 3 to 1 working day. By 2,3 times has increased the number of online transactions made in the Internet, for example, online tax payments, obligatory and utility payments. Today 68,8% of the population of Uzbekistan are provided with access to digital television and an opportunity to watch 12 digital TV channels.
Table. 1.
Assessment of an index of development of the electronic government in Uzbekistan [22, p. 55].
Country/ Year Rating Sub indexof elec-tronicservices Subindexoftelecommunica-tion infrastructure Subindexofhu-man capital
Uzbekistan / 2014 100 74 119 86
Uzbekistan / 2012 91 70 111 74
Despite the measurestaken and intensive development of the electronic government in the country, the index of development of the EDS (the complex indicator characterizing a level of development of the electronic government in the countries of the world) has decreased from 100 to 91 (see table 1).
The carried-out analysis shows that the strategy of development of National information and communication system of the Republic of Uzbekistan shows positive dynamics of active growth. The share of ICT begins to exert considerable impact on economy in general. Active introduction of ICT leads to transformation of a role of information, structural disproportions in labor market, to growth of interdependence of functioning of one branches from others, to increase of a role of knowledge intensity of economy and services sector of the republic. Today monitoring and the analysis of these processes isn't carried out. These and other reasons are the basis of carrying out large-scale scientific researches of formation and development of IE in Uzbekistan.
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A WOMAN IN THE PUBLIC LIFE OF UZBEKISTAN
Gaffarova Mavlyuda Kurbanbaeva
Leading researcher of the scientific Department The Academy of public administration at The President of the Republic of Uzbekistan
Annotation
The article shows the role and status of women in society in Uzbekistan, ensuring their rights and interests. Today is step integration of women in the contemporary socio-economic and socio-political life of the state. The study showed that more than 62% of women of working age are active in various sectors of economy, culture, education and management. About 70% of teachers are women. Among the experts of professional colleges and academic lyceums proportion of women is 50%, and in higher education - 43% of the teaching staff. In the health sector - 78% of medical staff, including about 53% of physicians are women. More than 1100 doctors women have a degree - 37% of the total number of highly qualified doctors4. Analyzed such personal qualities as an industrious, wisdom, patience, and also studied the leading role of mother, wife, and sister. Conclusions are made regarding women scientists and involvement of women in socio-political life of Uzbekistan.
Keywords: woman, mother, the Women's Committee, activity, science, socio - political, role in society, a factor status. political life of Uzbekistan. President of the Republic of Uzbekistan
The years of independence there were a period of prosperity in the lives of women of Uzbekistan. During this time made important steps in improving their social and political activity, the role and authority within the family, in solving problems of state and social construction. Currently, they are active participants in all spheres of life, support and hope society, a symbol of kindness and mercy. The experience of recent years confirms that the protection of the interests of women, especially in transitional stages of development, cannot be outside the realm of public policy. In the country, step by step, introduce a national programm for the advancement of women in society. Uzbekistan during the years of independence ratified by more than 80 normative legal acts on human rights, much of which is directly related to the problem of protection of the rights and fundamental freedoms of women. Republic is one of the first in Central Asia joined the UN Convention "On the elimination of all forms of discrimination against women, Conventions of the International labor organization, "maternity protection Convention", concerning discrimination in respect of employment and occupation». Today these documents are a part of the whole complex of normative legal acts designed to protect the interests of women and to strengthen their credibility in society. The first President of Uzbecistan I.A. Karimov pointed out in his speech that "... improving the status in society, our mothers, sisters, companions and daughters respect and honor to them, to facilitate their labor should be the main task of our state, govern-
ment, local authorities, General public5." At the initiative of the head of state, the legislation of the country has a 30 per cent quota for women from the total number of candidates nominated by each political party to the Oliy Majlis. The role of women in the self-governance bodies (makhallas). In all the communities of the Republic are active women's councils that are addressing some of the problems women and their families. In mahalls established the post of consultant on religious enlightenment and spiritual-moral education. Without women it is impossible to imagine and the science of Uzbekistan. About ten thousand women scientists develop new methods of diagnosis and treatment, pedagogical approaches to the education of the younger generation. From year to year the number of women scientists working in the field of physics, chemistry and even engineering.
It is impossible not to reckon with the fact that social well-being and spiritual maturity of the people are largely determined by the level of moral health of women: in their hands lies the fate of the younger generation, and, consequently, the future of our state. Along with this, the women selflessly working in various sectors of the economy and participate in all aspects of society. At the time, M. Behbudi wrote in the newspaper "Sadoi Turkestan" (1914. No. 11) says that for girls education is more important than for boys, and he called for funds spent on various decorations and excess, to spend on girls ' education, to prepare teachers
4 Ismailov N.U. Women's issue in Uzbekistan and the present // The young scientist. - 2014. - №1. - S. 226-228
5 Festive Greetings Women's day March-8, the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan / 2015 /, "the National word" March 5
