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SHORT REPORTS
Derivation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Fetal Human Skin Fibroblasts
S. P. Medvedev1, A. A. Malakhova1, E. V. Grigor'eva1, A. I. Shevchenko1, E. V. Dementyeva1, I.
A. Sobolev1, I. N. Lebedev2, A .G. Shilov1, I. F. Zhimulev3, S. M. Zakian1,4*
institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences
2Research Institute of Medical Genetics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences
3Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of
Sciences
4Research Center of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences * E-mail: [email protected] Received 10.04.2010
ABSTRACT The isolation and study of autologous human stem cells remain among the most urgent problems in cell biology and biomedicine to date. Induced pluripotent stem cells can be derived from human somatic cells by the overexpression of a number of genes. In this study we reprogrammed fetal human skin fibroblasts by transduction with retroviral vectors carrying murine Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc cDNAs. As a result, cells with the protein expression and gene transcription pattern characteristic of human embryonic stem cells were derived. These induced pluripotent cells are capable of differentiation in vitro into the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm derivatives.
KEYWORDS induced pluripotent stem cells, reprogramming, retroviral vectors
ABBREVIATIONS ESCs - embryonic stem cells, HEFs - human embryonic fibroblasts, iPSCs - induced pluripotent stem cells, PCR - polymerase chain reaction, RT-PCR - reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction
Induced pluripotent stem cells are a unique model for studies in many fields of biomedicine, such as the molecular basis of human cell pluripotency and reprogramming (processes occurring in early embryogenesis) [1]. Broad prospects are opening up for the application of induced pluripo-tent stem cells in toxicology and pharmacology, as well as in regenerative medicine [2-4].
In this work we intended to prepare stable lines of pluripotent cells from human embryonic fibroblasts (HEFs) by their transduction with retroviral vectors carrying murine Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc genes.
The MA N1 HEF line (ninth week of gestation) was used as the starting cell population. The fibroblasts were transduced with retroviruses prepared by the cotransfection of the constructs pMXs-Oct4, pMXs-Sox2, pMXs-Klf4, and pMXs-c-Myc carrying the murine Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc cDNAs [5] and a plasmid carrying the vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) glycoprotein G (VSV-G) into the cells of the Phoenix HEK293 packaging line carrying the viral Gag and Pol genes. The retroviral vector carrying a pMX-GFP construct (Cell Biolabs, United States) encoding the green fluorescent protein (GFP) was used as the control. About 1 million fibroblasts were used in the experiment. Two days (48 h) after transduction, the cells were seeded onto the feeder (mitotically inactive murine fibroblasts treated with mitomycin c) grown in a medium for human ESC containing 0.5mM of 2-propylvaleric acid (valproic acid, VPA). At the second week after transduction, about
500 granular cell colonies appeared that differ in morphology from fibroblasts. However, these colonies were negative when stained for alkaline phosphatase (AP), one of the markers of pluripotent cells. It is likely that these cells corresponded to early reprogramming stages [6]. We continued selecting ESC-like clones by morphology for 15-30 days after transduction. The scheme of the experiment is shown in Fig. 1. Of the 200 clones subjected to the following cultivation, AP-positive ones began to appear. Totally, we obtained 18 stable ESC-like lines, four of which (hiPS-A24, hiPS-A29, hiPS-21L, and hiPS-30L) were characterized in detail. Cells of these lines have a high nucleus-cytoplasm ratio; form dense colonies, i.e., demonstrate morphological features of human ESC (Fig. 2A); and are AP-positive (Fig. 2B). Using PCR, we ensured that all four lines contained inserts of the used retroviral constructs (pMxs-Oct4, pMxs-Sox2, pMxs-Klf4, and pMxs-c-Myc). Using immunocytochemistry, we found that these cells expressed the following pluripotent cell markers: TRA-1-60, TRA-1-81, and SSEA-4 surface antigens, as well as NANOG and OCT4 transcription factors (Fig. 3). Using RT-PCR, we examined a transcription of 25 gene markers of human ESCs (Fig. 4A). All four clones were very similar in their expression pattern to the human ESC HUES9 line taken as a positive control. iPSCs derived from ESFs express the robust pluri-potent cell markers, such as the genes OCT4, NANOG, SOX2, FGF4, REX1, DNMT3B, NODAL, etc. (Fig. 4A). The only difference was found in the transcription of the GDF3 gene. Of
Transduction:
pMXs-Oct4
pMXs-Sox2
pMXs-Klf4
pMXs-c-Myc
Passage into the medium for hESCs + 0.5mM VPA and feeder layer
Days of experiment
I I
Transduction of 1 million MA N1 human embryonic fibroblasts
Selection of iPSC clones
Four iPSC lines are characterized
15
30
i>
Appearance of ~500 primary granular colonies
Culturing of ~200 ESC-like colonies
S stable ESC-like iPSC lines are selected
i
Four IPSC lines are characterized hiPS-A24 hiPS-A29 hiPS-21L hiPS-30L
Fig. 1. Schematic representation of an experiment on the preparation of induced pluripotent stem cells from human embryonic fibroblasts.
0
2
the four tested iPSC lines, this gene is only transcribed in hiPS-21L. Among the 25 gene markers, the transcription of KLF4 and c-MYC is only observed in MA N1 fibroblasts (Fig. 4A). The iPSCs hiPS-A24, hiPS-A29, hiPS-21L, and hiPS-30L cells form embryoid bodies in suspension culture (Fig. 4B). An RT-PCR assay of the cells formed during the growth of em-bryoid bodies showed the presence of markers characterizing the derivatives of all three germ layers: ectoderm (MAP2, PAX6, and GFAP), mesoderm (BRACHYURY), and endoderm (SOX17, FOXA2, CK8, CK18, and AFP) (Fig. 4C). An immuno-cytochemical analysis of cells from disaggregated embryoid bodies revealed various cell derivatives expressing ectodermal (P-III-tubulin and GFAP), mesodermal (collagen I and fibronectin), and endodermal (a-fetoprotein and cytokeratin
Fig. 2. (A) morphology of iPSC colonies derived from hEFs; (B) staining of the iPSC colonies demonstrating the expression of alkaline phosphatase (one of the pluripotent cell markers). Scale 100 ^m.
18) markers (Fig. 5). Cells were also found that express both endodermal and mesodermal markers GATA6, as well as those expressing the protein nestin, which is a marker of both ectodermal and mesodermal derivatives (Fig. 5). Thus, we have shown that the obtained human iPSCs possess a broad differentiation potential in vitro. Karyotyping of the obtained iPSC lines showed a normal chromosomal set46, XY.
DAPI
OCT4
NANOG
SSEA-4
TRA-1-60
TRA-1-81
Fig. 3. Immunocy-tochemical staining (IF) of iPSC colonies with antibodies against the transcription factors OCT4 (green) and NANOG (red) and against the surface antigens SSEA-4, TRA-1-60, and TRA-1-81 (red).
Cell nuclei are counterstained with DAPI (blue). Scale 100 ^m.
F
A
B
Ectoderm
p-III-Tubulin
Mesoderm Collagen I
Endoderm
a-Fetoprotein
Nestin
GATA6
Fig. 5 . Expression of gene markers characterizing three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm) in spontaneous differentiation of iPSC in embryoid bodies. Scale 100 pm.
Thus, we have shown that the expression of the murine Oct4, Sox2, c-Myc, and Klf4 genes in human cells can result in their reprogramming with the formation of stable iPSC clones that are very similar in their features to human ESCs. Reprogramming fibroblasts using retroviral constructs is a replicable method allowing the accumulation of a great amount of pluripotent cell clones in a relatively short time. •
This study was supported by the Russian Academy of Sciences' Presidium Program “Molecular and Cell Biology.”
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A
NANOG OGT3/4 SOX2 KLF4 c-MYG REX1 GDF3 CD9 TDGF1 UTF1 DNMT3B LEFTB NODAL FGF4 IFITM1 GABRB3 hTERT PODXL GRB7 ESG1 DPPA4 DPPA2 EBAF GAL BRIX GAPDH GAPDH (RT-)
3Dq.clq.cl
^Ilclclclc
The number of amplification cycles
30
B
C
NANOG OCT3/4 MAP2 PAX6 GFAP BRACHYURY SOX17 FOXA2 CK18 CK8 AFP GAPDH GAPDH (RT-)
Fig. 4. (A) RT-PCR assay of gene transcripts, which are the markers of human embryonic stem cells, in embryonic fibroblasts (MA N1), human embryonic stem cells (HUES9), and four iPSC lines: hiPS-A24, hiPS-A29, hiPS-21L, and hiPS-30L; (B) embryoid bodies formed following the passage of hiPS-30L iPSC cells in suspension culture, scale 100 pm; (C) RT-PCR assay of gene transcripts, which are the markers of three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm), following the differentiation of the hiPS-30L clone via the embryoid body formation.
