CC BY
18Journal of Siberian Federal University. Biology 2018 11(3): 275-284
УДК 630*634.0.453:582.47:632.212:581.143.5
Dendroindication of Retrospective Larch Defoliation
Tatyana I. Morozova and Viktor I. Voronin*
Siberian Institute of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry SB RAS 123 Lermontov Str., Irkutsk, 664033, Russia
Received 08.07.2016, received in revised form 04.10.2016, accepted 04.04.2018, published online 19.04.2018
We propose a method for dating of growth seasons of Siberian larch (Larix sibirica Ledeb.) following insect infestation events and defoliation. Needle damage during the growth phase triggers tree investment into additional growth of brachyblasts within the same season. Dissecting brachyblasts allows the identification of these secondary growth events. We tested this method in the Baikal region, East Siberia, in larch forest sites infested by the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar L.) from 1997 to 2000. Defoliation of trees due to the infestation was highest in 1997 (63%) and decreased gradually to 46% in 1998, 50% in 1999 and 35% in 2000. During the period of the Lymantria dispar outbreak some brachyblasts had needles reduced by four times after defoliation. The proposed method allows retrospective identification of years of larch canopy damage and defoliation not only by insects, but also fungi or toxic gases in the case of early summer and summer defoliation. Wintering buds are already formed during this period, so defoliation and elimination of its inhibiting impact (power) on the growth of wintering buds results in their fast regeneration.
Keywords: Siberian larch, defoliation, radial and brachiblasts increment.
Citation: Morozova T.I., Voronin V.I. Dendroindication of retrospective larch defoliation. J. Sib. Fed. Univ. Biol., 2018, 11(3), 275-284. DOI: 0.17516/1997-1389-0049.
© Siberian Federal University. All rights reserved
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Corresponding author E-mail address: [email protected]
*
Ретроспективная дендроиндикация периодов дефолиации лиственницы
Т.И. Морозова, В.И. Воронин
Сибирский институт физиологии и биохимии растений СО РАН Россия, 664033, Иркутск, ул. Лермонтова, 123
Предложен новый метод датировки периодов дефолиации сибирской лиственницы (Larix sibirica Ledeb.) насекомыми, более точный по сравнению с дендрохронологическим. Повреждение кроны лиственницы во время периода роста вызывает дополнительный прирост брахибластов в течение одного вегетационного периода. На продольном срезе брахибласта можно довольно легко идентифицировать эти дополнительные сезонные приросты. Мы апробировали этот метод в Прибайкалье (Восточная Сибирь) в лиственничниках, поражавшихся непарным шелкопрядом (Lymantria dispar L.) с 1997 по 2000 гг. дефолиация деревьев этим вредителем была самой высокой в 1997 г. (62 %) и постепенно уменьшалась до 51 % в 1998 г., 46 % в 1999 г. и 36 % в 2000 г. В период вспышки размножения непарного шелкопряда некоторые брахибласты имели по четыре удвоенных сезонных прироста, что свидетельствует о четырехкратном возобновлении хвои после дефолиации. Предложенный метод позволяет производить ретроспективную идентификацию периодов повреждения кроны лиственницы не только насекомыми, но также микромицетами и токсичными газами в случае раннелетней и летней дефолиации. Зимующие почки лиственницы уже сформированы в течение этого периода, поэтому дефолиация и ликвидация ингибирующего воздействия на их рост приводит к появлению еще одного сезонного прироста.
Ключевые слова: лиственница сибирская, дефолиация, радиальный прирост, брахибласты.
Introduction
Gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar L.: Lepidoptera: Erebidae) is one of the most serious defoliating forest pests forming extensive and devastating outbreaks in the northern hemisphere (Staudt and Lhoutellier, 2007; Mcewan et al., 2009). The periodicity of outbreaks and the area of infested forests can vary significantly. Trees at the forest-steppe ecotone in the semiarid northeastern Asia are regularly subject to gypsy moth outbreaks (Gninenko and Orlinskii, 2003). Since the forest-steppe ecotone in southern Siberia, Kazakhstan, and Mongolia forms the southern, presumably drought-induced
limit of the Siberian taiga (Gunin et al., 1999; Dulamsuren et al., 2009), any additional stressor could be highly relevant for the spatiotemporal vegetation dynamics of the forest-steppe ecotone (Dulamsuren et al., 2010).
The main host of L. dispar in Eastern Siberia (the region in which this study was conducted) is silver birch, Betula pendula Roth. Older larvae feed on several species of coniferous trees that younger larvae avoid, including larch and pine (Rozhkov and Vasilyeva, 1982; Baranchikov, 1989).
The effects of defoliation depend primarily on the amount of foliage destructed, the condition
of the tree at the time of defoliation, the number of consecutive defoliations, available soil moisture, and the host species. If less than 50% of their crown is defoliated, most deciduous trees will experience only a slight reduction (or loss) in radial growth. If more than 50% is defoliated, most hardwoods will refoliate or produce a second flush of foliage by midsummer. Healthy trees can usually withstand one or two consecutive defoliations of greater than 50%. Trees that have been weakened by previous defoliation or been subjected to other stresses such as droughts are frequently killed after a single defoliation of more than 50% (Rozhkov and Vasilyeva, 1982; Rozhkov et al., 1991).
Trees use energy reserves during refoliation and are eventually weakened. Weakened trees exhibit symptoms such as dying back of twigs and branches in the upper crown and sprouting of old buds on the trunk and larger branches. Weakened trees experience radial growth reduction of approximately 30 to 50 percent. Trees weakened by consecutive defoliations are also vulnerable to attack by disease organisms and other insects (McManus et al., 1992).
Various methods exist to retrospectively study foliage status in conifers. Most frequently these methods rely on the use of radial tree increment as an indicator. Reductions in tree-ring width following gypsy moth infestations have been previously shown for several tree species (Muzika and Liebhold, 2001; Naidoo and Lechowicz, 2001), as well as for larch trees infested by other insect species (Baltensweiler et al., 1977; Baltensweiler et al., 2008; Buentgen et al., 2009). We successfully applied this method to study defoliation of larch forests (Larix sibirica Ledeb.) in Eastern Siberia by Zeiraphera griseana Hbn and Erannis jacobsoni Djak (Pleshanov et al., 1991).
In the beginning of the 1990s, the new needle trace method (NTM), a method for the
retrospective assessment of needle retention on pine trees, was developed (Kurkela and Jalkanen, 1990). Analysis of covariance conducted as part of the NTM showed that logarithmically transformed needle density and the average age of attached needles had the highest significant negative correlation with radial and height increments both in the period prior to the defoliation and at the time when trees suffered defoliation. Relationships between height increment and the number of needles and needle loss were positive and significant. NTM allows quantifying long-term variation in needle retention on a single tree. It has been used for revealing past needle-cast epidemic (Jalkanen et al., 1994a) and a long-term negative impact of air pollution on needle retention (Jalkanen, 1996). Additionally, the NTM has produced the chronology of needle retention in two pine stands in England (Jalkanen et al., 1994b) and in numerous stands in northern and southern Finland (Jalkanen et al., 1995). Foliage status in the main stem of Scots pines (Pinus sylvestris L.) in Finland was studied retrospectively by applying the NTM to a stand seriously defoliated by the pine sawfly (Diprion pini L.) in the 1980s (Kurkela et al., 2005).
We suggest a method of retrospective direct determination of larch tree defoliation caused by insect attacks, which is not based on radial increment but relies on seasonal brachyblast growth (Morozova et al., 2010). It does not require complicated statistics.
A brachyblast is a densely crowded short axillary branchlet or shoot of limited growth, in which internodes elongate little if not at all. It bears reproductive structures and/or leaves and is also known as a spur. It is a typical structure of gymnosperms, but it can also be found in several angiosperm families (Dylis, 1958). Larch brachyblasts undergo two development stages (Rozhkov et al., 1991). Seedlings of the current year develop a growth bud, which transforms to
Fig. 1. Primary growth bud of Siberian larch in May 2015. Clearly visible are two resin receptacles
a real brachyblast the following year. It bears a wintering bud on the apical part by the end of the vegetation season. Along the central axis of the primary growth bud there is a cavity with a resin receptacle on either side (Fig. 1). Brachyblast forms these structures in an annual increment.
Materials and methods
In September2001 we collected 30-60-year-old larch trees in larch (Larix sibrica) forest stands infested by the gypsy moth L. dispar from 1997 to 2000 in the Baikal region, East Siberia (N 53001' E 106048'). All of these stands are, to some extent, in the forest-steppe ecotone. This part of the Baikal region is characterized as the sub-boreal dry type of zonality due to increased aridity of climate caused by the rain shadow effect from local mountain systems (Sizykh and Voronin, 2013).
A test plot containing 50 trees was set up in one of these stands in 1997 infested by the gypsy moth. All trees were marked to allow visual monitoring of defoliation during the 1997-2000 period. In September 2001 we sampled branches from the middle part of the crown of the first order from 12 trees and conducted histological
analysis of brachyblasts on 2-5 year old shoots (100-150 pieces for each tree). Trees use energy reserves during refoliation and become eventually weakened and exhibit symptoms such as dieback of twigs and branches in the upper crown and sprouting of old buds on the trunk and larger branches. Branches of the middle part of the crown are more robust.
Brachyblasts were brought to the laboratory as air-dried condition. Cross sections of larch brachyblasts were obtained using a medical scalpel. Annual increments of brachyblasts were measured under the microscope MBS-10 (x40) (LOMO-Optic, Leningrad, USSR). More than 2,000 brachyblasts from 12 trees were analyzed.
Boundaries of each seasonal increment of the brachyblast are fairly easily identified by the remains of additional edge needles, which are derivatives of internal bud chaffs not casting together with true needles (Rozhkov et al., 1991). The remains of these needles form specific border-line rings separating one seasonal increment from the other on the external surface of the brachyblast. However, when the number of seasonal increments exceeds ten, the external boundary of seasonal increment becomes
Fig. 2. Cross sections of Siberian larch brachyblasts removed on April 2001. A - unaffected four year old brachyblast. Resin receptacles formed: 1 - in 1998, 2 - in 1999, 3 - in 2000, 4 - in 2001, 5 - wintering bud. B -five year old brachyblast after two defoliations. Resin receptacles formed: 1 - in 1997, 2 - in 1998, 3 - in 1999, 4 - in 2000, 5 - in 2001, 6 - wintering bud
indistinct and their identification inaccurate. In this case boundaries may only be identified on horizontal cross-sections of brachyblasts (Fig. 2).
The brachyblast stalk has distinct cavities, compartments of bud growth separated by cross-walls and representing annual increments. The brachyblast stalk is surrounded by resin receptacles confined by similar cross-walls.
In an undamaged brachyblast the number of receptacle cross-walls corresponds to the number of cross-walls in the brachyblast stalk, whereas defoliation during the growth season results in an extra cross-wall in receptacles. Additionally, there is one set of remains of additional edge needles between covering scales. Figure 2b shows that both in 1999 and 2000 the brachyblast formed two seasonal increments revealing defoliation during those growth periods. Larch defoliation is dated by identifying differences between the number of resin receptacles of brachyblasts and the age of the first order branch shoot, where brachyblasts are located. Preliminary assessment of annual cross-walls of the brachyblast stalk and resin receptacles is done in the field by using a magnifying glass.
Increment cores, collected with an increment borer, were sampled from larch trees in September 2004. Tree-ring width was measured with a precision of 10 ^m using a movable object table, which movements are electronically transmitted to a computer system equipped with TSAP-Win software (Rinntech, Heidelberg, Germany). Evaluation age trend held for each individual tree age approximated negative exponential curve, which is calculated with respect to the indices of tree-ring width (Methods of dendrochronology, 1990).
Results and discussion
The study area was infested at different times by various dendrophilous species such as Z. griseana, Dasychira abietis Schiff., Maera anastomosis L., and Leucoma salicis L. The outbreak areas are vast and damage inflicted generally does not cause tree mortality. The tree ring curves on Fig. 3 shows that Z. griseana outbreaks were in these forest-steppe zone: in 1958, 1961, 1966, 1971, 1975, 1978, 1981, 1987 (Pleshanov et al., 1991) and 1988, 1991, 1995. The increment decline following each defoliation was
Fig. 3. Tree-ring chronologies of the larch forest sites infected by the gypsy moth from 1997 to 2000
recorded over only 1 to 2 years. The same stand was also damaged by E. jacobsoni in 1964 and 1971 (Pleshanov et al., 1991). The consequences of that insect defoliation were registered over 5 years.
From 1997 to 2000 larch forest sites was infested by the gypsy moth (L. dispar). The mean defoliation of trees caused by gypsy moth was highest in 1997 (63%) and gradually decreased to 46% in 1998, 50% in 1999, and 35% in 2000. The outbreak in the study area ceased in 2001. Tree-ring curves (Fig. 3) demonstrate defoliation of larch trees by gypsy moth during the growing seasons of 1997-2000 resulted in the formation of narrow rings in these four years. More detailed information on defoliation of trees can be obtained by analyses of annual increment of brachyblasts from larch forest sites infested by L. dispar. A distinct feature of Siberian larch is the ability to produce new needles after defoliation (Vasil'yeva and Pleshanov, 1975). New needles can develop from the already formed wintering buds - the brachyblasts - in response to defoliation during the growing period caused
by insects, phytopathogenic fungi, or toxic gases (Pleshanov, 1982). Triggering the development of new needles from brachyblasts produces two seasonal increments in the year of damage, similar to the formation of a false growth ring in the year of crown damage. Formation of two annual increments in brachyblasts may take place during several succeeding years, which make three year old brachyblasts appear as six year olds if calculated from their number of increments. Frequent defoliation and related secondary formation of needles provoke early degeneration of brachyblasts (Gunin et al., 1999).
The results of the analysis of brachyblast seasonal increments for 12 trees show that in the fourth year of repeated defoliation the number of brachyblasts in all trees decreased. This is a direct consequence of reducing the length of auxiblasts (McManus et al., 1992). Unfortunately, we had not measured the length of auxiblasts. At the same time trees are known to respond to defoliation quite differentially. An old growth tree shows less ability to regenerate its needles after defoliation by caterpillars of L. dispar. The
Table 1. Number of brachyblasts (numerator) with a variable amount of seasonal increments (denominator) on larch shoots of different age in a gypsy moth infestation focus
Tree No./Tree age Shoot age, (formation year)
2 (2000) 3 (1999) 4 (1998) 5 (1997)
1/42 I 16/1 ©20/2 *13/4; 6/5 ©15/3 I 10/3 *16/5; 12/6; 15/7;1/8 ©5/4 I 5/4 *7/6; 10/7; 14/8; 1/9 ©8/5
total number of brachyblasts/ defoliation % 36/40 34/50 59/50 45/80
12/62 I 29/1 ©26/2 I 4/1; 33/2 ©10/3 I 1/1; 9/2; 26/3 ©7/4 I 5/2; 7/3; 19/4 ©10/5
total number of brachyblasts/ defoliation % 55/50 47/20 43/30 41/75
Iperished brachyblasts; *damaged brachyblasts; © undamaged brachyblasts.
degree of defoliation also plays an important role.
To illustrate our points further, we consider more detailed data for trees 1 and 12 (Table 1). Tree 1 (42 y.o.) had a small portion of brachyblasts unaffected with the number of annual increments corresponding to the shoot age. The majority of brachyblasts was repeatedly defoliated. For instance, one brachyblast (1/9), which appeared in 1997, restored needles four times after being browsed by gypsy moth larvae (i.e. 5 annual increments + 4 extra increments caused by browsing during the growing season). High needle regeneration ability of this tree prevented massive death of brachyblasts. Tree 12 (62 y.o.) had a greater number of its brachyblasts (47) perished on shoots after the first defoliation. They formed only a two-season increment. This tree also had a high number of dead growth buds formed only at one-season increment (34). This tree was either more heavily browsed by insects than tree 1 or its ability to develop secondary needles was lower. It had the largest number of perished brachyblasts and growth buds among the 12 trees examined. In 2000 the branches of this tree formed 55 brachyblasts, less than a half of which survived.
In general, investigated trees indicated to have undergone massive damage in 1997-1998. Mean defoliation of trees by gypsy moth was highest in 1997 (63%) and gradually decreased to 35% in 2000 (Fig. 4). The amount of perished brachyblasts varied from 13% in tree 2 and tree 7 to up to 70% in tree 12. The average parameter for 12 trees equaled 37%. Most one year old brachyblasts perished in the last year of gypsy moth infestation in 2000. By this time the trees had apparently been significantly oppressed, which exhausted their recovery abilities (Fig. 4).
Our study suggests the possibility of identifying only the duration of the development of pathogen of focus or defoliation years dependent on the damaging agent but identification of the degree of plantation defoliation was not considered. We consider that it is sufficient to select 5-6 first order branches in the middle part of the crown of 10 trees in order to obtain reliable results forming undamaged, damaged and perished brachyblasts after defoliation in different years. For example, in the gypsy moth case we selected branches from 12 trees of the first stratum. These branches had no external signs of stem damage (fire scars, etc.). The time period for which the years of larch defoliation
Fig. 4. Dynamic of total brachyblasts number (1) and defoliation (2) from 1997 to 2000 (average value for 12 trees) (A) and the mean numbers of undamaged (light gray), damaged (gray) and perished (black) brachyblasts in same time for each tree (B)
can be identified depends on the brachyblasts' life cycle. Despite the evidence that their life cycle may reach 40 years (Rozhkov et al., 1991; Dylis, 1958), our research suggests 20 years for which a distinct identification of the number of seasonal increments of brachyblasts is possible.
The proposed method allows retrospective identification of the years of larch crown damage by defoliating not only from insects, but also from fungi or toxic gases in case of early summer (June) and summer (early August) defoliation. Wintering buds are already formed during this
period, so defoliation and elimination of its inhibiting impact on the growth of wintering buds results in their fast regeneration.
Acknowledgements
The reported study was funded by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research according to the research project No. 17-29-05074. The study was partially supported by RFBR, research project No. 14-44-040307_siberia. We greatly acknowledge the work of Michael Müller (METLA, Finland), who improved the English grammar of the manuscript.
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