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UDC 542.61: 66.084.8
DEFINITION OF THE OPTIMAL PARAMETERS OF SUPERSONIC EXTRACTION AT STACHYS NODULES EXTRACTION
Zakharova L.M., Doctor of Technical Sciences Dyatlov A.V., Post-graduate student Kemerovsky Technological Institute of food industry, Kemerovo, Russia E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]
ABSTRACT
The researches allowed determination of the extractives amount in stachys nodules and motivation of optimal parameters of supersonic extraction at obtaining extracts on water basis from stachys nodules.
KEYBWORDS
Supersonic sound; Extraction; Extract; Stachys.
Extraction is a process allowing separating the soluble matters from insoluble in general materials. The extraction process consists in the processing of the vegetable stock with extragent, which is formed by the transference of the extracted matters from the vegetable stock.
In spite of the great variety of the extractive methods each of them possesses its advantages and disadvantages. Traditional methods of extraction (percolation and maceration) are very long and time-consuming. One of the perspective methods is application of supersonic extraction method [3].
This work objective is definition of optimal parameters of supersonic extraction at stachys nodules extraction.
To achieve maximum output of valuable components into liquid phase at saving their native structure is necessary to have individual approach to selection of optimal modes of supersonic processing. Advantages of the supersonic extraction in comparison with other methods are: minimum employment of manual labour; reduction of technological process time; removal of harmful contaminations; increase of extractives output.
High efficiency of supersonic effects on different technological processes is affirmed with various investigations and experience of more than thirty years of application in a wide range of different industrial enterprises.
Extraction process includes two phases:
- osmotic swelling with cell content solution (solvent movement into a cell);
- extraction (dialysis), when extractives are transported from a cell via cell membranes, pores and capillaries into solvent volume.
Under the impact of supersonic vibrations the distraction of endocellular fabrics of vegetable stock takes place faster and more active. That results in extraction process intensification and gives the opportunity to increase the content of bioactive compounds in a solution.
The increase of inner molecular diffusion ratio at other equal conditions can be provided for the sake of decrease of extracts particles sizes [4]. Optimal degree of disintegration of stachys nodules corresponds from 0,5 to 1 mm.
MATERIALS AND RESEARCH METHODS
Stachys grown up in the Sibearian conditions on the experimental area of the Kemerovskaya region was used for extraction.
Extracts obtaining was done at temperature of 20±2 °C, with supersonic dispergator. Distilled water - polar solvent with high ionizing capacity - was used as extragent. Besides
water extractions are more physiologic. The correlation of row material : extragent as 1:10 (by weight) was taken for extraction.
Supersonic processing of extracts was done with device y3fl1-0.063/22 HFC (Fig 1). For long processing the device is fixed to the stand (holder), for it there is a special support.
Figure 1 - Supersonic dispergator Y3fl1-0,063/22
Supersonic impact on the hard vegetable stock was carried out with intensity in the range from 18 to 32 kHz during 8-20 minutes.
Weighted portion of vegetable stock (10 g) was put into chemical beaker and poured with 100 sm3 distilled water, then generator nozzle was plunged into this beaker and raw material was processed. It is necessary to stress that during supersonic processing the medium was heated to 32-37 °C (depending on supersonic power output and exposure time); this does not result in polysaccharides inactivation.
After the end of processing the solution was filtered. Then the dry residue was defined. The obtained extraction was thoroughly shaken and filtered via dry paper filter into a dry flask with the volume of 150-200 sm3. 25 sm3 of a filtrate was carried with a pipette into the preliminary dried at the temperature 100-105 °C to the constant weight and precision measured porcelain cup, with diameter of 7-9 sm, and was evaporated on the water bath to dryness. The cup with the residue was dried at temperature of 100-105 °C to the constant weight then has been cooled till constant weight during go 30 min in an exsiccator with anhydrous calcium chloride on the bottom, and was immediately weighted [1].
The percentage of extracts content (X) in convention to absolute dry raw material was calculated by formula:
X m x 200 x100 — m1 (100 - W)
where m - weight of dry residue in grams; m1 - weight of raw material in grams; W - loss in weight at drying of raw material in percentage.
Loss in weight at raw material drying (W) in percentage terms was defined by formula:
(m -m1)x100
X —--------------
m
where m - weight of raw material before drying in grams; m1 - weight of raw material after drying in grams.
Extraction was done in three replications, at different intensity of supersonic waves from 18 to 26 kHz.
Vestnik OrelGAU, 5(44), October 2013 Table 1 - Dependence of the extracts concentration from supersonic impact time
Intensity supersonic waves, kHz Processing time, min. Weight of dry residue, g. Loss in weight at drying, % Extracts content %
18 8 0,29 46,30 10,8
10 0,67 27,17 18,4
12 0,85 22,73 22
14 0,91 21,55 23,2
16 0,95 20,83 24
18 1,07 12,30 24,4
20 1,12 11,81 25,4
22 8 0,55 26,67 15
10 0,93 17,70 22,6
12 1,11 15,27 26,2
14 1,17 14,60 27,4
16 1,21 14,18 28,2
18 1,33 6,99 28,6
20 1,38 6,76 29,6
26 8 0,62 27,06 17
10 1 18,70 24,6
12 1,18 14,49 27,6
14 1,19 15,60 28,2
16 1,23 15,17 29
18 1,35 8,16 29,4
20 1,4 5,41 29,6
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
During supersonic processing the medium was heated to 32-37 °C (depending on supersonic power output and time exposure), this does not result in biologically active substances inactivation. Dependence of the extracts concentration from intensity of supersonic waves is presented in Figure 2.
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16 min 18 min 20 min
Supersonic waves, kHz Figure 2 - Dependence of the extracts concentration from intensity of supersonic waves.
It is obvious from the Figure that the extracts content depends on the processing time and supersonic waves frequency in direct proportion, but on exposure during 20 min, it gives the maximum indicators. Further increase of supersonic processing duration does not result in increase of biologically active substances in the solution. It results in their destruction and inactivation [2]. The peak of extracts extraction occurs at impact frequency 22 kHz.
As a result of research and on the ground of mathematical calculations it was proved that stachys nodules extraction during 20 minutes, at frequency 22 kHz, allows obtaining maximum output of extracts in water extract.
CONCLUSIONS
Thus, the definition of optimal parameters of supersonic extraction at stachys nodules extraction proved that at impact frequency of 22 kHz, and extraction duration 20 minutes, allows considerably reduce the process time of extraction and increase extracts output. In its turn it allows to obtain extracts with maximum biological value and to use them to concentrate biologically active substances in food products of mass assortment and specialized providing increase of population nutrition.
REFERENCES
1. State pharmacopeia of the Russian Federation. 12-th Ed. - M.: Scientific center of expertise of medical facilities, 2008. — 704 p
2. Kovalev V. N., Practicum on pharmacognosy. Publishing house NFaU; Golden pages, 2003. — 512 p.
3. Lyusyansky V. M. Extraction in food industry / V. M. Lyusyansky, S. M. Grebenyuk. - M.: Agropromizdat, 1987. - 188 p.
4. Khmelev V. N., Application of super sound of high intensity in industry / V. N. Khmelev, A.N. Slivin, R. V. Barsukov, S. N. Tsyuganok, A. V. Shalunov; Altay state technical university, BTI. - Biysk: Publishing house Altay state technical university, 2010. - 203 p.
