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CUSTOMS REGULATION OF EXPORT OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS
GULNAR HUSEYNOVA QURBAN
Baku State University, Senior Lecturer Baku, Azerbaijan
Summary: The article deals with the issues of customs regulation of exports of agricultural products produced in the Republic of Azerbaijan, and aims to study effective methods and mechanisms of regulation. The article also assesses the current state of agricultural production and examines the availability of export opportunities. The issues of stimulating the export of products with a high level of local self-sufficiency are highlighted. The main tasks and obligations of the state and business entities in this area are analyzed and summarized in the form of certain proposals.
Keyword: agriculture, product production, product export, customs regulation, level of demand satisfaction
As is known from economic theory, the consumption demand of the country's population is not always met at the expense of local production. Here, a group of products that are not locally produced is also met at the expense of imported products. Today, there are various consumer products in our country, a certain part of which is met at the expense of local production, while the other part is imported to our country from other countries [2, p.134]. Such products can usually be grouped into two categories. One of them is considered industrial, and the other is agricultural products. It is also known in advance that among the consumer products of the country's population, agricultural products are much more than industrial products in terms of specific weight
Diagram 1
The total agricultural product, at actual prices, thousand manats
^ Animal husbandary <N ° Total 6276662,9 5933950,1
<N o Crop farming <N 5446174,5 5538057,2
1 Animal husbandary <N ° Total 4652394,3 4510983,9
o o Crop farming <N 4400526,2 4028382,4
8428908,6
^ Animal husbandary ° Total 4085488,4 3751207,8 7836696,2
Source: https://www.stat.gov.az/source/agriculture/
We can even say that agricultural products, being an integral part of daily consumption, comprise the absolute majority of consumer spending. Therefore, meeting consumer demand with agricultural products is considered the main direction here. However, one of the main criteria of foreign trade is the transfer of some products produced and meeting local demand to other countries [1, pp.74-79]. This situation not only aims to increase state budget revenues, but also creates conditions for the presence of products in the domestic markets of countries where consumer demand is not met. In fact, the implementation of foreign trade appears as an objective necessity in this regard.
From this point of view, diagram 1 shows the current state and growth dynamics of existing agricultural products in our country. It reflects whether growth has been achieved both in general agricultural products and separately in crop and livestock products in the last five years. What can be seen in diagram 1 is that growth has been achieved to varying degrees in each subsequent year compared to 2019. The volume of production has expanded, and significant increases in product production have been achieved. In more concrete terms, we can say that in 2023, compared to 2019, the total agricultural output increased by 56.4%, crop products by 47.5%, including the production value of livestock products by 53.6% [3]. The fact that crop production has been in this way for the last five years creates a very positive impression, both in terms of meeting local demand and expanding export opportunities. However, in order to clarify whether the increased production is due to price or real volume, it is considered appropriate to include the level of self-sufficiency in tabel 1.
Table 1
Level of self-sufficiency in main crop and ivestock products, percent
2019 2020 2021 2022 2023
Total cereals 67.3 68,1 73.7 69.0 70.5
Wheat 57.2 57,1 61.5 56.7 60.4
Legumes 76.1 60,3 56.4 61.5 62.8
Potatoes 87.8 90,6 88.8 89.0 89.8
All types of vegetables 112.0 110,4 106.6 106.8 107.2
Tomatoes 132.5 131,0 121.1 119.8 118.9
Mellows 100.8 100,8 102.6 103.2 103.2
Fruits and berries 123.1 116,3 122.9 123.9 135.5
Nuts and hazelnuts 138.2 138,0 136.5 137.0 139.7
Pomegranates 110.7 112,0 127.8 125.9 132.8
Grapes 94.3 95,8 94.4 94.8 93.9
On livesf ock products
All types of meat and meat products 82.5 84,5 86.4 86.0 85.3
Beef and meat products 86.1 87,4 91.9 93.0 88.4
Mutton and goat meat and meat products 97.6 97,3 98.2 97.0 94.9
Poultry and meat products 74.6 79,0 79.6 78.5 81.7
Eggs 101.8 100,0 99.1 100.5 102.2
Fish and fish products 82.2 81,7 78.2 76.7 75.4
Source: https://www.stat.gov.az/source/food_balances/
Based on this information, it becomes clear what customs policy the state will implement on agricultural products in exchange for the increased production volume. Here, by promoting an incentive policy through customs policy, it achieves the normalization of prices on products in the domestic market by exporting products to foreign markets. On the other hand, through regulatory customs policy, it imposes restrictions on the export of products whose demand is not met in the domestic market. When we look at Table 1, we see that although a 3.2-point increase was achieved in cereal crops in 2023 compared to 2019, there is overall dependence on imports. This situation gives us reason to say that a strict customs policy should be implemented to limit export opportunities for the product in question. However, the unmet part of domestic demand should be imported from other countries. Among the products with a high level of self-sufficiency and wide export opportunities,
the export opportunities for melon products (3.2%), fruits and berries (35.5%), root crops (39.7%) and pomegranate products (32.8%) seem more realistic [4]. This situation can be characterized by the fact that the level of self-sufficiency of the products in question is higher than the demand of the country's population. In addition, the wide range of sheep and goat meat production and egg production gives reason to say that there are wide export opportunities in these two areas in our country. However, in other areas, the customs regulatory policy should be chosen in such a way that it is possible to import products that do not meet local demand into the country. After analyzing the state of both the production level and the local self-sufficiency limit in the country, it is important to analyze the export of the main types of agricultural products by relevant years with the data in Table 2 in terms of the effectiveness of the research results.
Table 2
Dynamics of exports of main ty pes of agricultural products, in thousand JS dollars
Products 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023
Potatoes 26,851.8 33,786.2 40,077.7 35,121.7 30,930.3
Fresh vegetables 214,130.2 219,912.7 179,786.5 183,238.9 180,587.2
Fresh fruit 361,362.9 349,886.2 403,550.6 436,418.2 502,107.7
Tea 9,510.3 9,461.4 8,491.7 11,516.7 6,605.0
Vegetable oils 7,399.4 12,238.3 15,860.7 14,638.2 9,214.3
Sugar 26,880.1 26,904.3 32,093.1 38,799.9 23,681.0
Canned fruits and vegetables 9,190.3 8,727.8 9,581.2 10,487.8 13,425.7
Fruit and vegetable juices 11,183.6 15,779.5 15,449.5 14,229.2 20,420.4
Tobacco 13,598.0 12,081.3 14,319.6 20,403.3 6,858.7
Cigarettes 1,733.8 2,611.8 1,777.6 4,766.7 14,285.1
Cattle hides 8,617.3 6,195.4 10,126.5 10,099.1 6,803.3
Cotton fiber 122,365.6 131,930.2 207,980.0 173,541.5 122,410.3
Source: https://www.stat.gov.az/source/trade/
It is clear from the data in Table 2 that in 2023, compared to 2019, a certain part of the potato product produced in our country was exported. The 15.3% increase in the total value of potato exports compared to the base year can be explained by the increase in existing potato stocks in this area and meeting local demand. Considering the large number of existing stocks of potato products, it would be important to try to increase their volume through customs policy in order to normalize market prices. Compared to the base year, in 2023, fresh fruit exports increased by 39.1%, fruit and vegetable and canned vegetable exports by 44.3%, fruit and vegetable juices by 81.2%, and cigarette exports by more than 8.4 times [5]. This gives us reason to say that the export of various agricultural products in our country has expanded and increased compared to the base year. At the same time, there has been a decrease in exports of other products, which was made possible by the state's customs policy in the field of regulating the domestic market. Thus, it is clear that the state's customs policy in the field of agriculture has two effects. It is both encouraging and regulatory in nature.
LiTERATURE:
1. Bayali A., Structural and efficiency problems in the agricultural sector, Baku 2017. p.536
2. Guliyev E., Global food security: realities, challenges and prospects, Baku 2018. p.480
3. https://www.stat.gov.az/
4. https://www.agro.gov.az/az
5. https://ereforms.gov.az/az
